An update on therapeutic options for palmoplantar pustulosis: a narrative review and expert recommendations

References

• Brunasso AM, Puntoni M, Aberer W, et al. Clinical and epidemiological comparison of patients affected by palmoplantar plaque psoriasis and palmoplantar pustulosis: a case series study. Br J Dermatol. 2013;168(6):1243–1251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubota K, Kamijima Y, Sato T, et al. Epidemiology of psoriasis and palmoplantar pustulosis: a nationwide study using the Japanese national claims database. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e006450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen YMF, Augustin M, Petersen J, et al. Characteristics and prevalence of plaque psoriasis in patients with palmoplantar pustulosis. Br J Dermatol. 2019;181:976–982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lofvendahl S, Norlin JM, Schmitt-Egenolf M. Prevalence and incidence of palmoplantar pustulosis in Sweden: a population-based register study. Br J Dermatol. 2021;185:945–951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murakata H, Harabuchi Y, Kataura A. Increased interleukin-6, interferon-gamma and tumour necrosis factor-alpha production by tonsillar mononuclear cells stimulated with alpha-streptococci in patients with pustulosis palmaris et plantaris. Acta Otolaryngol. 1999;119:384–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi Y, Tabata T. Immunological studies on the relation between tonsil and pustulosis palmaris et plantaris. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1988;454:227–236.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murakami M, Ohtake T, Horibe Y, et al. Acrosyringium is the main site of the vesicle/pustule formation in palmoplantar pustulosis. J Invest Dermatol. 2010;130:2010–2016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bissonnette R, Fuentes-Duculan J, Mashiko S, et al. Palmoplantar pustular psoriasis (PPPP) is characterized by activation of the IL-17A pathway. J Dermatol Sci. 2017;85:20–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kouno M, Nishiyama A, Minabe M, et al. Retrospective analysis of the clinical response of palmoplantar pustulosis after dental infection control and dental metal removal. J Dermatol. 2017;44:695–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuki K, Kimura T, Hayashi Y, et al. Focus tonsils and skin diseases with special reference to palmoplantar pustulosis. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 1992;47:196–202.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petit RG, Cano A, Ortiz A, et al. Psoriasis: from pathogenesis to pharmacological and nano-technological-based therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22(9):4983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misiak-Galazka M, Zozula J, Palmoplantar Pustulosis: RL. Recent advances in etiopathogenesis and emerging treatments. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2020;21:355–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olazagasti JM, Ma JE, Wetter DA. Clinical Features, Etiologic Factors, Associated Disorders, and. Treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis: the mayo clinic experience, 1996-2013. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92:1351–1358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benzian-Olsson N, Dand N, Chaloner C, et al. Association of clinical and demographic factors with the severity of palmoplantar pustulosis. JAMA Dermatol. 2020;156:1216–1222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assan F, Husson B, Hegazy S, et al. Palmoplantar pustulosis and acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau: demographic and clinical comparative study in a large multicentre cohort. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022;36(9):1578–1583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarikaya Solak S, Kara Polat A, Kilic S, et al. Clinical characteristics, quality of life and risk factors for severity in palmoplantar pustulosis: a cross-sectional, multicentre study of 263 patients. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2022;47:63–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu F, Zhang M, Lou Y, et al. The spontaneous regression of palmoplantar pustulosis following removal of dental amalgams: a report of two cases. Australas J Dermatol. 2016;57:e93–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gimenez-Garcia R, Sanchez-Ramon S, Cuellar-Olmedo LA. Palmoplantar pustulosis: a clinicoepidemiological study. The relationship between tobacco use and thyroid function. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2003;17:276–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honma M, Takahashi H, Horikawa M, et al. Palmoplantar pustular lesions during ovulation inducement therapy: new insight into the pathomechanism of palmoplantar pustulosis? Dermatology. 2009;218:382–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaelsson G, Kajermo U, Michaelsson A, et al. Infliximab can precipitate as well as worsen palmoplantar pustulosis: possible linkage to the expression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha in the normal palmar eccrine sweat duct? Br J Dermatol. 2005;153:1243–1244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra V, Daniel RC, Elmets CA, et al. Palmoplantar pustulosis with fulminant dystrophic 20-nail psoriasis in a patient receiving Adalimumab therapy. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12:16–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozarslan B, Russo T, Argenziano G, et al. Natalizumab-induced pustular psoriasis of palms and soles. Dermatol Pract Concept. 2022;12:e2022088.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Onishi Y, Arakawa Y, Tamagawa-Mineoka R, et al. Occurrence of palmoplantar pustulosis during atezolizumab therapy for non-small cell lung cancer. J Dermatol. 2021;48:e570–e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonozaki H, Kawashima M, Hongo O, et al. Incidence of arthro-osteitis in patients with pustulosis palmaris et plantaris. Ann Rheum Dis. 1981;40:554–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishimoto M, Taniguchi Y, Tsuji S, et al. SAPHO syndrome and pustulotic arthro-osteitis. Mod Rheumatol. 2022;32:665–674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimamura Y, Maeda T, Takizawa H. Palmoplantar pustulosis and IgA nephropathy. J Gen Fam Med. 2019;20:35–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mochizuki A, Ohkoshi N, Shoji S. Pustulosis palmaris et plantaris associated with peripheral neuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 1999;22:645–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uehara M, Fujigaki T, Hayashi S. Glucose tolerance in pustulosis palmaris et plantaris. Arch Dermatol. 1980;116:1275–1276.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hagforsen E, Michaelsson K, Lundgren E, et al. Women with palmoplantar pustulosis have disturbed calcium homeostasis and a high prevalence of diabetes mellitus and psychiatric disorders: a case-control study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2005;85:225–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adisen E, Tekin O, Gulekon A, et al. A retrospective analysis of treatment responses of palmoplantar psoriasis in 114 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23:814–819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang CM, Tsai TF. Clinical characteristics, genetics, comorbidities and treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis: a retrospective analysis of 66 cases in a single center in Taiwan. J Dermatol. 2020;47:1046–1049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyazaki C, Sruamsiri R, Mahlich J, et al. Treatment patterns and healthcare resource utilization in palmoplantar pustulosis patients in Japan: a claims database study. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0232738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umezawa Y, Nakagawa H, Tamaki K. Phase III clinical study of maxacalcitol ointment in patients with palmoplantar pustulosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Dermatol. 2016;43:288–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goette DK, Morgan AM, Fox BJ, et al. Treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis with intralesional triamcinolone injections. Arch Dermatol. 1984;120:319–323.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muro M, Kawakami H, Matsumoto Y, et al. Topical combination therapy with vitamin D3 and corticosteroid ointment for palmoplantar pustulosis: a prospective, randomized, left-right comparison study. J Dermatolog Treat. 2016;27:51–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomsen K, Osterbye P. Pustulosis palmaris et plantaris. Br J Dermatol. 1973;89:293–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward JM, Corbett MF, Hanna MJ. A double-blind trial of clomocycline in the treatment of persistent palmoplantar pustulosis. Br J Dermatol. 1976;95:317–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCluskey D, Benzian-Olsson N, Mahil SK, et al. Single-cell analysis implicates TH17-to-TH2 cell plasticity in the pathogenesis of palmoplantar pustulosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022;150(4):882–893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murakami M, Hagforsen E, Morhenn V, et al. Patients with palmoplantar pustulosis have increased IL-17 and IL-22 levels both in the lesion and serum. Exp Dermatol. 2011;20:845–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim DY, Kim JY, Kim TG, et al. A comparison of inflammatory mediator expression between palmoplantar pustulosis and pompholyx. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013;27:1559–1565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamanaka N, Shido F, Kataura A. Tonsillectomy-induced changes in anti-keratin antibodies in patients with pustulosis palmaris et plantaris: a clinical correlation. Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1989;246:109–112.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Remitz A, Lauerma AI, Erkko P, et al. Delayed-type hypersensitivity in palmoplantar pustulosis: effect of cyclosporin A treatment on skin testing with recall antigens. Acta Derm Venereol. 1996;76:310–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andanooru Chandrappa NK, Channakeshavaiah Ravikumar B, Rangegowda SM. Iontophoretic delivery of methotrexate in the treatment of palmar psoriasis: a randomised controlled study. Australas J Dermatol. 2020;61:140–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikumi N, Hayama K, Terui T, et al. Retrospective study of the differences in the management for pustulotic arthro-osteitis in patients with palmoplantar pustulosis between dermatologists and rheumatologists. J Dermatol. 2021;48:e551–e3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitamo S, Erkko P, Remitz A, et al. Cyclosporine in the treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Dermatol. 1993;129:1273–1279.