Recent innovations in the screening and diagnosis of systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease

References

• Sankar S, Habib M, Jaafar S, et al. Hospitalisations related to systemic sclerosis and the impact of interstitial lung disease. Analysis of patients hospitalised at the University of Michigan, USA. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2021;39(Suppl 131):43–51. DOI:10.55563/clinexprheumatol/9ivp9g
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elhai M, Meune C, Boubaya M, et al. Mapping and predicting mortality from systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:1897–1905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyndall AJ, Bannert B, Vonk M, et al. Causes and risk factors for death in systemic sclerosis: a study from the EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research (EUSTAR) database. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:1809–1815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Man A, Davidyock T, Ferguson LT, et al. Changes in forced vital capacity over time in systemic sclerosis: application of group-based trajectory modelling. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015;54:1464–1471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vonk MC, Walker UA, Volkmann ER, et al. Natural variability in the disease course of SSc-ILD: implications for treatment. Eur Respir Rev. 2021;30:200340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann-Vold AM, Allanore Y, Alves M, et al. Progressive interstitial lung disease in patients with systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease in the EUSTAR database. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021;80:219–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramahi A, Lescoat A, Roofeh D, et al. Risk factors for lung function decline in systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease in a large single-center cohort. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2022:keac639. DOI:10.1093/rheumatology/keac639.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernstein EJ, Khanna D, Lederer DJ. Screening high-resolution computed tomography of the chest to detect interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis: a global survey of rheumatologists. Arthritis & Rheumatology. 2018;70:971–972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruni C, Chung L, Hoffmann-Vold AM, et al. High-resolution computed tomography of the chest for the screening, re-screening and follow-up of systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease: a EUSTAR-SCTC survey. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2022;40:1951–1955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung JH, Walker CM, Hobbs S. Imaging features of systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease. J Vis Exp. 2020;160. DOI:10.3791/60300
   Google Scholar
• Decker P, Sobanski V, Moulinet T, et al. Interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features: evaluation of connective tissue disease incidence during follow-up. Eur J Intern Med. 2022;97:62–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, NRC. Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR VII Phase 2. Washington DC: National Academies Press. 2006. Medical Radiation Studies; p. 155–87.
   Google Scholar
• Khanna D, Distler O, Cottin V, et al. Diagnosis and monitoring of systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease using high-resolution computed tomography. J Scleroderma Relat Disord. 2022;7:168–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suliman YA, Dobrota R, Huscher D. Brief report: pulmonary function tests: high rate of false-negative results in the early detection and screening of scleroderma-related interstitial lung disease. Arthritis & Rheumatology. 2015;67:3256–3261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghodrati S, Pugashetti JV, Kadoch MA, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of chest radiography for detecting fibrotic interstitial lung disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2022;19:1934–1937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahaghi FF, Hsu VM, Kaner RJ, et al. Expert consensus on the management of systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease. Respir Res. 2023;24:6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann-Vold A-M, Maher TM, Philpot EE, et al. The identification and management of interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis: evidence-based European consensus statements. Lancet Rheumatol. 2020;2:e71–83.
   Google Scholar
• Frauenfelder T, Winklehner A, Nguyen TD, et al. Screening for interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis: performance of high-resolution CT with limited number of slices: a prospective study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73:2069–2073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koo CW, Larson NB, Parris-Skeete CT, et al. Prospective machine learning CT quantitative evaluation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in patients undergoing anti-fibrotic treatment using low- and ultra-low-dose CT. Clin Radiol. 2022;77:e208–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HG, Tashkin DP, Clements PJ, et al. A computer-aided diagnosis system for quantitative scoring of extent of lung fibrosis in scleroderma patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2010;28(Suppl 62):S26–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saldana DC, Hague CJ, Murphy D, et al. Association of computed tomography densitometry with disease severity, functional decline, and survival in systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2020;17:813–820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watadani T, Sakai F, Johkoh T, et al. Interobserver variability in the CT assessment of honeycombing in the lungs. Radiology. 2013;266:936–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanna D, Nagaraja V, Tseng CH, et al. Predictors of lung function decline in scleroderma-related interstitial lung disease based on high-resolution computed tomography: implications for cohort enrichment in systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease trials. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ariani A, Silva M, Seletti V, et al. Quantitative chest computed tomography is associated with two prediction models of mortality in interstitial lung disease related to systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017;56:922–927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldin JG, Kim GHJ, Tseng CH, et al. Longitudinal changes in quantitative interstitial lung disease on computed tomography after immunosuppression in the scleroderma lung study II. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2018;15:1286–1295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roofeh D, Lin CJF, Goldin J, et al. Tocilizumab prevents progression of early systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease. Arthritis & Rheumatology. 2021;73:1301–1310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob J, Bartholmai BJ, Rajagopalan S, et al. Predicting outcomes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis using automated computed tomographic analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198:767–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clukers J, Lanclus M, Belmans D, et al. Interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis quantification of disease classification and progression with high-resolution computed tomography: an observational study. J Scleroderma Relat Disord. 2021;6:154–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob J, Bartholmai BJ, Rajagopalan S, et al. Evaluation of computer-based computer tomography stratification against outcome models in connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease: a patient outcome study. BMC Med. 2016;14:190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob J, Bartholmai BJ, Rajagopalan S, et al. Mortality prediction in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evaluation of computer-based CT analysis with conventional severity measures. Eur Respir J. 2017;49:1601011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jankharia BG, Angirish BA. Computer-Aided quantitative analysis in interstitial lung diseases - a pictorial review using CALIPER. Lung India. 2021;38:161–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrazza AM, Gigante A, Gasperini ML, et al. Assessment of interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis using the quantitative CT algorithm CALIPER. Clin Rheumatol. 2020;39:1537–1542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baqir M, Makol A, Osborn TG, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil for scleroderma-related interstitial lung disease: a real world experience. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0177107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nihtyanova SI, Schreiber BE, Ong VH, et al. Prediction of pulmonary complications and long-term survival in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis & Rheumatology. 2014;66:1625–1635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruni C, Occhipinti M, Pienn M, et al. Lung vascular changes as biomarkers of severity in systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2023;62:696–706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Occhipinti M, Bruni C, Camiciottoli G, et al. Quantitative analysis of pulmonary vasculature in systemic sclerosis at spirometry-gated chest CT. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79:1210–1217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ariani A, Lumetti F, Silva M, et al. Systemic sclerosis interstitial lung disease evaluation: comparison between semiquantitative and quantitative computed tomography assessments. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2014;28:507–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gargani L, Doveri M, D’errico L, et al. Ultrasound lung comets in systemic sclerosis: a chest sonography hallmark of pulmonary interstitial fibrosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48:1382–1387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruni C, Mattolini L, Tofani L, et al. Lung ultrasound B-Lines in the evaluation of the extent of interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis. Diagn (Basel). 2022;12:1696. .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gutierrez M, Salaffi F, Carotti M, et al. Utility of a simplified ultrasound assessment to assess interstitial pulmonary fibrosis in connective tissue disorders–preliminary results. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13:R134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferro F, Delle Sedie A. The use of ultrasound for assessing interstitial lung involvement in connective tissue diseases. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2018;36(Suppl 114):165–170.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reyes-Long S, Gutierrez M, Clavijo-Cornejo D, et al. Subclinical interstitial lung disease in patients with systemic sclerosis. A pilot study on the role of ultrasound. Reumatol Clin (Engl Ed). 2021;17:144–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delle Sedie A, Carli L, Cioffi E, et al. The promising role of lung ultrasound in systemic sclerosis. Clin Rheumatol. 2012;31:1537–1541.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wells AU, Hansell DM, Rubens MB, et al. Functional impairment in lone cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and fibrosing alveolitis associated with systemic sclerosis: a comparison. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;155:1657–1664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salaffi F, Carotti M, Baldelli S, et al. Subclinical interstitial lung involvement in rheumatic diseases. Correlation of high resolution computerized tomography and functional and cytologic findings. Radiol Med. 1999;97:33–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gigante A, Rossi Fanelli F, Lucci S, et al. Lung ultrasound in systemic sclerosis: correlation with high-resolution computed tomography, pulmonary function tests and clinical variables of disease. Intern Emerg Med. 2016;11:213–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gargani L, Romei C, Bruni C, et al. Lung ultrasound B-lines in systemic sclerosis: cut-off values and methodological indications for interstitial lung disease screening. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2022;61:SI56–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soldati G, Demi M, Inchingolo R, et al. On the physical basis of pulmonary sonographic interstitial syndrome. J Ultrasound Med. 2016;35:2075–2086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gargani L, Bruni C, De Marchi D, et al. Lung magnetic resonance imaging in systemic sclerosis: a new promising approach to evaluate pulmonary involvement and progression. Clin Rheumatol. 2021;40:1903–1912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansell DM, Bankier AA, MacMahon H, et al. Fleischner Society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Radiology. 2008;246:697–722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landini N, Orlandi M, Occhipinti M, et al. Ultrashort echo-time magnetic resonance imaging sequence in the assessment of systemic sclerosis-interstitial lung disease. J Thorac Imaging. 2022;38:97–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonzetti L, Zanon M, Pacini GS, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of interstitial lung diseases: a state-of-the-art review. Respir med. 2019;155:79–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledoult E, Morelle M, Soussan M, et al. (18)F-FDG positron emission tomography scanning in systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease: a pilot study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2021;23(76):1–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peelen DM, Zwezerijnen B, Nossent EJ, et al. The quantitative assessment of interstitial lung disease with positron emission tomography scanning in systemic sclerosis patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59:1407–1415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson J, Duffy L, Stratton R, et al. Metabolic reprogramming of glycolysis and glutamine metabolism are key events in myofibroblast transition in systemic sclerosis pathogenesis. J Cell Mol Med. 2020;24:14026–14038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastos AL, Ferreira GA, Mamede M, et al. PET/CT and inflammatory mediators in systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease. J Bras Pneumol. 2022;48:e20210329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergmann C, Distler JH, Treutlein C, et al. 68ga-FAPI-04 PET-CT for molecular assessment of fibroblast activation and risk evaluation in systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease: a single-centre, pilot study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2021;3:e185–94.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Chen Z, Long Y, et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT and HRCT: a combined tool for risk stratification in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy-associated interstitial lung disease. Clin Rheumatol. 2022;41:3095–3105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Zhu M, Lu H, et al. Quantitative evaluation of disease severity in connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease by dual-energy computed tomography. Respir Res. 2022;23:47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porojan-Suppini N, Fira-Mladinescu O, Marc M, et al. Lung function assessment by impulse oscillometry in adults. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2020;16:1139–1150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikamo M, Fujisawa T, Oyama Y, et al. Clinical significance of forced oscillation technique for evaluation of small airway disease in interstitial lung diseases. Lung. 2016;194:975–983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu AC, Kiley JP, Noel PJ, et al. Current status and future opportunities in lung precision medicine research with a focus on biomarkers. An American thoracic society/national heart, lung, and blood institute research statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198:e116–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reveille JD, Solomon DH. American college of rheumatology Ad Hoc committee of immunologic testing G. Evidence-based guidelines for the use of immunologic tests: anticentromere, Scl-70, and nucleolar antibodies. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;49:399–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jandali B, Salazar GA, Hudson M, et al. The effect of scl‐70 antibody determination method on its predictive significance for interstitial lung disease progression in systemic sclerosis. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2022;4:345–351.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker UA, Tyndall A, Czirjak L, et al. Clinical risk assessment of organ manifestations in systemic sclerosis: a report from the EULAR scleroderma trials and research group database. Ann Rheumatic Dis. 2007;66:754–763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liaskos C, Marou E, Simopoulou T, et al. Disease-related autoantibody profile in patients with systemic sclerosis. Autoimmunity. 2017;50:414–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitri GM, Lucas M, Fertig N, et al. A comparison between anti-Th/To- and anticentromere antibody-positive systemic sclerosis patients with limited cutaneous involvement. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:203–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzaroni M-G, Marasco E, Campochiaro C, et al. The clinical phenotype of systemic sclerosis patients with anti-PM/Scl antibodies: results from the EUSTAR cohort. Rheumatology. 2021;60:5028–5041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson M, Pope J, Mahler M, et al. Clinical significance of antibodies to Ro52/TRIM21 in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Research & Therapy. 2012;14:R50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mierau R, Moinzadeh P, Riemekasten G, et al. Frequency of disease-associated and other nuclear autoantibodies in patients of the German network for systemic scleroderma: correlation with characteristic clinical features. Arthritis Research & Therapy. 2011;13:R172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wangkaew S, Euathrongchit J, Wattanawittawas P, et al. Incidence and predictors of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in Thai patients with early systemic sclerosis: inception cohort study. Mod Rheumatol. 2016;26:588–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa N, Hattori N, Yokoyama A, et al. Utility of KL-6/MUC1 in the clinical management of interstitial lung diseases. Respir Investig. 2012;50:3–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asano Y, Ihn H, Yamane K, et al. Clinical significance of surfactant protein D as a serum marker for evaluating pulmonary fibrosis in patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2001;44:1363–1369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hant FN, Ludwicka-Bradley A, Wang H-J, et al. Surfactant protein D and KL-6 as serum biomarkers of interstitial lung disease in patients with scleroderma. J Rheumatol. 2009;36:773–780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasegawa M, Fujimoto M, Hamaguchi Y, et al. Use of serum clara cell 16-kDa (CC16) levels as a potential indicator of active pulmonary fibrosis in systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol. 2011;38:877–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elhai M, Hoffmann-Vold AM, Avouac J, et al. Performance of candidate serum biomarkers for systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease. Arthritis & Rheumatology. 2019;71:972–982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasse A, Pechkovsky DV, Toews GB, et al. CCL18 as an indicator of pulmonary fibrotic activity in idiopathic interstitial pneumonias and systemic sclerosis. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2007;56:1685–1693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuryliszyn-Moskal A, Klimiuk PA, Sierakowski S. Soluble adhesion molecules (sVCAM-1, sE-selectin), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelin-1 in patients with systemic sclerosis: relationship to organ systemic involvement. Clin Rheumatol. 2005;24:111–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ihn H, Sato S, Fujimoto M, et al. Increased serum levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin in patients with systemic sclerosis. Br J Rheumatol. 1998;37:1188–1192.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumanovics G, Minier T, Radics J, et al. Comprehensive investigation of novel serum markers of pulmonary fibrosis associated with systemic sclerosis and dermato/polymyositis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2008;26:414–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasegawa M, Asano Y, Endo H, et al. Serum adhesion molecule levels as prognostic markers in patients with early systemic sclerosis: a multicentre, prospective. Observational Study. PloS One. 2014;9:e88150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasegawa M, Fujimoto M, Matsushita T, et al. Serum chemokine and cytokine levels as indicators of disease activity in patients with systemic sclerosis. Clin Rheumatol. 2011;30:231–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann-Vold A-M, Weigt SS, Palchevskiy V, et al. Augmented concentrations of CX3CL1 are associated with interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0206545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiev KP, Chatenoud L, Kettaneh A, et al. Increase of CXCL10 serum level in systemic sclerosis interstitial pneumonia. Rev Med Interne. 2009;30:942–946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonelli A, Ferri C, Fallahi P, et al. CXCL10 (alpha) and CCL2 (beta) chemokines in systemic sclerosis–a longitudinal study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;47:45–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cossu M, Andracco R, Santaniello A, et al. Serum levels of vascular dysfunction markers reflect disease severity and stage in systemic sclerosis patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55:1112–1116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Bon L, Affandi AJ, Broen J, et al. Proteome-wide analysis and CXCL4 aS a biomarker in systemic sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:433–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kass DJ, Nouraie M, Glassberg MK, et al. Comparative profiling of serum protein biomarkers in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Arthritis & Rheumatology. 2020;72:409–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khadilkar PV, Khopkar US, Nadkar MY, et al. Fibrotic cytokine interplay in evaluation of disease activity in treatment naive systemic sclerosis patients from western India. J Assoc Physicians India. 2019;67:26–30.
   Google Scholar
• Olewicz-Gawlik A, Danczak-Pazdrowska A, Kuznar-Kaminska B, et al. Interleukin-17 and interleukin-23: importance in the pathogenesis of lung impairment in patients with systemic sclerosis. Int J Rheum Dis. 2014;17:664–670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanaba K, Yoshizaki A, Asano Y, et al. Serum IL-33 levels are raised in patients with systemic sclerosis: association with extent of skin sclerosis and severity of pulmonary fibrosis. Clin Rheumatol. 2011;30:825–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang J, Lei L, Pan J, et al. Higher levels of serum interleukin-35 are associated with the severity of pulmonary fibrosis and Th2 responses in patients with systemic sclerosis. Rheumatol Int. 2018;38:1511–1519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kodera M, Hasegawa M, Komura K, et al. Serum pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine/CCL18 levels in patients with systemic sclerosis: a sensitive indicator of active pulmonary fibrosis. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2005;52:2889–2896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moinzadeh P, Krieg T, Hellmich M, et al. Elevated MMP-7 levels in patients with systemic sclerosis: correlation with pulmonary involvement. Exp Dermatol. 2011;20:770–773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matson SM, Lee SJ, Peterson RA, et al. The prognostic role of matrix metalloproteinase-7 in scleroderma-associated interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir J. 2021;58:2101560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manetti M, Guiducci S, Romano E, et al. Increased serum levels and tissue expression of matrix metalloproteinase-12 in patients with systemic sclerosis: correlation with severity of skin and pulmonary fibrosis and vascular damage. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:1064–1072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kikuchi K, Kubo M, Sato S, et al. Serum tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases in patients with systemic sclerosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;33:973–978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato S, Nagaoka T, Hasegawa M, et al. Serum levels of connective tissue growth factor are elevated in patients with systemic sclerosis: association with extent of skin sclerosis and severity of pulmonary fibrosis. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:149–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambrecht S, Smith V, De Wilde K, et al. Growth differentiation factor 15, a marker of lung involvement in systemic sclerosis, is involved in fibrosis development but is not indispensable for fibrosis development. Arthritis & Rheumatology. 2014;66:418–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamal SM, Elgengehy FT, Kamal A, et al. Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) level and relation to clinical manifestations in egyptian systemic sclerosis patients: preliminary data. Immunol Invest. 2017;46:703–713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanaba K, Asano Y, Tada Y, et al. Clinical significance of serum growth differentiation factor-15 levels in systemic sclerosis: association with disease severity. Mod Rheumatol. 2012;22:668–675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordenbæk C, Johansen JS, Halberg P, et al. High serum levels of YKL‐40 in patients with systemic sclerosis are associated with pulmonary involvement. Scand J Rheumatol. 2005;34:293–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’reilly S. Circulating Gremlin-1 is elevated in systemic sclerosis patients. J Scleroderma Relat Disord. 2021;6:286–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang M, Zhang EL, E L, et al. Increased levels of HE4 (WFDC2) in systemic sclerosis: a novel biomarker reflecting interstitial lung disease severity? Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2020;11:204062232095642.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truchetet ME, Brembilla NC, Montanari E, et al. Increased frequency of circulating Th22 in addition to Th17 and Th2 lymphocytes in systemic sclerosis: association with interstitial lung disease. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13:R166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi H, Kuroki Y, Tanaka H, et al. Serum levels of surfactant proteins a and D are useful biomarkers for interstitial lung disease in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:258–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle TJ, Patel AS, Hatabu H, et al. Detection of rheumatoid arthritis–interstitial lung disease is enhanced by serum biomarkers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:1403–1412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Hoogen F, Khanna D, Fransen J, et al. Classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: an American college of rheumatology/European league against rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(2013):2737–2747. DOI:10.1002/art.38098
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Minopoulou I, Theodorakopoulou M, Boutou A, et al. Nailfold capillaroscopy in systemic sclerosis patients with and without pulmonary arterial hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2021;10:1528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maricq HR, LeRoy EC, D’angelo WA, et al. Diagnostic potential of in vivo capillary microscopy in scleroderma and related disorders. Arthritis Rheum. 1980;23:183–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutolo M, Sulli A, Pizzorni C, et al. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy assessment of microvascular damage in systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:155–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umashankar E, Abdel-Shaheed C, Plit M, et al. Assessing the role for nailfold videocapillaroscopy in interstitial lung disease classfication: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2022;61:2221–2234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boots AW, Bos LD, van der Schee MP, et al. Exhaled molecular fingerprinting in diagnosis and monitoring: validating volatile promises. Trends Mol Med. 2015;21:633–644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boots AW, van Berkel JJ, Dallinga JW, et al. The versatile use of exhaled volatile organic compounds in human health and disease. J Breath Res. 2012;6:027108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plantier L, Smolinska A, Fijten R, et al. The use of exhaled air analysis in discriminating interstitial lung diseases: a pilot study. Respir Res. 2022;23:12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Berkel JJ, Dallinga JW, Moller GM, et al. Development of accurate classification method based on the analysis of volatile organic compounds from human exhaled air. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2008;861:101–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krauss E, Haberer J, Maurer O, et al. Exploring the ability of electronic nose technology to recognize interstitial lung diseases (ILD) by non-invasive breath screening of exhaled volatile compounds (VOC): a pilot study from the European IPF registry (eurIpfreg) and biobank. J Clin Med. 2019;8:1698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchet L, Smolinska A, Baranska A, et al. Factors that influence the volatile organic compound content in human breath. J Breath Res. 2017;11:016013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruni C, Tofani L, Fretheim H, et al. POS0388 Developing a screening tool for the detection of interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis: the ILD-RISC risk score. Ann Rheumatic Dis. 2022;81(Suppl 1):449–450. DOI:10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.2722
   Google Scholar
• Schniering J, Maciukiewicz M, Gabrys HS, et al. Computed tomography-based radiomics decodes prognostic and molecular differences in interstitial lung disease related to systemic sclerosis. Eur Respir J. 2022;59:2200303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar