References
- Census of India 2011, New Delhi: Office of Registrar General, Government of India.
- Abraham, J. (2014). Islamic reform and colonial discourse on modernity in India: Socio-political and religious thought of Vakkom Moulavi. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Ahmad, I. (1981). Muslim educational backwardness: An inferential analysis. Economic and Political Weekly, 16(36), 1457–1465.
- Alam, M. S. (2013). Education and exclusion of Muslims. In Z. Hasan, & M. Hasan (Eds.), India: Social Development report (pp. 196–211). Oxford University Press.
- Alam, M. Sanjeer (2012). Religion, community and education: The case of rural Bihar. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
- Ali, M. K. T. (1990). The development of education among the Mappilas of Malabar 1800 to 1965. Nunes.
- Ansari, A. (1992). Educational backwardness of Muslims. Economic and Political Weekly, 27(42), 2289–2291.
- Ansari, M. T. (2005). Refiguring the fanatic; Malabar 1836–1922. In S. Mayaram, M. S. S. Pandian, & A. Skaria (Eds.), Muslims, Dalits and the fabrications of history: Subaltern studies XII (pp. 36–77). Permanent Black.
- Baig, M. R. A. (1974). Muslim dilemma in India. Vikas.
- Basant, R., & Shariff, A. (2010). Handbook of Muslims in India: Empirical and policy perspectives. Oxford University Press.
- Borooah, V. K., & Iyer, S. (2005). Vidya, Veda and Varna: The influence of religion and caste on education in Rural India. Journal of Development Studies, 41(8), 1369–1404. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380500186960
- Census, India. 1921 (1922). Superintendent,. Government Press.
- Census of India 1901. (1902). Part I & III (Madras). Superintendent, Government Press.
- Census of India 1911. (1912). Part I & III (Madras). Superintendent, Government Press.
- Census of India 1931. (1932). Part I (Madras). Superintendent, Government Press.
- Dale, S. F. (1980). Islamic society on the South Asian frontier. The mappilas of Malabar, 1498–1922. Clarendon Press.
- Director of Public Instruction. (1923). Report on public instruction in the Madras presidency for the year 1922-23. Superintendent, Government Press.
- Director of Public Instruction. (1929). Report on public instruction in the Madras presidency for the year 1927-28. Superintendent, Government Press.
- Eapen, K. V. (1985). Church missionary society and education in Kerala. Kollet Publication.
- Emirbayer, M., & Mische, A. (1998). What is agency? American Journal of Sociology, 103(4), 962–1023. https://doi.org/10.1086/231294
- Farouqui, A. (2002). Urdu language and education. Economic and Political Weekly, 37(25), 2406–2407.
- Gauba, O. P. (1978). Passive voice. Sterling.
- Gleason, H. A. Jr. (1946). Religious communities in the Indias: A regional survey. Fancy Gap Va.
- Haridas, V. V. (2016). Zamorins and the political culture of medieval Kerala. Orient BlackSwan.
- Hasnain, S. I. (2007). Muslims in North India: Frozen in past. Har Anand.
- John, R. M., & Mutatkar, R. (2005). Statewise estimates of poverty among religious groups in India. Economic and Political Weekly, 40(13), 1337–1345.
- Khalidi, O. (1995). Indian Muslims since independence. Vikas Publishing House.
- Koya, S. M. M. (1976). Muslims of the Malabar coast as descendants of the Arabs. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 37, 195–200.
- Koya, S. M. M. (1983). Mappilas of Malabar: Studies in social and cultural history. Sandhya Publications.
- Kundu, A. (2014). Post Sachar evaluation committee report, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India, New Delhi.
- Kunju, I. A. P. (1989). Mappila Muslims of Kerala: Their history and culture. Sundhya Publications.
- Lelyveld, D. (1978). Aligarh’s first generation: Muslim solidarity in British India. Princeton University Press.
- Logan, W. (1951). Malabar manual. Superintendent, Government Press.
- Manickam, S. (1974). The mappilas of Malabar. Journal of Kerala Studies, 1(January 1974), 268–271.
- Mathew, E. T. (1999). Growth of literacy in Kerala: State intervention, missionary initiatives and social movements. Economic and Political Weekly, 34(39), 2811–2820.
- Miller, R. E. (1976). Mappila Muslims of Kerala. Orient Longman.
- Miller, R. E. (2015). Mappila Muslim culture: How a historic Muslim community in India has blended tradition and modernity. SUNY Press.
- Mohammed, U. (2007). Educational empowerment of Kerala Muslims: A socio-cultural perspective. Other Books.
- Osella, F., & Osella, C. (2007). Muslim entrepreneurs between India and the Gulf, ISIM Review, [9], 8–9.
- Prange, S. (2018). Monsoon Islam: Trade and faith on medieval Malabar coast. Cambridge University Press.
- Progress of Education in India: Fourth Quinquennial Review - 1897-98 -1901-02. (1904). His Majesty’s Stationery Office.
- Rahim, M. (2013). Changing identity and politics of Muslims in Malappuram District, Kerala [Unpublished doctoral thesis] University of Kerala.
- Sachar, R. (2006). Social, economic and educational status of the Muslim community of India. A report. Prime Minister’s High Level Committee. Cabinet Secretariat. Government of India.
- Salim, A. A. (2000). Factors of educational development: A study of two villages in Kerala. Social Change, 30(3/4), 102–122. https://doi.org/10.1177/004908570003000408
- Samad, M. A. (1998). Islam in Kerala: Groups and movement. Laurel.
- Sebastian, A. (2016). Matrilineal practices along the coasts of Malabar. Sociological Bulletin, 65(1), 89–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038022920160106
- Sebastian, J. (2019). Under representation of Muslims in higher education: How and why the Kerala story is somewhat different? Institute for enterprise culture & entrepreneurship development, Thiruvananthapuram.
- Shakir, M. (1972). Muslims in free India. Kalamkar.
- Shakir, M. (1972). Muslims in free India. In O. P. Gauba (Ed.), Passive voice. Sterling.
- Shariff, A., & Razzack, A. (2006). Communal relations and social integration in India. In A. Kundu (Ed.), India: Social development report (pp. 96–110). Oxford University Press.
- Sharma, K. D. (1978). Education of a national minority: A case of Indian Muslims. Kalamkar Prakashan.
- Thakaran, P. K. M. (1984). Socio-economic Factors in Educational Development: The Case of 19th Century Travancore. Centre for Development Studies, Working Paper No. 190, Trivandrum.
- Vajpeyi, D. (1989). Muslim fundamentalism in India: A crisis of identity in a secular state. In D. Vajpeyi, & Y. K. Mallick (Eds.), Religious and ethnic minorities in South Asia (pp. 50–70). Manohar.
- Vasfi, A. S. (1989). The Ramayana and Mahabharata in schools. Radiance (23–29 April).