(B)ordering Hybrid Security? EU Stabilisation Practices in the Sahara-Sahel Region

References

• Adler, E. (2008). The spread of security communities: Communities of practice, self-restraint, and NATO’s post—cold war transformation. European Journal of International Relations, 14(2), 195–230. doi: 10.1177/1354066108089241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler-Nissen, R. (2016). Towards a practice turn in EU studies: The everyday of European integration. Journal of Common Market Studies, 54(1), 87–103. doi: 10.1111/jcms.12329
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akl, Z. (2017). Militia institutionalisation and security sector reform in Libya (Euromesco paper 35). Barcelona: IeMed.
   Google Scholar
• Amnesty International. (2017). Libya’s dark web of collusion. Abuses against Europe-bound refugees and migrants. London: Amnesty International.
   Google Scholar
• Bach, D., & Gazibo, M. (2012). Neopatrimonalism in Africa and beyond. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bagayoko, N., Ba, B., Sangaré, B., & Sidibé, K. (2017). Masters of the land. Competing customary and legal systems for resource management in the conflicting environment of the Mopti region, Central Mali. The Broker online, June. Retrieved from www.theborkeronline.eu/Blogs/Sahel
   Google Scholar
• Belloni, R., Della Sala, V., & Viotti, P. (2019). Fear and uncertainty in Europe. The return to realism? London: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Belloni, R., & Moro, F. N. (2019). Stability and stability operations: Definitions, drivers, approaches. Ethnopolitics. doi:10.1080/17449057.2019.1640503
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, A. (2004). Case study methods: Design, use, and comparative advantages. In D. Sprinz & Y. Wolinsky-Nahmias (Eds.), Models, numbers, and cases: Methods for studying international relations (pp. 19–55). Chicago: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bicchi, F. (2006). ‘Our size fits all’: Normative power Europe and the Mediterranean. Journal of European Public Policy, 13(2), 286–303. doi: 10.1080/13501760500451733
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bicchi, F., & Bremberg, N. (2016). European diplomatic practices: Contemporary challenges and innovative approaches. European Security, 25(4), 391–406. doi: 10.1080/09662839.2016.1237941
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boege, V., Brown, A., Clements, K., & Nolan, A. (2008). On hybrid political orders and emerging states: State formation in the context of ‘fragility’. Berghof handbook for conflict transformation. Online version. Retrieved from https://www.berghof-foundation.org/ar/publications/handbook/berghof-handbook-for-conflict-transformation/
   Google Scholar
• Boutellis, A. (2015). Can the UN stabilize Mali? Towards a UN stabilisation doctrine. Stability: International Journal of Security & Development, 4, 1. doi: 10.5334/sta.fz
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briscoe, I. (2014). Crime after Jihad: Armed groups, the state, and illicit business in post-conflict Mali (CRU report). The Hague: Clingendael.
   Google Scholar
• Bueger, C. (2016). Communities of security practice at work? The emerging African maritime security regime. African Security, 6(3–4), 297–316. doi: 10.1080/19392206.2013.853579
   Google Scholar
• CAR. (2016). Investigating cross-border weapon transfers in the Sahel. London: Conflict Armament Research.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, P., & Mangan, F. (2016). Policing Libya. Form and function of policing since the 2011 revolution. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.
   Google Scholar
• Costantini, I. (2018). Statebuilding in the Middle East and North Africa: The aftermath of regime change. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Council of the European Union. (2013). Council decision (CFSP) 2013/233, of 22 May 2013, on the European Union integrated border management assistance mission in Libya (EUBAM Libya). Brussels: EU Council.
   Google Scholar
• Council of the European Union. (2014). Council press release 8773/14 on EUCAP Sahel Mali: EU support mission for internal security in Mali established. Luxembourg: EU Council.
   Google Scholar
• Council of the European Union. (2015). Special meeting of the European Council – statement. Brussels: EU Foreign Affairs and Home Affairs Council.
   Google Scholar
• Council of the European Union. (2017a). Malta declaration by the members of the European Council on the external aspects of migration: Addressing the Central Mediterranean route (Press Release 43/17). Brussels: EU Council.
   Google Scholar
• Council of the European Union. (2017b). European Union stabilisation action in Mopti and Segou (Council Decision (CFSP) 2017/1425). Brussels: EU Council.
   Google Scholar
• Curran, D., & Holton, P. (2015). Resonating, rejecting, reinterpreting: Mapping the stabilisation discourse in the United Nations security Council, 2000–14. Stability: International Journal of Security and Development, 4(1), DOI: 10.5334/sta.gm.
   Google Scholar
• Cuttitta, P. (2018). Repoliticization through search and rescue? Humanitarian NGOs and migration management in the central Mediterranean. Geopolitics, 23(1), 632–660. doi: 10.1080/14650045.2017.1344834
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Coning, C., Aoi, C., & Karlsrud, J. (2017). UN peacekeeping doctrine in a new era: Adapting to stabilisation, protection and new threats. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• De Coning, C., Gelot, L., & Karlsrud, J. (2015). The future of African peace operations: From Janjaweed to Boko Haram. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Durac, V. (2017). Counterterrorism and democracy: EU policy in the Middle East and North Africa after the uprisings. Mediterranean Politics, 23(2), 103–121.
   Google Scholar
• EEAS. (2014). European Union concept for EU-led military operations and missions. Brussels: European External Action Service.
   Google Scholar
• EEAS. (2016). Shared vision, common action: A stronger Europe. A global strategy for the European Union’s foreign and security policy. Brussels: European External Action Service.
   Google Scholar
• EEAS. (2017a). Strategic review on EUBAM Libya, EUNAVFOR MED Op Sophia & EU Liaison and planning cell. Brussels: European External Action Service.
   Google Scholar
• EEAS. (2017b). ‘Issue paper’ suggesting parameters for a concept on stabilisation as part of the EU integrated approach to external conflicts and crises. Brussels: European External Action Service.
   Google Scholar
• EEAS. (2018). EUTM Mali fact-sheet. Bamako: European External Action Service.
   Google Scholar
• El Kamouni-Janssen, F. (2017). Only God can stop the smugglers. Understanding human smuggling networks in Libya (CRU Report). The Hague: Clingendael.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2015a). A European agenda on migration (Communication to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of Regions). Brussels: EU Commission.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2015b). Commission decision on the establishment of a European Union Emergency Trust Fund for stability and addressing root causes of irregular migration and displaced persons in Africa. Brussels: EU Commission.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission, High-Representative and Vice-President of the EU. (2015). Review of the European neighborhood policy (Joint Communication, JOIN(2015) 50 final). Brussels: EU Commission.
   Google Scholar
• GIATOC. (2014). Organized crime and illicit trafficking in Mali (Policy brief). Geneva: Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime.
   Google Scholar
• GIATOC. (2015). Libya: A growing hub for criminal economies and terrorist financing in the Trans-Sahara (Policy brief). Geneva: Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, S. (2010). The United Kingdom’s stabilisation model and Afghanistan: The impact on humanitarian actors. Disasters, 34(3), S368–S387. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7717.2010.01208.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Græger, N. (2016). European security as practice: EU–NATO communities of practice in the making? European Security, 25(4), 478–501. doi: 10.1080/09662839.2016.1236021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HIPPO – High Level Independent Panel on United Nations Peace Operations. (2015). Uniting our strengths for peace – politics, partnership and peace. New York: United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Jarstad, A., & Belloni, R. (2012). Introducing hybrid peace governance. Impact and prospects of liberal peacebuilding. Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, 18(1), 1–6. doi: 10.1163/19426720-01801001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsrud, J. (2015). The UN at war: Examining the consequences of peace enforcement mandates for the UN peacekeeping operations in the CAR, the DRC and Mali. Third World Quarterly, 36(1), 40–54. doi: 10.1080/01436597.2015.976016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klute, G. (2011). From friends to enemies: Negotiating nationalism, tribal identities, and kinship in the fratricidal war of the Malian Tuareg. L’Année du Maghreb, 7(2011), 163–175. doi: 10.4000/anneemaghreb.1191
   Google Scholar
• Lacher, W. (2012). Organized crime and conflict in the Sahel-Sahara region (the Carnegie papers). Washington, DC: Carnegie Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Lacher, W., & al-Idrissi, A. (2018). Capital of militias. Tripoli’s armed groups capture the Libyan State (Briefing paper). Geneva: Small Arms Survey.
   Google Scholar
• Landau, L., Wanjiku Kihato, C., & Postel, H. (2018). Europe is making its migration problem worse. The dangers of aiding autocrats. Foreign Affairs, September 5. Retrieved from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/africa/2018-09-05/europe-making-its-migration-problem-worse
   Google Scholar
• Lebovich, A. (2018). Halting ambitions. EU migration and security policy in the Sahel (ECFR policy brief 266). London: European Council on Foreign Relations.
   Google Scholar
• Loschi, C., Raineri, L., & Strazzari, F. (2018). The implementation of EU crisis response in Libya. Bridging theory and practice (EUNPACK working paper D.6.2). Brussels: EUNPACK project.
   Google Scholar
• Manners, I. (2002). Normative power Europe: A contradiction in terms? Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2), 235–258. doi: 10.1111/1468-5965.00353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MINUSMA. (2018). Droits de l’homme et processus de paix au Mali: Janvier 2016 – Juin 2017. Bamako: United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilisation Mission in Mali.
   Google Scholar
• Neumann, I. (2002). Returning practice to the Linguistic turn: The case of Diplomacy. Millennium, 31(3), 627–651. doi: 10.1177/03058298020310031201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oxfam. (2017). An emergency for whom? The EU emergency trust fund for Africa: Migratory routes and development aid in Africa (Oxfam Briefing Note). Brussels: Oxfam EU.
   Google Scholar
• Pietz, T. (2017). Flexibility and ‘stabilisation actions’: EU crisis management one year after the global strategy (Policy briefing). Berlin: Center for International Peace Operations (ZIF).
   Google Scholar
• Pomorska, K., & Noutcheva, G. (2017). Europe as a regional actor: Waning influence in an unstable and authoritarian neighbourhood. Journal of Common Market Studies, 55(1), 165–176. doi: 10.1111/jcms.12612
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raineri, L., & Strazzari, F. (2015). State, secession and jihad: The micro-political economy of conflict in North Mali. African Security, 8(4), 249–271. doi: 10.1080/19392206.2015.1100501
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandor, A. (2017). Insécurité, effondrement de la confiance sociale et gouvernance des acteurs armés dans le centre et le nord du Mali. Quebec: Centre FrancoPaix.
   Google Scholar
• Sawani, Y. (2017). Security sector reform, disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of militias: The challenges for state building in Libya. Contemporary Arab Affairs, 10(2), 171–186. doi: 10.1080/17550912.2017.1297564
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, M., & Mangan, F. (2014). Illicit trafficking and Libya’s transition. Profits and losses (Peaceworks report 96). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, M., & Mangan, F. (2015). Enforcing ‘our law’ when the state breaks down: The case of protection economies in Libya and their political consequences. Hague Journal of Rule of Law, 7(1), 99–110. doi: 10.1007/s40803-015-0008-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M. (2004). Europe’s foreign and security policy: The institutionalization of cooperation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Strazzari, F. (2014). Libyan arms and regional instability. International Spectator, 49(3), 54–68. doi: 10.1080/03932729.2014.937142
   Google Scholar
• Strazzari, F., & Kamphuis, C. (2012). Hybrid economies and statebuilding: On the resilience of the extralegal. Global Governance, 18(1), 57–72. doi: 10.1163/19426720-01801006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNSC. (2017). Final report of the panel of experts on Libya established pursuant to resolution 1973 (2011) (S/2017/466). New York: United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• UNSC. (2018a). Interim report of the panel of experts on Libya established pursuant to resolution 1973 (2011). New York: United Nations (unpublished).
   Google Scholar
• UNSC. (2018b). Final report of the panel of experts on Mali established pursuant to security council resolution 2374 (2017) (S/2018/581). New York: United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Lijn, J. (2017). For the long run. A mapping of migration-related activities in the wider Sahel region (CRU report). The Hague: Clingendael.
   Google Scholar
• Wintour, P. (2017). NGO rescues off Libya encourage traffickers, says EU borders chief. The Guardian, February 27 Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/27/ngo-rescues-off-libya-encourage-traffickers-eu-borders-chief
   Google Scholar
• Zyck, S., & Muggah, R. (2015). Preparing stabilisation for 21st century security challenges. Stability: International Journal of Security and Development, 4, 1. DOI: 10.5334/sta.gs.
   Google Scholar