Plasma exchange as an adjunctive therapy in anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated vasculitis

References

• Kitching AR, Anders HJ, Basu N, et al. ANCA-associated vasculitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6(1):71.
   Google Scholar
• RJ F, RS T, LA C, et al. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies induce neutrophils to degranulate and produce oxygen radicals in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87:4115–4119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao H, Hu P, Falk RJ, et al. Overview of the pathogenesis of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Kidney Dis (Basel). 2016;1:205–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA, et al. 2012 revised international Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(1): 1- 11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geetha D, JA J. ANCA-associated vasculitis: core curriculum 2020. Am J Kidney Diseases. 2020;75:124–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott J, Hartnett J, Mockler D, et al. Environmental risk factors associated with ANCA associated vasculitis: a systematic mapping review. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19:102660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronbichler A, Il SJ, Lee KH, et al. Clinical associations of renal involvement in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19:102495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdoo SP, Tanna A, Randone O, et al. Necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis presenting with preserved renal function in patients with underlying multisystem autoimmune disease: a retrospective case series. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015;54:1025–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee T, Gasim A, Derebail VK, et al. Predictors of treatment outcomes in ANCA-associated vasculitis with severe kidney failure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9(5): 905- 913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth AD, Almond MK, Burns A, et al. Outcome of ANCA-associated renal vasculitis: a 5-year retrospective study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41:776–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayne DRW, Gaskin G, Rasmussen N, et al. Randomized trial of plasma exchange or high-dosage methylprednisolone as adjunctive therapy for severe renal vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18(7): 2180- 2188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilhorst M, Wilde B, van Paassen P, et al. Improved outcome in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated glomerulonephritis: a 30-year follow-up study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28:373–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace ZS, Fu X, Harkness T, et al. All-cause and cause-specific mortality in ANCA-associated vasculitis: overall and according to ANCA type. Rheumatology Internet. 2020;59:2308–2315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulati K, Edwards H, Prendecki M, et al. Combination treatment with rituximab, low-dose cyclophosphamide and plasma exchange for severe antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis [Internet]. Kidney Int. 2021;100:1316–1324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter RW, Welsh N, Farrah TE, et al. ANCA associated vasculitis. BMJ. 2020;369:m1070.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Houben E, Bax WA, van Dam B, et al. Diagnosing ANCA-associated vasculitis in ANCA positive patients: a retrospective analysis on the role of clinical symptoms and the ANCA titre. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95:e5096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang S, Zhang Y, Yin S-W, et al. Neutrophil extracellular trap formation is associated with autophagy-related signalling in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2015;180:408–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida M, Sasaki M, Sugisaki K, et al. Neutrophil extracellular trap components in fibrinoid necrosis of the kidney with myeloperoxidase-ANCA-associated vasculitis. Clin Kidney J. 2013;6:308–312.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sangaletti S, Tripodo C, Chiodoni C, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate transfer of cytoplasmic neutrophil antigens to myeloid dendritic cells toward ANCA induction and associated autoimmunity. Blood. 2012;120:3007–3018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessenbrock K, Krumbholz M, Schönermarck U, et al. Netting neutrophils in autoimmune small-vessel vasculitis. Nat Med. 2009;15:623–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs TA, Abed U, Goosmann C, et al. Novel cell death program leads to neutrophil extracellular traps. J Cell Biol. 2007;176:231–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Wang C, Zhao M-H, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps can activate alternative complement pathways. Clin Exp Immunol. 2015;181:518–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraaij T, Kamerling SWA, van Dam LS, et al. Excessive neutrophil extracellular trap formation in ANCA-associated vasculitis is independent of ANCA. Kidney Int. 2018;94:139–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennette JC, Falk RJ. Pathogenesis of the vascular and glomerular damage in ANCA-positive vasculitis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998;13(Suppl 1):16–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xiao H, Dairaghi DJ, Powers JP, et al. C5a receptor (CD88) blockade protects against MPO-ANCA GN. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25:225–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao H, Heeringa P, Hu P, et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies specific for myeloperoxidase cause glomerulonephritis and vasculitis in mice. J Clin Invest. 2002;110:955–963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao H, Schreiber A, Heeringa P, et al. Alternative complement pathway in the pathogenesis of disease mediated by anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. Am J Pathol. 2007;170:52–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huugen D, van Esch A, Xiao H, et al. Inhibition of complement factor C5 protects against anti-myeloperoxidase antibody-mediated glomerulonephritis in mice. Kidney Int. 2007;71:646–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prendecki M, Pusey CD. Recent advances in understanding of the pathogenesis of ANCA-associated vasculitis [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Res.Internet. 2018;7. [cited 22 Mar 2022]. Available from: https://f1000research.com/articles/7-1113/v1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fussner LA, Hummel AM, Schroeder DR, et al. Factors determining the clinical utility of serial measurements of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies targeting proteinase 3. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68:1700–1710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bansal PJ, Tobin MC. Neonatal microscopic polyangiitis secondary to transfer of maternal myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody resulting in neonatal pulmonary hemorrhage and renal involvement. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004;93:398–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tervaert JWC, van der Woude FJ, Fauci AS, et al. Association between active Wegener’s Granulomatosis and anticytoplasmic antibodies. Arch Intern Med Internet. 1989;149:2461–2465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemna MJ, Damoiseaux J, Austen J, et al. ANCA as a predictor of relapse: useful in patients with renal involvement but not in patients with nonrenal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26:537–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlieben DJ, Korbet SM, Kimura RE, et al. Pulmonary-renal syndrome in a newborn with placental transmission of ANCAs. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;45:758–761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomasson G, Grayson PC, Mahr AD, et al. Value of ANCA measurements during remission to predict a relapse of ANCA-associated vasculitis–a meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2012;51:100–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffs LS, Peh CA, Nelson A, et al. IgM ANCA in healthy individuals and in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis. Immunol Res. 2019;67:325–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girard T, Mahr A, Noël LH, et al. Are antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies a marker predictive of relapse in Wegener’s granulomatosis? A prospective study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001;40:147–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson SW, Owshalimpur D, Yuan CM, et al. Relation between asymptomatic proteinase 3 antibodies and future granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8:1312–1318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi K, Shibata T, Sugisaki T. Aggravation of rat nephrotoxic serum nephritis by anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies. Kidney Int. 1995;47:454–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little MA, Al-Ani B, Ren S, et al. Anti-proteinase 3 anti-neutrophil cytoplasm autoantibodies recapitulate systemic vasculitis in mice with a humanized immune system. PLoS One. 2012;7:e28626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfister H, Ollert M, Fröhlich LF, et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies against the murine homolog of proteinase 3 (Wegener autoantigen) are pathogenic in vivo. Blood. 2004;104:1411–1418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little MA, Smyth L, Salama AD, et al. Experimental autoimmune vasculitis: an animal model of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated systemic vasculitis. Am J Pathol. 2009;174:1212–1220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber A, Xiao H, Falk RJ, et al. Bone marrow-derived cells are sufficient and necessary targets to mediate glomerulonephritis and vasculitis induced by anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:3355–3364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennette JC, Xiao H, Falk R, et al. Experimental models of vasculitis and glomerulonephritis induced by antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. Contrib Nephrol. 2011;169:211–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heeringa P, Brouwer E, Klok PA, et al. Autoantibodies to myeloperoxidase aggravate mild anti-glomerular-basement-membrane-mediated glomerular injury in the rat. Am J Pathol. 1996;149:1695–1706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinjoh K, Kyogoku M, Good RA. Genetic selection for crescent formation yields mouse strain with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and small vessel vasculitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90:3413–3417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer E, Huitema MG, Klok PA, et al. Antimyeloperoxidase-associated proliferative glomerulonephritis: an animal model. J Exp Med. 1993;177:905–914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merkel PA, Xie G, Monach PA, et al. Identification of functional and expression polymorphisms associated with risk for antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69:1054–1066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons PA, Rayner TF, Trivedi S, et al. Genetically distinct subsets within ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:214–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popa ER, Stegeman CA, Abdulahad WH, et al. Staphylococcal toxic-shock-syndrome-toxin-1 as a risk factor for disease relapse in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46:1029–1033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathmann J, Stamatis P, Jönsson G, et al. Infection is associated with increased risk of MPO- but not PR3-ANCA-associated vasculitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2022;61(12): 4817–4826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kain R, Exner M, Brandes R, et al. Molecular mimicry in pauci-immune focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis. Nat Med. 2008;14:1088–1096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pendergraft WF 3rd, GA P, RR S, et al. Autoimmunity is triggered by cPR-3(105-201), a protein complementary to human autoantigen proteinase-3. Nat Med. 2004;10:72–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pendergraft WF 3rd, LC H, Thornley-Brown D, et al. Nephrotoxic effects of common and emerging drugs of abuse. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9:1996–2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu F, Chen M, Gao Y, et al. Clinical and pathological features of renal involvement in propylthiouracil-associated ANCA-positive vasculitis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;49:607–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Lind van Wijngaarden RAF, van Rijn L, EC H, et al. Hypotheses on the etiology of antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody associated vasculitis: the cause is hidden, but the result is known. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3:237–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez-Puerta JA, Gedmintas L, Costenbader KH. The association between silica exposure and development of ANCA-associated vasculitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2013;12:1129–1135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ten Holder SM, Joy MS, Falk RJ, et al. Cutaneous and systemic manifestations of drug-induced vasculitis. Ann Pharmacother. 2002;36:130–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flossmann O, Berden A, de Groot K, et al. Long-term patient survival in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:488–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fauci AS, Haynes BF, Katz P, et al. Wegener’s granulomatosis: prospective clinical and therapeutic experience with 85 patients for 21 years. Ann Intern Med. 1983;98:76–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houben E, Groenland SL, van der Heijden JW, et al. Relation between duration of the prodromal phase and renal damage in ANCA-associated vasculitis. BMC Nephrol. 2017;18:378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu N, Karabayas M, Pusey C. Prognosis and future developments in vasculitis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2018;32:148–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathmann J, Jayne D, Segelmark M, et al. Incidence and predictors of severe infections in ANCA-associated vasculitis: a population-based cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;60:2745–2754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman GS, Kerr GS, Leavitt RY, et al. Wegener granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116:488–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floyd L, Morris A, Joshi M, et al. Glucocorticoid therapy in ANCA vasculitis: using the glucocorticoid toxicity index as an outcome measure. Kidney360. 2021;2:1002–1010.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chanouzas D, Jag M, Nightingale P, et al. Intravenous pulse methylprednisolone for induction of remission in severe ANCA associated Vasculitis: a multi-center retrospective cohort study. BMC Nephrol Internet. 2019;20:58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGregor JG, Hogan SL, Hu Y, et al. Glucocorticoids and relapse and infection rates in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;7: 240LP – 247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh M, Merkel PA, Peh C-A, et al. Plasma exchange and glucocorticoids in severe ANCA-associated vasculitis [Internet]. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:622–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepper RJ, McAdoo SP, Moran SM, et al. A novel glucocorticoid-free maintenance regimen for anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody–associated vasculitis [Internet]. Rheumatology. 2019;58:260–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayne DRW, Merkel PA, Schall TJ, et al. Avacopan for the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis [Internet]. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:599–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark WF, Huang SS. Introduction to therapeutic plasma exchange. Transfus Apheresis Sci. 2019;58:228–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jj ABEL, LG ROWNTREE, Bb TURNER. Plasma removal with return of corpuscles (plasmaphaeresis). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1914;5: 625LP – 641.
   Google Scholar
• Adams WS, Blahd WH, Bassett SH. A method of human plasmapheresis. Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1952;80(2):377–379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-Zarzoso M, Gómez-Seguí I. de la Rubia J. Therapeutic plasma exchange: review of current indications. Transfus Apher Sci. 2019;58:247–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockwood CM, Boulton-Jones JM, Lowenthal RM, et al. Recovery from Goodpasture’s syndrome after immunosuppressive treatment and plasmapheresis. Br Med J. 1975;2:252–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockwood CM, Rees AJ, Pearson TA, et al. Immunosuppression and plasma-exchange in the treatment of Goodpasture’s syndrome. Lancet. 1976;1:711–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockwood CM, Pinching AJ, Sweny P, et al. Plasma-exchange and immunosuppression in the treatment of fulminating immune-complex crescentic nephritis. Lancet. 1977;309:63–67.
   Google Scholar
• Reeves HM, Winters JL. The mechanisms of action of plasma exchange. Br J Haematol. 2014;164:342–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller AJ, Urbaniak SJ. Intensive plasma exchange on the cell separator: effects on serum immunoglobulins and complement components. Br J Haematol. 1978;38:531–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirnside A, Urbaniak SJ, Prowse CV, et al. Coagulation abnormalities following intensive plasma exchange on the cell separator. II. Effects on factors I, II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X and antithrombin III. Br J Haematol. 1981;48:627–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie X, Lv J, Shi S, et al. Plasma exchange as an adjunctive therapy for crescentic IgA nephropathy. Am J Nephrol. 2016;44:141–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gou S-J, Yuan J, Chen M, et al. Circulating complement activation in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Kidney Int. 2013;83:129–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gou S-J, Yuan J, Wang C, et al. Alternative complement pathway activation products in urine and kidneys of patients with ANCA-associated GN. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8:1884–1891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derksen RH, Schuurman HJ, Meyling FH, et al. The efficacy of plasma exchange in the removal of plasma components. J Lab Clin Med. 1984;104:346–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padmanabhan A, Connelly-Smith L, Aqui N, et al. Guidelines on the use of therapeutic apheresis in clinical practice – evidence-based approach from the writing committee of the American Society for Apheresis: the eighth special issue. J Clin Apher. 2019;34:171–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winters JL. Plasma exchange: concepts, mechanisms, and an overview of the American Society for Apheresis guidelines. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2012;2012:7–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plasmapheresis MF. Technical aspects and indications. Crit Care Clin. 2002;18:375–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pusey CD, Levy JB. Plasmapheresis in immunologic renal disease. Blood Purif. 2012;33:190–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnouf T, Eber M, Kientz D, et al. Assessment of complement activation during membrane-based plasmapheresis procedures. J Clin Apher. 2004;19:142–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reimann PM, Mason PD. Plasmapheresis: technique and complications. Intensive Care Med. 1990;16:3–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marlu R, Naciri Bennani H, Seyve L, et al. Comparison of three modalities of plasmapheresis on coagulation: centrifugal, single-membrane filtration, and double-filtration plasmapheresis. J Clin Apher. 2021;36:408–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafer C, Golla P, Gericke M, et al. Membrane versus centrifuge-based therapeutic plasma exchange: a randomized prospective crossover study. Int Urol Nephrol. 2016;48:133–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keklik M, Çelik S, Yıldızhan E. Comparison of centrifugal and membrane filtration modalities on therapeutic plasma exchange. J Clin Apher. 2022;37:217–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh M, Collister D, Zeng L, et al. The effects of plasma exchange in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2022;376:e064604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiprov D, Sanchez A, Pusey C. Therapeutic Apheresis. In: Daugirdas J, Blake P, IngT, editors. Handbook of dialysis. 5th ed. Philadephia: Wolters Kluwer ed. 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Mörtzell Henriksson M, Newman E, Witt V, et al. Adverse events in apheresis: an update of the WAA registry data. Transfus Apher Sci. 2016;54:2–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones RB, Tervaert JWC, Hauser T, et al. Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide in ANCA-associated renal vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:211–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarica SH, Dhaun N, Sznajd J, et al. Characterizing infection in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: results from a longitudinal, matched-cohort data linkage study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59:3014–3022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waki D, Nishimura K, Tokumasu H, et al. Initial high-dose corticosteroids and renal impairment are risk factors for early severe infections in elderly patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis: a retrospective observational study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99:e19173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odler B, Riedl R, Gauckler P, et al. Risk factors for serious infections in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023;1- 7. [cited 26 Jan 2023]. Available from: http://ard.bmj.com/content/early/2023/01/26/ard-2022-223401.abstract
   Google Scholar
• Puisset F, White-Koning M, Kamar N, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of rituximab with or without plasmapheresis in kidney patients with antibody-mediated disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;76:734–740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith PK, d‘Apice JF. Plasmapheresis in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Am J Med.1978;65(4):564–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slot MC, Tervaert JWC, Franssen CFM, et al. Renal survival and prognostic factors in patients with PR3-ANCA associated vasculitis with renal involvement. Kidney Int. 2003;63:670–677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Joode AAE, Sanders JSF, Smid WM, et al. Plasmapheresis rescue therapy in progressive systemic ANCA-associated vasculitis: single-center results of stepwise escalation of immunosuppression. J Clin Apher. 2014;29:266–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KDIGO. Clinical practice guideline for the management of glomerular diseases. Kidney Int. United States. 2021;2021:S1–S276.
   Google Scholar
• Glöckner WM, Sieberth HG, Wichmann HE, et al. Plasma exchange and immunosuppression in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis: a controlled, multi-center study. Clin Nephrol. 1988;29:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole E, Cattran D, Magil A, et al. A prospective randomized trial of plasma exchange as additive therapy in idiopathic crescentic glomerulonephritis. the Canadian apheresis study group. Am J Kidney Dis. 1992;20:261–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pusey CD, Rees AJ, Evans DJ, et al. Plasma exchange in focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis without anti-GBM antibodies. Kidney Int. 1991;40:757–763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szpirt WM, Heaf JG, Petersen J. Plasma exchange for induction and cyclosporine A for maintenance of remission in Wegener’s granulomatosis – a clinical randomized controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26:206–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh M, Casian A, Flossmann O, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with severe ANCA-associated vasculitis comparing plasma exchange to intravenous methylprednisolone treatment is unclear. Kidney Int. 2013;84:397–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keith DS, Nichols GA, Gullion CM, et al. Longitudinal follow-up and outcomes among a population with chronic kidney disease in a large managed care organization. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:659–663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronbichler A, Il SJ, Wang C-S, et al. Plasma exchange in ANCA-associated vasculitis: the pro position. Nephrol Dialysis Transplantation. 2021;36:227–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper L, Morgan MD, Walsh M, et al. Pulse versus daily oral cyclophosphamide for induction of remission in ANCA-associated vasculitis: long-term follow-up. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:955–960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holle JU, Gross WL, Latza U, et al. Improved outcome in 445 patients with Wegener’s granulomatosis in a German vasculitis center over four decades. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:257–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhee RL, Hogan SL, Poulton CJ, et al. Trends in long-term outcomes among patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis with renal disease. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68:1711–1720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casal Moura M, Irazabal MV, Eirin A, et al. Efficacy of rituximab and plasma exchange in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis with severe kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31:2688–2704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepper RJ, Chanouzas D, Tarzi R, et al. Intravenous cyclophosphamide and plasmapheresis in dialysis-dependent ANCA-associated vasculitis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8:219–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng L, Gou S-J. Whether the addition of high-dosage methylprednisolone to plasma exchange was more effective than plasma exchange in the treatment for severe ANCA-associated vasculitis? Kidney Int. 2022;101(3):647–648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulati K, Edwards H, Prendecki M, et al. The authors reply. Kidney Int.2022;101(3):648–649.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morel P, Karras A, Porcher R, et al. Management of severe renal disease in anti-neutrophil-cytoplasmic-antibody-associated vasculitis: place of rituximab and plasma exchange? Rheumatology (Oxford). 2022;61(10): 4056–4064 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berden AE, Ferrario F, Hagen EC, et al. Histopathologic classification of ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21(10): 1628–1636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brix SR, Noriega M, Tennstedt P, et al. Development and validation of a renal risk score in ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int. 2018;94(6): 1177–1188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilhorst M, Wilde B, van Breda Vriesman P, et al. Estimating renal survival using the ANCA-associated GN classification. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;24:1371–1375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nezam D, Porcher R, Grolleau F, et al. Kidney histopathology can predict kidney function in ANCA-associated vasculitides with acute kidney injury treated with plasma exchanges. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2022;33:628–637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klemmer PJ, Chalermskulrat W, Reif MS, et al. Plasmapheresis therapy for diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in patients with small-vessel vasculitis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42:1149–1153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Luna G, Chauveau D, Aniort J, et al. Plasma exchanges for the treatment of severe systemic necrotizing vasculitides in clinical daily practice: data from the French vasculitis study group. J Autoimmun. 2015;65:49–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uechi E, Okada M, Fushimi K. Effect of plasma exchange on in-hospital mortality in patients with pulmonary hemorrhage secondary to antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a propensity-matched analysis using a nationwide administrative database. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0196009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartin-Ceba R, Diaz-Caballero L, Al-Qadi MO, et al. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage secondary to antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: predictors of respiratory failure and clinical outcomes. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68:1467–1476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quartuccio L, Bond M, Isola M, et al. Alveolar haemorrhage in ANCA-associated vasculitis: long-term outcome and mortality predictors. J Autoimmun. 2020;108:102397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayne DRW, Gaskin G, Rasmussen N, et al. Randomized trial of plasma exchange or high-dosage methylprednisolone as adjunctive therapy for severe renal vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18(7): 2180–2188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutgers A, Slot M, van Paassen P, et al. Coexistence of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies and myeloperoxidase-ANCAs in crescentic glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46:253–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy JB, Hammad T, Coulthart A, et al. Clinical features and outcome of patients with both ANCA and anti-GBM antibodies. Kidney Int. 2004;66:1535–1540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdoo SP, Tanna A, Hrušková Z, et al. Patients double-seropositive for ANCA and anti-GBM antibodies have varied renal survival, frequency of relapse, and outcomes compared to single-seropositive patients. Kidney Int. 2017;92:693–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu X, Shen C, Meng T, et al. Clinical features and prognosis of MPO-ANCA and anti-GBM double-seropositive patients. Front Immunol. 2022;13:991469.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walters GD, Willis NS, Cooper TE, et al. Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;1(1):CD003232.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walsh M, Catapano F, Szpirt W, et al. Plasma exchange for renal vasculitis and idiopathic rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis: a meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;57:566–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rifle G, Chalopin JM, Zech P, et al. Treatment of idiopathic acute crescentic glomerulonephritis by immunodepression and plasma-exchanges. A prospective randomised study. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc. 1981;18:493–502.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mauri JM. Therapeutic plasma exchange in the treatment of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Plasma Ther Transfus Technol. 1985;6:587–591.
   Google Scholar
• Guillevin L, Cevallos R, Durand-Gasselin B, et al. Treatment of glomerulonephritis in microscopic polyangiitis and Churg-Strauss syndrome. Indications of plasma exchanges, Meta-analysis of 2 randomized studies on 140 patients, 32 with glomerulonephritis. Ann Med Internet (Paris). 1997;148:198–204.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zäuner I, Bach D, Braun N, et al. Predictive value of initial histology and effect of plasmapheresis on long-term prognosis of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Diseases. 2002;39:28–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung SA, Langford CA, Maz M, et al. American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation guideline for the management of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021;2021(73):1088–1105.
   Google Scholar
• Zeng L, Walsh M, Guyatt GH, et al. Plasma exchange and glucocorticoid dosing for patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2022;376:e064597.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaplan A, Szpirt W. Should we still use therapeutic plasma exchange for rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in ANCA associated vasculitis? Kidney and Dialysis. 2022;2(3):399–406.
   Google Scholar
• Collister D, Farrar M, Farrar L, et al. Plasma exchange for ANCA-associated vasculitis: an international survey of patient preferences. Kidney Med. 2023;5(3):100595.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Furuta S, Nakagomi D, Kobayashi Y, et al. Effect of reduced-dose vs high-dose glucocorticoids added to rituximab on remission induction in ANCA-associated vasculitis: a randomized clinical trial [Internet]. JAMA. 2021;325:2178–2187. Available from
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin JI, Geetha D, WM S, et al. Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (Goodpasture disease): from pathogenesis to plasma exchange to IdeS. Ther Apher Dial. 2022;26:24–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soveri I, Mölne J, Uhlin F, et al. The IgG-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenes causes rapid clearance of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies in patients with refractory anti-glomerular basement membrane disease. Kidney Int. 2019;96:1234–1238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar