Publication Cover
Ethnopolitics
Formerly Global Review of Ethnopolitics
Volume 18, 2019 - Issue 2
1,032
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The de facto Sovereignty of Unrecognised States: Towards a Classical Realist Perspective?

ORCID Icon

References

  • Abrams, P. (1988). Notes on the difficulty of studying the state (1977). Journal of Historical Sociology, 1(1), 58–89.
  • Agamben, G. (1998). Homo Sacer: Sovereign power and bare life. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Agnew, J. (2005). Sovereignty regimes: Territoriality and state authority in contemporary world politics. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 95(2), 437–461.
  • Agnew, J. (2009). Globalization and sovereignty. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Ağir, B. (2012). Transformation of Kosovar Albanians’ struggle from parallelism to armed conflict: Why is violence necessary? The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 43(1), 97–138.
  • Arjona, A. (2016). Rebelocracy: Social order in the Colombian civil War. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Arjona, A., Kasfir, N., & Mampilly, Z. (Eds.). (2015). Rebel governance in civil War. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Artman, V. M. (2013). Documenting territory: Passportisation, territory, and exception in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Geopolitics, 18(3), 682–704.
  • Bahcheli, T., Bartmann, B., & Srebrnik, H. (Eds.). (2004). De facto states: The quest for sovereignty. London: Routledge.
  • Berg, E. (2007). Examining power-sharing in persistent conflicts: De facto pseudo-statehood versus De jure quasi-federalism. Global Society, 21(2), 199–217.
  • Berg, E., & Kuusk, E. (2010). What makes sovereignty a relative concept? Empirical approaches to international society. Political Geography, 29(1), 40–49.
  • Biersteker, T. J., & Weber, C. (Eds.). (1996). State sovereignty as social construct. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Borden, A. (1999a). IWPR Balkan crisis bulletin 06. London: Institute for War and Peace Reporting.
  • Borden, A. (1999b). IWPR Balkan crisis bulletin 32. London: Institute for War and Peace Reporting.
  • Buchanan, A. (2004). Justice, legitimacy, and self-determination: Moral foundations for international Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Caspersen, N. (2009). Playing the recognition game: External actors and de facto states. The International Spectator, 44(2), 47–60.
  • Caspersen, N. (2012). Unrecognized states: The struggle for sovereignty in the modern international system. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Caspersen, N. (2017). Making peace with de facto states. In M. Riegl & B. Doboš (Eds.), Unrecognized states and secession in the 21st century (pp. 11–22). Cham: Springer.
  • Caspersen, N., & Stansfield, G. (Eds.). (2011). Unrecognized states in the international system. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Chenoweth, E., & Stephan, M. J. (2011). Why civil resistance works: The strategic logic of nonviolent conflict. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Clark, H. (2000). Civil resistance in Kosovo. London: Pluto Press.
  • Clark, I., Kaempf, S., Reus-Smit, C., & Tannock, E. (2018). Crisis in the laws of war? Beyond compliance and effectiveness. European Journal of International Relations, 24(2), 319–343.
  • Closson, S. (2011). What do unrecognized states tell us about sovereignty? In N. Caspersen & G. Stansfield (Eds.), Unrecognized states in the international system (pp. 58–69). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Coggins, B. (2014). Power politics and state formation in the twentieth century: The dynamics of recognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Comai, G. (2018). Conceptualising post-soviet de facto states as small dependent jurisdictions. Ethnopolitics, 17(2), 181–200.
  • Constantinou, C. M. (1998). Before the summit: Representations of sovereignty on the Himalayas. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 27(1), 23–53.
  • Crawford, J. (2006). The creation of states in international law (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • De Certeau, M. (1984). The practice of everyday life. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • De Vrieze, F. (1995). Stable and explosive. Helsinki Monitor, 6(2), 43–51.
  • Dean, M. (2010). Governmentality: Power and rule in modern society (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
  • Dembinska, M., & Campana, A. (2017). Frozen conflicts and internal dynamics of de facto states: Perspectives and directions for research. International Studies Review, 19(2), 254–278.
  • Dillon, M. (2004). Correlating sovereign and biopower. In J. Edkins, V. Pin-Fat, & M. J. Shapiro (Eds.), Sovereign lives: Power in global politics (pp. 41–60). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Duijzings, G. (2000). Religion and the politics of identity in Kosovo. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Edkins, J., & Pin-Fat, V. (2004). Introduction: Life, power, resistance. In J. Edkins, V. Pin-Fat, & M. J. Shapiro (Eds.), Sovereign lives: Power in global politics (pp. 1–22). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Edkins, J., & Pin-Fat, V. (2005). Through the wire: Relations of power and relations of violence. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 34(1), 1–24.
  • Florea, A. (2014). De facto states in international politics (1945–2011): A new data Set. International Interactions, 40(5), 788–811.
  • Florea, A. (2017). De facto states: Survival and disappearance (1945–2011). International Studies Quarterly, 61(2), 337–351.
  • Florea, A. (2018). Authority contestation during and after civil War. Perspectives on Politics, 16(1), 149–155.
  • Foucault, M. (1980). Two lectures. In G. Colin (Ed.), Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings by michel foucault 1972-1977 (pp. 78–108). New York, NY: Pantheon Books.
  • Gagnon, V. (2004). The myth of ethnic War: Serbia and Croatia in the 1990s. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Gallagher Cunningham, K. (2013). Understanding strategic choice: The determinants of civil War and nonviolent campaign in self-determination disputes. Journal of Peace Research, 50(3), 291–304.
  • Geldenhuys, D. (2009). Contested states in world politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Hampton, J. (1986). Hobbes and the social contract tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hansen, T. B., & Stepputat, F. (2001). Introduction: States of imagination. In T. B. Hansen & F. Stepputat (Eds.), States of imagination: Ethnographic explorations of the postcolonial state (pp. 1–40). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
  • Hansen, T. B., & Stepputat, F. (Eds.). (2005a). Sovereign bodies: Citizens, migrants, and states in the postcolonial world. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Hansen, T. B., & Stepputat, F. (2005b). Introduction. In T. B. Hansen & F. Stepputat (Eds.), Sovereign bodies: Citizens, migrants, and states in the postcolonial world, (pp. 1–36). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Harvey, J., & Stansfield, G. (2011). Theorizing unrecognized states: Sovereignty, secessionism, and political economy. In N. Caspersen & G. Stansfield (Eds.), Unrecognized states in the international system (pp. 11–26). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Hehir, A. (2010). Introduction: Kosovo and the international community. In A. Hehir (Ed.), Kosovo, intervention and statebuilding: The international community and the transition to independence (pp. 1–16). Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Hobbes, T. (1983). De cive: The English version entitled, in the first edition, philosophicall rudiments concerning government and society, a critical edition by howard warrender. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Hobbes, T. (1997). Leviathan. In R. E. Flatman & D. Johnson (Eds.), Leviathan: Authoritative text, background and interpretations (pp. 1–260). New York, NY: Norton and Company.
  • Human Rights Watch. (1993). Open wounds: Human rights abuses in Kosovo. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch.
  • Isachenko, D. (2012). The making of informal states: Statebuilding in Northern Cyprus and Transdnestria. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Jackson, R. (2004). The global covenant: Human conduct in a world of states. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Jackson, R. (2007). Sovereignty: The evolution of an idea. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Judah, T. (1997). The Serbs: History, myth and the destruction of yugoslavia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Judah, T. (2000). Kosovo: War and revenge. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Judah, T. (2008). Kosovo: What everyone needs to know. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Keating, M. (2001). Plurinational democracy: Stateless nations in a post-sovereignty Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Kingston, P., & Spears, I. S. (Eds.). (2004). States within states: Incipient political entities in the post-cold War Era. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Kolossov, V., O’Loughlin, J., & Newman, D. (Eds.). (1999). Pseudo-States as harbingers of a new geopolitics: The example of the Trans-Dniester Moldovan Republic (TMR). In Boundaries, territory and postmodernity (pp. 151–176). London: Frank Cass.
  • Kolstø, P. (2006). The sustainability and future of unrecognized quasi-states. Journal of Peace Research, 43(6), 723–740.
  • Kolstø, P., & Blakkisrud, H. (2008). Living with non-recognition: State and nation-building in South Caucasian quasi-states. Europe-Asia Studies, 60(3), 483–509.
  • Kostovicova, D. (2000). Kosovo’s parallel society: Successes and failures of nonviolence. In W. J. Buckley (Ed.), Kosovo: Contending voices on Balkan interventions (pp. 143–148). Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing.
  • Kostovicova, D. (2001). Albanian schooling in Kosovo 1992-1998: ‘liberty imprisoned’. In M. Waller, K. Drezov, & B. Gökay (Eds.), Kosovo: The politics of delusion (pp. 11–19). London: Frank Cass.
  • Kostovicova, D. (2002). ‘Shkolla Shqipe’ and nationhood: Albanians in pursuit of education in the native language in interwar (1918-41) and post-autonomy (1989-98) Kosovo. In S. Schwandner-Sievers & B. J. Fischer (Eds.), Albanian identities: Myth and history (pp. 157–171). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
  • Kostovicova, D. (2005). Kosovo: The politics of identity and space. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Krasner, S. (1999). Sovereignty: Organized hypocrisy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Krasniqi, G. (2010). Parallel system in Kosovo: Strengthening ethnic identity through solidarity and common social action. SEEU Review, 6(1), 41–56.
  • Krasniqi, G. (2018). Contested territories, liminal polities, performative citizenship: A comparative analysis. Florence, IT: European University Institute.
  • Kubo, K. (2010). Why Kosovar Albanians took up arms against the Serbian regime: The genesis and expansion of the UÇK in Kosovo. Europe-Asia Studies, 62(7), 1135–1152.
  • Lapidoth, R. (1997). Autonomy: Flexible solutions to ethnic conflicts. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
  • Lebow, R. N. (2003). The tragic vision of politics: Ethics, interests and orders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Leshem, N., & Pinkerton, A. (2016). Re-inhabiting no-man’s land: Genealogies, political life and critical agendas. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 41(1), 41–53.
  • Lijphart, A. (2004). Constitutional design for divided societies. Journal of Democracy, 15(2), 96–109.
  • Lilja, M., & Vinthagen, S. (2014). Sovereign power, disciplinary power and biopower: Resisting what power with what resistance? Journal of Political Power, 7(1), 107–126.
  • Lippman, P. (1999). The birth and rebirth of civil society in Kosovo. On the record: Civil society in Kosovo – The crisis years, August 30th, 1999. Washington, DC: The Advocacy Project.
  • Lynch, D. (2004). Engaging Eurasia’s separatist states: Unresolved conflicts and de facto states. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press.
  • Malcolm, N. (1998). Kosovo: A short history. New York, NY: New York University Press.
  • Maliqi, S. (1998). Separate worlds: Reflections and analyses 1989-1998. Priština: MM Society.
  • Maliqi, S. (2012). Why the peaceful resistance movement in Kosovo failed. In R. Hudson & G. Bowman (Eds.), After Yugoslavia: Identities and politics within the successor states (pp. 43–76). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • McConnell, F. (2009a). De facto, displaced, tacit: The sovereign articulations of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile. Political Geography, 28(6), 343–352.
  • McConnell, F. (2009b). Governments-in-Exile: Statehood, statelessness and the reconfiguration of territory and sovereignty. Geography Compass, 3(5), 1902–1919.
  • McConnell, F. (2010). The fallacy and the promise of the territorial trap: Sovereign articulations of geopolitical anomalies. Geopolitics, 15(4), 762–768.
  • McConnell, F. (2012). Governmentality to practise the state? Constructing a Tibetan population in exile. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 30(1), 78–95.
  • McConnell, F. (2016). Rehearsing the state: The political practices of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.
  • Mertus, J. (1999). Kosovo: How myths and truths started a war. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Mitchell, T. (1991). The limits of the state: Beyond statist approaches and their critics. American Political Science Review, 85(1), 77–96.
  • Morgenthau, H. (1973). Politics among nations: The struggle for power and peace (5th ed.). New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Moses, J. (2014). Sovereignty and responsibility: Power, norms and intervention in international relations. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Navaro-Yashin, Y. (2003). ‘Life is dead here’: Sensing the political in ‘no man’s land’. Anthropological Theory, 3(1), 107–125.
  • Navaro-Yashin, Y. (2005). Confinement and imagination: Sovereignty and subjectivity in a quasi-state. In T. B. Hansen & F. Stepputat (Eds.), Sovereign bodies: Citizens, migrants, and states in the postcolonial world (pp. 103–119). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Neal, A. (2004). Cutting off the king’s head: Foucault’s society must be defended and the problem of sovereignty. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 29(4), 373–398.
  • Nugent, D. (2007). Governing states. In D. Nugent & J. Vincent (Eds.), A companion to the anthropology of politics, (pp. 198–215). Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Ó’Beacháin, D., Comai, G., & Tsurtsumia-Zurabashvili, A. (2016). The secret lives of unrecognised states: Internal dynamics, external relations, and counter-recognition strategies. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 27(3), 440–466.
  • Painter, J. (2006). Prosaic geographies of stateness. Political Geography, 25(7), 752–774.
  • Pavlakovic, V., & Ramet, S. P. (2004). Albanian and Serb rivalry in Kosovo: Realist and universalist perspectives on sovereignty. In T. Bahcheli, B. Bartmann, & H. Srebrnik (Eds.), De facto states: The quest for sovereignty (pp. 74–101). London: Routledge.
  • Pegg, S. (1998). International society and the de facto state. Aldershot: Ashgate.
  • Pegg, S. (2017, July 27). Twenty years of de facto state studies: Progress, problems, and prospects. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Retrieved from http://politics.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-516
  • Pettifer, J. (2001). The Kosovo liberation army. The myth of origin. In M. Waller, K. Drezov, & B. Gökay (Eds.), Kosovo: The politics of delusion (pp. 25–29). London: Frank Cass.
  • Pula, B. (2004). The emergence of the Kosovo ‘parallel state’, 1988–1992. Nationalities Papers, 32(4), 797–826.
  • Reitan, R. (2000). Strategic nonviolent conflict in Kosovo. Peace & Change, 25(1), 70–102.
  • Reus-Smit, C. (1999). The moral purpose of the state: Culture, social identity, and institutional rationality in international relations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Reus-Smit, C. (2001). Human rights and the social construction of sovereignty. Review of International Studies, 27(4), 519–538.
  • Rugova, I. (1994). La Question du Kosovo – Entretiens avec Marie-Francoise Allain et Xavier Galmiche [The question of Kosovo – interviews with Marie-Francoise Allain and Xavier Galmiche]. Paris: Fayard.
  • Ryan, B. (2010). Policing the state of exception in Kosovo. In A. Hehir (Ed.), Kosovo, intervention and statebuilding: The international community and the transition to independence (pp. 114–131). Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Salla, M. (1995). Kosovo, Non-violence and the break-up of yugoslavia. Security Dialogue, 26(4), 427–438.
  • Schmitt, C. (1985). Political theology: Four chapters on the concept of sovereignty. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Schmitt, C. (2007). The concept of the political. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Schock, K. (2005). Unarmed insurrections: People power movements in nondemocracies. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Schwab, G. (1985). Introduction. In C. Schmitt (Ed.), Political theology: Four chapters on the concept of sovereignty (pp. xi–xxvi). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Schwartz, S. (2000). Kosovo: Background to the war. London: Anthem Press.
  • Sidaway, J. (2002). Imagined regional communities: Integration and sovereignty in the global south. London: Routledge.
  • Strong, T. (2005). The sovereign and the exception: Carl schmitt, politics, theology, and leadership. In G. Schwab (Ed.), Political theology: Four chapters on the concept of sovereignty (pp. vii–xxxv). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Suganami, H. (2007). Understanding sovereignty through Kelsen/Schmitt. Review of International Studies, 33(3), 511–530.
  • Toomla, R. (2016). Charting informal engagement between de facto states: a quantitative analysis. Space and Polity, 20(3), 330–345.
  • United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR). (1993). Situation in Kosovo. New York, NY: United Nations.
  • Vickers, M. (1998). Between Serb and Albanian: A history of Kosovo. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Visoka, G. (2018). Acting like a state: Kosovo and the everyday making of statehood. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Weber, C. (1995). Simulating sovereignty: Intervention, the state, and symbolic exhange. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Weber, C. (1998). Performative states. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 27(1), 77–95.
  • Weller, M., & Wolff, S. (Eds.). (2005). Autonomy, self-governance and conflict resolution: Innovative approaches to institutional design in divided societies. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Zunes, S. (1994). Unarmed insurrections against authoritarian governments in the third world: A new kind of revolution. Third World Quarterly, 15(3), 403–426.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.