Student intercultural competence in a Malaysian campus: a phenomenological approach

References

• Arasaratnam, L.A. 2004. Intercultural communication competence: Development and empirical validation of a new model. Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the International Communication Association, New Orleans, LA.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, J.M. 2009. Cultivating intercultural competence: A process perspective. In The SAGE Handbook of Intercultural Competence, ed. D.K. Deardorff, 121–140. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Biernacki, P., and D. Waldorf. 1981. Snowball sampling: Problems and techniques of chain referral sampling. Sociological Methods and Research 10, no. 2: 141–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd, C.O. 2001. Phenomenology the method. In Nursing research: A qualitative perspective (3rd ed.), ed. P.L. Munhall, 93–122. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.
   Google Scholar
• Byram, M. 1997. Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence. New York: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, G.M. 1993. A Chinese perspective of communication competence. Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association, Miami Beach, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, G.M. 2009. Beyond the dichotomy of communication studies. Asian Journal of Communication 19, no. 4: 398–411. doi: 10.1080/01292980903293312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, G.M., and R. An. 2009. A Chinese model of intercultural leadership competence. In The SAGE handbook of intercultural competence, ed. D.K. Deardorff, 196–208. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Corporate Planning Unit, Chancellery, UUM. 2014. Statistics of students in Universiti Utara Malaysia. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Cresswell, J.W. 2007. Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Dalib, S. 2014. Intercultural competence: a phenomenological study of students’ intercultural experience in Universiti Utara Malaysia. Unpublished doctoral thesis. Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia.
   Google Scholar
• Dalib, S., M. Harun, and N. Yusoff. 2014. Reconceptualizing intercultural competence: A phenomenological investigation of students’ intercultural experiences. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 155: 130–135. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.10.268
   Google Scholar
• Deardorff, D.K. 2004. The identification and assessment of intercultural competence as a student outcome of international education at institutions of higher education in the United States. Doctoral diss. Retrieved from http://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/ir/bitstream/1840.16/5733/1/etd.pdf?origin=publication_detail
   Google Scholar
• Deardorff, D.K. 2006. Identification and assessment of intercultural competence as a student outcome of internationalization. Journal of Studies in International Education 10, no. 3: 241–266. doi: 10.1177/1028315306287002
   Google Scholar
• Deardorff, D.K. 2010. Intercultural competence in higher education and intercultural dialogue. In Speaking across borders: The role of higher education in furthering intercultural dialogue, eds. S. Bergan and H.V. Land, 87–100. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
   Google Scholar
• Deardorff, D.K. 2011. Assessing intercultural competence. New Directions for Institutional Research 2011, no. 149: 65–79. doi: 10.1002/ir.381
   Google Scholar
• Fantini, A.E. 2009. Assessing intercultural competence: Issues and tools. In The SAGE handbook of intercultural competence, ed. D.K. Deardorff, 456–476. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Garner, D.L. 2012. The acquisition of cultural competence: A phenomenological inquiry highlighting the processes, challenges and triumphs of counselor education students. Doctoral diss. Retrieved from http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/
   Google Scholar
• Giorgi, A. 2012. The descriptive phenomenological psychological method. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology 43: 3–12. doi: 10.1163/156916212X632934
   Google Scholar
• Halualani, R.T. 2008. How do multicultural university students define and make sense of intercultural contact?. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 32, no. 1: 1–16. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2007.10.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halualani, R.T. 2010. Interactant-based definitions of intercultural interaction at a multicultural university. Howard Journal of Communications 21, no. 3: 247–272. doi: 10.1080/10646175.2010.496666
   Google Scholar
• Harun, M. 2007. Malay-Chinese interethnic communication: An analysis of sensemaking in everyday experiences. Electronic Thesis or Dissertation. Retrieved from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/
   Google Scholar
• Holmes, P., and G. O’Neill. 2012. Developing and evaluating intercultural competence: Ethnographies of intercultural encounters. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 36, no. 2012: 707–718. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.04.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hycner, R.H. 1999. Some guidelines for the phenomenological analysis of interview data. In Qualitative research, eds. A. Bryman and R.G. Burgess, 143–164. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Kvale, S. 2007. Doing interviews. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• LaRocco, M. 2011. International teaching assistants and the essence of the development of intercultural competence (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.ric/etd/edu/40
   Google Scholar
• Lindolf, T.R., and B.C. Taylor. 2011. Qualitative communication research methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lustig, M.W., and J. Koester. 2010. Intercultural competence: Interpersonal communication across cultures (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, J.N. 1993. Intercultural communication competence: A review. In Intercultural communication competence, eds. R.L. Wiseman and J. Koester, 16–29. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Maude, B. 2011. Managing cross-cultural communication: Principles and practice. New York: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Miike, Y. 2012. Harmony without uniformity: An Asia centric worldview and its communicative implications. In Intercultural communication: A reader, eds. L.A. Samovar, R.E. Porter and E.R. McDaniel, 65–80. Boston, MA: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia. 2011. Malaysia Centre of Educational Excellence, Retrieved from http://www.mohe.gov.my/educationmsia/education.php?article=malaysia
   Google Scholar
• Moustakas, C. 1994. Phenomenological research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Mowlana, H. 1996. Global communication in transition: The end of diversity. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Orbe, M.P. 2000. Centralizing diverse racial/ethnic voices in scholarly research: the value of phenomenological inquiry. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 24: 603–621. doi: 10.1016/S0147-1767(00)00019-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton, M.Q. 1999. Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis. Health Services Research 34, no. 5 Pt 2: 1189–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierson, L.L. 2007. Communicating ethnicity: A phenomenological analysis of constructed identity (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu
   Google Scholar
• Ramli, R. 2013. Culturally appropriate communication in Malaysia: Budi Bahasa as warranty component in Malaysian discourse. Journal of Multicultural Discourses 8, no. 1: 65–78. doi: 10.1080/17447143.2012.753895
   Google Scholar
• Shi-xu, R. 2016. Cultural discourse studies through the Journal of Multicultural Discourses: 10 years on. Journal of Multicultural Discourses 11, no. 1: 1–8. doi: 10.1080/17447143.2016.1150936
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, M.K.M. 2012. Friendship patterns between international and local undergraduates in a Malaysian public institution of higher learning. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education 2, no. 1: 267–280.
   Google Scholar
• Spitzberg, B.H. 2012. Axioms for a theory of intercultural communication competence. In Intercultural communication: A reader (13th ed.), eds. E.R. McDaniel, R.E. Porter and L.A. Samovar, 424–435. Boston, MA: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Spitzberg, B.H., and G. Changnon. 2009. Conceptualizing intercultural competence. In The SAGE handbook of intercultural competence, ed. D.K. Deardorff, 2–52. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Tamam, E. 2015. Conceptualization and measurement of intercultural competence in Malaysian studies: Taking stock and setting directions for moving forward. Paper presented at the Intercultural Competence in Communication and Education, Unviersiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor.
   Google Scholar
• Ting-Toomey, S. 1999. Communicating across cultures. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ting-Toomey, S. 2015. Managing intercultural conflicts effectively. In Intercultural communication: A reader (14th ed.), eds. L.A. Samovar, R.E. Porter, E.R. McDaniel, and C.S. Roy, 355–367. Boston, MA: Cengage.
   Google Scholar
• Van Manen, M. 1990. Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy. London: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Xiao, X., and G.M. Chen. 2009. Communication competence and moral competence: A Confucian perspective. Journal of Multicultural Discourses 4, no. 1: 61–74. doi: 10.1080/17447140802651652
   Google Scholar
• Yeh, J.B. 2010. Relations matter: Redefining communication competence from a Chinese perspective. Chinese Journal of Communication 3, no. 1: 64–75. doi: 10.1080/17544750903528807
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yep, G.A. 2014. Encounters with the ‘Other’: Personal notes for a reconceptualization of intercultural communication competence. In The global intercultural communication reader (2nd ed.), eds. M.K. Asante, Y. Miike, and J. Yin, 339–356. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Yum, J.O. 2012. Communication competence: A Korean perspective. Retrieved 4 January, 2013, from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/communicationcompetence:aKoreanperspective.-a0289120577
   Google Scholar