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Erkko P, Granlund H, Remitz A, et al. Double-blind placebo-controlled study of long-term low-dose cyclosporin in the treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis. Br J Dermatol. 1998;139:997–1004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin XH, Chen X, Mou Y, et al. Effects of cyclosporine on palmoplantar pustulosis and serum expression of IL-17, IL-23, and TNF-alpha. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2019;9:547–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah S, Nikam B, Kale M, et al. Safety and efficacy profile of oral cyclosporine vs oral methotrexate vs oral Acitretin in palmoplantar psoriasis: a hospital based prospective investigator blind randomized controlled comparative study. Dermatol Ther. 2021;34:e14650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imafuku S, Nakayama J. Improvement of palmoplantar pustulosis by mizoribine. J Dermatol. 2013;40:57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melwani PM, Penate Y, Guillermo N, et al. Leflunomide in the treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis. Arch Dermatol. 2009;145:1224–1226.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khalil S, Bardawil T, Stephan C, et al. Retinoids: a journey from the molecular structures and mechanisms of action to clinical uses in dermatology and adverse effects. J Dermatolog Treat. 2017;28:684–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foged E, Holm P, Larsen PO, et al. A randomized trial of etretinate (Tigason) in palmoplantar pustulosis. Dermatologica. 1983;166:220–223.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lassus A, Lauharanta J, Juvakoski T, et al. Efficacy of etretinate (Tigason) in clearing and prevention of relapse of palmoplantar pustulosis. Dermatologica. 1983;166:215–219.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miyagawa S, Muramatsu T, Shirai T. Generalization of palmoplantar pustulosis after withdrawal of etretinate. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;24:305–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassus A, Geiger JM. Acitretin and etretinate in the treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis: a double-blind comparative trial. Br J Dermatol. 1988;119:755–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White SI, Marks JM, Shuster S. Etretinate in pustular psoriasis of palms and soles. Br J Dermatol. 1985;113:581–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White SI, Puttick L, Marks JM. Low-dose etretinate in the maintenance of remission of palmoplantar pustular psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 1986;115:577–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thune P. Treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis with Tigason. Dermatologica. 1982;164:67–72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vahlquist C, Michaelsson G, Vahlquist A, et al. A sequential comparison of etretinate (Tigason) and isotretinoin (Roaccutane) with special regard to their effects on serum lipoproteins. Br J Dermatol. 1985;112:69–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevrain M, Richard MA, Barnetche T, et al. Treatment for palmoplantar pustular psoriasis: systematic literature review, evidence-based recommendations and expert opinion. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014;28(Suppl 5):13–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhushan M, Burden AD, McElhone K, et al. Oral liarozole in the treatment of palmoplantar pustular psoriasis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Br J Dermatol. 2001;145:546–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shan SJ, Li YH, Zhang G, et al. Treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis with arotinoid ethylester. Eur J Dermatol. 2009;19:474–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reich K, Graff O, Mehta N. Oral alitretinoin treatment in patients with palmoplantar pustulosis inadequately responding to standard topical treatment: a randomized phase II study. Br J Dermatol. 2016;174:1277–1281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irla N, Navarini AA, Yawalkar N. Alitretinoin abrogates innate inflammation in palmoplantar pustular psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2012;167:1170–1174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JS, Park HS, Yoon HS, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral alitretinoin in hand eczema and palmoplantar pustulosis in Korean patients. Ann Dermatol. 2019;31:139–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ono T, Jono M, Kito M, et al. Evaluation of tonsillectomy as a treatment for pustulosis palmaris et plantaris. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1983;401:12–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sapadin AN, Fleischmajer R. Tetracyclines: nonantibiotic properties and their clinical implications. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54:258–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi S, Shimaoka Y, Hamasaki Y, et al. Palmoplantar pustulosis and pustulotic arthro-osteitis treatment with potassium iodide and tetracycline, a novel remedy with an old drug: a review of 25 patients. Int J Dermatol. 2017;56:889–893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murakami M, Masuda K, Utsunomiya R, et al. Cefcapene pivoxil hydrochloride is a potentially new treatment for palmoplantar pustulosis with pustulotic arthro-osteitis. Dermatology. 2015;231:304–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihara M, Hagari Y, Morimura T, et al. Itraconazole as a new treatment for pustulosis palmaris et plantaris. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134:639–640.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• V’Lckova-Laskoska MT, Caca-Biljanovska NG, Laskoski DS, et al. Palmoplantar pustulosis treated with itraconazole: a single, active-arm pilot study. Dermatol Ther. 2009;22:85–89.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mrowietz U, Bachelez H, Burden AD, et al. Secukinumab for moderate-to-severe palmoplantar pustular psoriasis: results of the 2PRECISE study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80:1344–1352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Campo DC. Successful use of tildrakizumab for treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis: a case report. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20:1117–1119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerdes S, Franke J, Domm S, et al. Ustekinumab in the treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis. Br J Dermatol. 2010;163:1116–1118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu DH, Van Voorhees AS, Rosenbach M. Treatment of refractory tumor necrosis factor inhibitor-induced palmoplantar pustulosis: a report of 2 cases. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147:1228–1230.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mrowietz U, Bachelez H, Burden AD, et al. Efficacy and safety of secukinumab in moderate to severe palmoplantar pustular psoriasis over 148 weeks: extension of the 2PRECISE study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84:552–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reolid A, Armesto S, Sahuquillo-Torralba A, et al. Secukinumab is effective in the treatment of recalcitrant palmoplantar psoriasis and palmoplantar pustular psoriasis in a daily practice setting. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022;87(3):705–709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinter A, Wilsmann-Theis D, Peitsch WK, et al. Interleukin-17 receptor A blockade with brodalumab in palmoplantar pustular psoriasis: report on four cases. J Dermatol. 2019;46:426–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He F, Long F, Yin Z, et al. Local injection of low-dose ixekizumab for the treatment of palmoplantar pustular psoriasis. Int J Dermatol. 2022;61:742–743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Cesare A, Di Meglio P, Nestle FO. The IL-23/Th17 axis in the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129:1339–1350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegazy S, Konstantinou MP, Bulai Livideanu C, et al. Efficacy of ustekinumab in palmoplantar pustulosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018;32:e204–e6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Au SC, Goldminz AM, Kim N, et al. Investigator-initiated, open-label trial of ustekinumab for the treatment of moderate-to-severe palmoplantar psoriasis. J Dermatolog Treat. 2013;24:179–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales-Munera C, Vilarrasa E, Puig L. Efficacy of ustekinumab in refractory palmoplantar pustular psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2013;168:820–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertelsen T, Kragballe K, Johansen C, et al. Efficacy of ustekinumab in palmoplantar pustulosis and palmoplantar pustular psoriasis. Int J Dermatol. 2014;53:e464–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buder V, Herberger K, Jacobi A, et al. Ustekinumab in the treatment of palmoplantar pustular psoriasis - a case series of nine patients. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2016;14:1108–1113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terui T, Kobayashi S, Okubo Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of guselkumab, an anti-interleukin 23 monoclonal antibody, for palmoplantar pustulosis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154:309–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terui T, Kobayashi S, Okubo Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of guselkumab in Japanese patients with palmoplantar pustulosis: a phase 3 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2019;155:1153–1161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okubo Y, Morishima H, Zheng R, et al. Sustained efficacy and safety of guselkumab in patients with palmoplantar pustulosis through 1.5 years in a randomized phase 3 study. J Dermatol. 2021;48:1838–1853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugo J, Arenbergerova M, Arenberger P, et al. Coexistence of palmoplantar pustulosis and ichthyosis vulgaris treated by risankizumab. Br J Dermatol. 2021;184:e195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cro S, Cornelius VR, Pink AE, et al. Anakinra for palmoplantar pustulosis: results from a randomized, double-blind, multicentre, two-staged, adaptive placebo-controlled trial (APRICOT). Br J Dermatol. 2021;186:245–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tauber M, Viguier M, Alimova E, et al. Partial clinical response to anakinra in severe palmoplantar pustular psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2014;171:646–649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansouri B, Kivelevitch D, Campa M, et al. Palmoplantar pustular psoriasis unresponsive to the interleukin-1beta antagonist canakinumab. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2016;41:324–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yawalkar N, Hunger RE. Successful treatment of recalcitrant palmoplantar pustular psoriasis with sequential use of infliximab and Adalimumab. Dermatology. 2009;218:79–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floristan U, Feltes R, Ramirez P, et al. Recalcitrant palmoplantar pustular psoriasis treated with etanercept. Pediatr Dermatol. 2011;28:349–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell HK, Parslew RA. Use of basiliximab as a cyclosporin-sparing agent in palmoplantar pustular psoriasis with myalgia as an adverse effect. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:606–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rueda-Gotor J, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Blanco Alonso R, et al. Successful effect of tocilizumab in anti-TNF-alpha-induced palmoplantar pustulosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine. 2012;79:510–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younis S, Rimar D, Slobodin G, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-associated palmoplantar pustular psoriasis treated with interleukin 6 blocker. J Rheumatol. 2012;39:2055–2056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mrowietz U, Burden AD, Pinter A, et al. Spesolimab, an anti-interleukin-36 receptor antibody, in patients with palmoplantar pustulosis: results of a phase iia, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2021;11:571–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eto A, Nakao M, Furue M. Three cases of palmoplantar pustulosis successfully treated with apremilast. J Dermatol. 2019;46:e29–e30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kt S, Thakur V, Narang T, et al. Apremilast in treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis - a case series. Int J Dermatol. 2021;60:e247–e8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marovt M, Marko PB. Apremilast monotherapy for palmoplantar pustulosis: report of three cases. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2021;9:2050313X211034926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer PH, Parton A, Capone L, et al. Apremilast is a selective PDE4 inhibitor with regulatory effects on innate immunity. Cell Signal. 2014;26:2016–2029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato N, Takama H, Ando Y, et al. Immediate response to apremilast in patients with palmoplantar pustulosis: a retrospective pilot study. Int J Dermatol. 2021;60:570–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stander S, Syring F, Ludwig RJ, et al. Successful treatment of refractory palmoplantar pustular psoriasis with apremilast: a case series. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:543944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilsmann-Theis D, Kromer C, Gerdes S, et al. A multicentre open-label study of apremilast in palmoplantar pustulosis (APLANTUS). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021;35:2045–2050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mossner R, Hoff P, Mohr J, et al. Successful therapy of palmoplantar pustulosis with tofacitinib-Report on three cases. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33:e13753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imafuku S, Maeyama A. Remission of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody-induced palmoplantar pustulosis with the Janus kinase inhibitor baricitinib in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. J Dermatol. 2021;48:e240–e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guenther LC. Alefacept is safe and efficacious in the treatment of palmar plantar pustulosis. J Cutan Med Surg. 2007;11:202–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr D, Tusa MG, Carroll CL, et al. Open label trial of alefacept in palmoplantar pustular psoriasis. J Dermatolog Treat. 2008;19:97–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bissonnette R, Maari C, Tsianakas A, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2a study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of RIST4721 in subjects with palmoplantar pustulosis. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2021;11(6):2179–2193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizune N. Letter: methoxsalen and irradiation: treatment for pustulosis palmaris et plantaris. Arch Dermatol. 1976;112(6):883b–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Layton AM, Sheehan-Dare R, Cunliffe WJ. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of topical PUVA in persistent palmoplantar pustulosis. Br J Dermatol. 1991;124:581–584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul R, Jansen CT. Suppression of palmoplantar pustulosis symptoms with oral 8-methoxypsoralen and high-intensity UVA irradiation. Dermatologica. 1983;167:283–285.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Su LN, Xu X, Tang L, et al. UVA1 phototherapy in the treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis: a pilot prospective study. Lasers Med Sci. 2016;31:1641–1643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yim YC, Lee ES, Chung PS, et al. Recalcitrant palmoplantar pustular psoriasis successfully treated with topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2005;30:723–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JY, Kang HY, Lee ES, et al. Topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for intractable palmoplantar psoriasis. J Dermatol. 2007;34:37–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawada A, Matsuda H, Oiso N. Efficacy and safety of targeted narrowband ultraviolet B therapy using a flat-type fluorescent lamp for the treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis. J Dermatol. 2013;40:754–755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng C, Hu Y, Chen W, et al. A randomized prospective study of different dose regimens using the 308-nm excimer laser in the treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis. Dermatol Ther. 2021;34:e15079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su LN, Ren J, Cheng SM, et al. UVA1 vs. narrowband UVB phototherapy in the treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis: a pilot randomized controlled study. Lasers Med Sci. 2017;32:1819–1823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ono T. Evaluation of tonsillectomy as a treatment for pustulosis palmaris et plantaris. J Dermatol. 1977;4:163–172.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takahara M, Hirata Y, Nagato T, et al. Treatment outcome and prognostic factors of tonsillectomy for palmoplantar pustulosis and pustulotic arthro-osteitis: a retrospective subjective and objective quantitative analysis of 138 patients. J Dermatol. 2018;45:812–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaelsson G, Gustafsson K, Hagforsen E. The psoriasis variant palmoplantar pustulosis can be improved after cessation of smoking. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54:737–738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murao K, Minato M, Kubo Y. Improvement of palmoplantar pustulosis lesions after angioplasty for Leriche syndrome. Australas J Dermatol. 2013;54:e80–1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujisawa T, Tawada C, Mizutani Y, et al. Efficacy of granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis for treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis. Ther Apher Dial. 2014;18:238–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arimura A, Fujii K, Ibusuki A, et al. Granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis for palmoplantar pustulosis with extra-palmoplantar lesions and pustulotic arthro-osteitis. J Dermatol. 2018;45:e167–e8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miura T, Torinuki W, Makino Y. Treatment of pustulosis palmaris et plantaris with large doses of vitamin B12. J Dermatol. 1976;3:155–158.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takigawa M, Miyachi Y, Uehara M, et al. Treatment of pustulosis palmaris et plantaris with oral doses of colchicine. Arch Dermatol. 1982;118:458–460.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watanabe T, Uchida T, Fujita H, et al. Pustulosis palmaris et plantaris successfully treated with leukotriene antagonist. Eur J Dermatol. 2014;24:695–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putra-Szczepaniak M, Reich A, Jankowska-Konsur A, et al. Pack-year cigarette smoking affects the course of palmoplantar pustulosis. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2021;30:189–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheu JS, Divito SJ, Enamandram M, et al. Dapsone therapy for pustular psoriasis: case series and review of the literature. Dermatology. 2016;232:97–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timerman D, Devlin PM, Nambudiri VE, et al. Novel application of high-dose rate brachytherapy for severe, recalcitrant palmoplantar pustulosis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2016;41:498–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King BJ, Langeveld AP, Davis MDP, et al. Skin-directed radiation therapy for palmoplantar pustulosis. JAAD Case Rep. 2019;5:478–480.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aichelburg MC, Pinkowicz A, Holzer G, et al. Short- and long-term efficacy of fumaric acid esters or Acitretin in combination with a 12-week course of PUVA in the treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis: results from a prospective randomized trial. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021;35:e198–e200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoniou C, Nicolaidou E, Moustou AE, et al. Palmoplantar pustulosis with arthro-osteitis: successful treatment with etanercept and Acitretin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23:854–855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinecke GM, Luber AJ, Levitt JO, et al. Combination use of ustekinumab with other systemic therapies: a retrospective study in a tertiary referral center. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12:1098–1102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torre KM, Payette MJ. Combination biologic therapy for the treatment of severe palmoplantar pustulosis. JAAD Case Rep. 2017;3:240–242.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marsland AM, Chalmers RJ, Hollis S, et al. Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;2006:CD001433.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Obeid G, Do G, Kirby L, et al. Interventions for chronic palmoplantar pustulosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;1:CD011628.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Writing committee expert group on “diagnosis and treatment of pustular psoriasis: a Chinese expert consensus statement”. Diagnosis and treatment of pustular psoriasis: a Chinese expert consensus statement (2022). Chinese Journal of Dermatology. 2022;55(3):187–195.
   Google Scholar
• Laino L, DiCarlo A. Palmoplantar pustular psoriasis: clinical and video thermographic evaluation before and after topical tacrolimus treatment. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147:760.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar