3,942
Views
28
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Learning to use the past: the development of a rhetorical history strategy by the London headquarters of the Hudson’s Bay Company

&

  • Bottomley, H. 1919. Correspondence from H. Bottomley to F.C. Ingrams. [Governor and Committee general inward correspondence. Correspondence from Holford Bottomley] (A.10/519). Winnipeg, MB: Hudson’s Bay Company Archives, Archives of Manitoba, November 24.
  • Bryce, G. 1900. The Remarkable History of the Hudson’s Bay Company: Including that of the French Traders of North-western Canada and of the North-West, XY, and Astor fur companies. Toronto: William Briggs.
  • Burbidge, H. 1918. Correspondence from H. Burbidge to Governor and Committee. [Correspondence with Stores Commissioners. Anniversary 250th of HBC suggestions, notes.] (A.12/S Misc/402). Winnipeg, MB: Hudson’s Bay Company Archives, Archives of Manitoba, July 26.
  • Burbidge, H. 1919. Correspondence from H. Burbidge to Governor and Committee. [Correspondence with Stores Commissioners. Anniversary 250th of HBC suggestions, notes.] (A.12/S Misc/402). Winnipeg, MB: Hudson’s Bay Company Archives, Archives of Manitoba, February 18.
  • Dobbs, A. 1744. An Account of the Countries Adjoining to Hudson’s Bay, in the North-west Part of America. London: Printed for J. Robinson, at the Golden Lion in Ludgate-Street, 1744.
  • Dodds, J. 1866. The Hudson’s Bay Company, its Position and Prospects. London: E. Stanford.
  • Financial Times. 1920. “Hudson’s Bay Company.” Tuesday, August 3, 7.
  • Financial Times. 1921. “Hudson’s Bay Company.” Saturday, August 6, 3.
  • Freeport, A. 1857. The case of the Hudson’s Bay Company : In a Letter to Lord Palmerston. London: Stanford.
  • Great Britain. Colonial Office. 1869. Copy or Extracts of Correspondence between the Colonial Office, the Government of the Canadian Dominion and the Hudson’s Bay Company Relating to the Surrender of Rupert’s Land by the Hudson’s Bay Company And for the Admission Thereof into the Dominion of Canada. London: HMSO.
  • Henderson, J. S. 1875. “The First Railway.” Good Words 16: 852–856.
  • Hudson’s Bay Company. 1748. The Case of the Hudson’s Bay Company. http://eco.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.16621
  • Hudson’s Bay Company. 1857. Statement of the Hudson’s Bay Company, 1857. London: H.K. Causton.
  • Imperial Magazine. 1831. “Anniversaries of Benevolent Institutions in the Metropolis.” The Imperial Magazine 1 (7): 316–321.
  • Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. 1919. In the Privy Council on appeal from the Court of Appeal for Saskatchewan : between the Governor and Company of Adventurers of England Trading into Hudson’s Bay, (defendant), appellant, and the Council of the Rural Municipality of Bratt’s Lake, No. 129, and others, (plaintiffs), respondents.
  • LegislativeAssembly (Ontario). 1882. Correspondence, Papers and Documents of Dates from 1856 to 1882 Inclusive, Relating to the Northerly and Westerly Boundaries of the Province of Ontario. Toronto: C. Blackett Robinson.
  • Minutes of the Governor and Committee. 1920a. [Governor and Committee Minute Books and Related Records. Fair Copies of Governor and Committee Minutes.](A.1/164). Winnipeg, MB: Hudson’s Bay Company Archives, Archives of Manitoba, January 6.
  • Minutes of the Governor and Committee. 1920b. [Governor and Committee minute books and related records. Fair Copies of Governor and Committee Minutes.](A.1/164). Winnipeg, MB: Hudson’s Bay Company Archives, Archives of Manitoba, April 13.
  • Rumble, N. 1920. Correspondence from N. Rumble to C. V. Sale. [Correspondence Files for Hudson’s Bay Company’s Wartime Business with European Governments. Correspondence, The Holford Bottomley Advertising Service Ltd.]. (Microfilm 9M367). Winnipeg, MB: Hudson’s Bay Company Archives, Archives of Manitoba, April 14.
  • Schooling, W. 1920a. Correspondence from W. Schooling to R. Kindersley. [Governor and Committee General Inward Correspondence. Correspondence from Holford Bottomley]. (A.10/520). Winnipeg, MB: Hudson’s Bay Company Archives, Archives of Manitoba, February 19.
  • Schooling, W. 1920b. The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England Trading into Hudson’s Bay During two Hundred and Fifty Years, 1670–1920. London: The Hudson’s Bay Company.
  • Souvenir Menu of Banquet Held in the Elizabethan Dining Rooms of the Hudson’s Bay Company, Calgary, Alberta. 1919. [Correspondence with Holford Bottomley]. (A.10/519). Winnipeg, MB: Hudson’s Bay Company Archives, Archives of Manitoba.
  • Summary of Discussions Respecting Items on Special Agenda. 1920. [Governor and Committee Minute Books and Related Records. Fair Copies of Governor and Committee Minutes.](A.1/164). Winnipeg, MB: Hudson’s Bay Company Archives, Archives of Manitoba, March.
  • Synge, M. H. 1863. The colony of Rupert’s Land, Where is it and by what Title Held? : A Dialogue on England : her Interests in North America and in free Intercourse, against Certain Contrary Pretentions on the part of the Hudson Bay Company. London: E. Stanford.
  • The Economist. 1909. “Hudson’s Bay Company.” June 26, 1328; Issue 3435.
  • The Economist 1916. “Hudson’s Bay Company.” Saturday, August 5, 246; Issue 3806.
  • The Economist 1917. “Hudson’s Bay Company.” Saturday, August 18, 251; Issue 3860.
  • The Economist. 1920. “Hudson’s Bay Report.” Saturday, July 17, 1920, 96; Issue 4012.
  • Wilson, B. 1900. The Great Company, 1667–1871: Being a History of the Honourable Company of Merchants-adventurers Trading into Hudson’s Bay. London: Smith, Elder & Co.

References

  • Anteby, M., and V. Molnár. 2012. “Collective Memory Meets Organizational Identity: Remembering to Forget in a Firm’s Rhetorical History.” Academy of Management Journal 55 (3): 515–540.
  • Balmer, J. M., and M. Burghausen. 2015. “Explicating Corporate Heritage, Corporate Heritage Brands and Organisational Heritage.” Journal of Brand Management 22 (5): 364–384.
  • Belisle, D. 2011. Retail Nation: Department Stores and the Making of Modern Canada. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
  • Berger, S. 2013. “The Role of National Archives in Constructing National Master Narratives in Europe.” Archival Science 13 (1): 1–22.
  • Binnema, T. 2014. Enlightened Zeal: The Hudson’s Bay Company and Scientific Networks, 1670–1870. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Blight, D. W. 2001. Race and Reunion. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • British Library. 2015. India Office Library: History and Scope of the Western Language Book Collections. http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/india/westlangcoll/histscope/index.html.
  • Careless, J. M. S. 1963. Brown of the Globe Volume Two: Statesmen of Confederation, 1860-1880. Toronto: Macmillan.
  • Carlos, A. M., and F. D. Lewis. 2011. Commerce by a Frozen Sea: Native Americans and the European fur trade. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Carlos, A. M., and F. D. Lewis. 2012. “Smallpox and Native American mortality: The 1780s epidemic in the Hudson Bay region.” Explorations in Economic History 49 (3): 277–290.
  • Chancellor, V. E. 1970. History for their Masters: Opinion in the English History Textbook, 1800–1914. London: Adams & Dart.
  • Chandler, A. D. 1962. Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the American Enterprise. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge.
  • Clark, P., and M. Rowlinson. 2004. “The Treatment of History in Organisation Studies: Towards an ‘Historic Turn?’.” Business History. 46: 331–352.
  • Daschuk, J. W. 2013. Clearing the Plains: Disease, Politics of Starvation, and the Loss of Aboriginal Life. Regina: University of Regina Press.
  • Decker, S. 2014. “Solid Intentions: An Archival Ethnography of Corporate Architecture and Organizational Remembering.” Organization 21 (4): 514–542.
  • Delahaye, A., C. Booth, P. Clark, S. Procter, and M. Rowlinson. 2009. “The Genre of Corporate History.” Journal of Organizational Change Management 22 (1): 27–48.
  • Delgoda, S. T. 1992. ““Nabob, Historian and Orientalist”. Robert Orme: The Life and Career of an East India Company Servant (1728–1801).” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2 (3): 363–376.
  • Ducharme, M., and J.-F. Constant. 2009. Liberalism and Hegemony Debating the Canadian Liberal Revolution. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Evans, R. J. 2001. In Defence of History. London: Granta Books.
  • Farriss, N. M. 1995. “Remembering the Future, Anticipating the Past: History, Time, and Cosmology among the Maya of Yucatan.” Time: histories and ethnologies: 107–138.
  • Fecteau, J.-M. 2004. La liberté du pauvre, J.-M. (2004). Régulation du crime et de la pauvreté au XIXe siècle québécois [The liberty of poverty: The regulation of crime and poverty in nineteenth-century Quebec]. Montréal:VLB.
  • Feldman, R., and P. Feldman. 2006. “What Links the Chain: An Essay on Organizational Remembering as Practice.” Organization 12 (6): 861–887.
  • Fitzgerald, R. 2016. The Rise of the Global Company: Multinationals and the Making of the Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Foster, W. M., R. Suddaby, A. Minkus, and E. Wiebe. 2011. “History as Social Memory Assets: The Example of Tim Horton’s.” Management & Organizational History 6 (1): 101–120.
  • Foster, W. M., D. M. Coraiola, R. Suddaby, J. Kroezen, and D. Chandler. 2016. “The Strategic use of Historical Narratives: A Theoretical Framework.” Business History 1–25.
  • Foster, W. M., and K. Lamertz. 2017. “Authentic Organizational History.” Paper presented at the Academy of Management, Atlanta, August 7 2017.
  • Friesen, G. 1987. The Canadian Prairies: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Gehman, J., V. L. Glaser, K. M. Eisenhardt, D. Gioia, A. Langley, and K. G. Corley. 2017. “Finding Theory-method Fit: A Comparison of Three Qualitative Approaches to Theory Building.” Journal of Management Inquiry. doi:10.1177/1056492617706029.
  • Geller, P. 2011. Northern Exposures: Photographing and Filming the Canadian North, 1920–45. Vancouver: UBC Press.
  • Geller, P. 1990. “Constructing Corporate Images of the Fur Trade : The Hudson’s Bay Company, Public Relations and The Beaver Magazine, 1920–1945.” Master’s thesis., University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba. http://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/xmlui/handle/1993/3605.
  • Godfrey, P. C., J. Hassard, E. S. O’Connor, M. Rowlinson, and M. Ruef. 2016. “What Is Organizational History? Toward a Creative Synthesis of History and Organization Studies.” Academy of Management Review 41 (4): 590–608.
  • Greenwood, A., and A. Bernardi. 2013. Understanding the rift, the (still) uneasy bedfellows of History and Organization Studies. Organization: 1350508413514286.
  • Gregor, A. A. 2001. Going Public, a History of Public Programming at the Hudson’s Bay Company Archives. Master’s thesis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ62737.pdf
  • Hamilton, B. R. 2012. The Sale of Hudson’s Bay Company Farm Lands: An Example from the Francophone Bloc in Southwestern Saskatchewan, 1909–1930. Prairie Perspectives, Vol.11. http://pcag.uwinnipeg.ca/Prairie-Perspectives/PP-Vol11/Hamilton.pdf
  • Hargraves, N. K. 2000. “National History and ‘Philosophical’history: Character and Narrative in William Robertson’s History of Scotland.” History of European ideas 26 (1): 19–33.
  • Hatch, M. J., and M. Schultz 2017. Toward a Theory of Using History Authentically: Historicizing in the Carlsberg Group. Administrative Science Quarterly: 0001839217692535.
  • Hicks, P. 2002. “Catharine Macaulay’s Civil War: Gender, History, and Republicanism in Georgian Britain.” The Journal of British Studies 41 (02): 170–198.
  • Howard-Grenville, J., M. L. Metzger, and A. D. Meyer. 2013. “Rekindling the flame: Processes of identity resurrection.” Academy of Management Journal 56 (1): 113–136.
  • Howe, A. 1997. Free Trade and Liberal England, 1846–1946. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Illia, L., and A. Zamparini. 2016. “Legitimate Distinctiveness, Historical Bricolage, and the Fortune of the Commons.” Journal of Management Inquiry 25 (4): 397–414.
  • Jones, G. 2000. Merchants to Multinationals: British Trading Companies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Oxford: Oxford University Press on Demand.
  • Karlsson, K. G., and U. Zander. 2004. Holocaust Heritage. Inquiries into European Historical Cultures. London: Coronet Books.
  • Kasmer, L. 2012. Novel Histories: British Women Writing History, 1760–1830. Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson.
  • Kenyon, J. P. 1984. The History Men: The Historical Profession in England Since the Renaissance. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
  • Kiesen, A. 2015. “Twenty Years After: Why Organization Theory Needs Historical Analysis.” In The Routledge Companion to Management and Organizational History, edited by Patricia Genoe McLaren, Albert J. Mills, and Terrance G. Weatherbee, 47–58. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Kim, M., ed. 2015. Routledge Handbook of Memory and Reconciliation in East Asia. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Kipping, M., R. D. Wadhwani, and M. Bucheli. 2014. Analyzing and Interpreting Historical Sources: A Basic Methodology. Organizations in Time: History, Theory, Methods: 305–329.
  • Kipping, M., and J. A. Lamberg. 2016. “History in Process Organization Studies: What, Why and How.” In The SAGE Handbook of Process Organization Studies, edited by A. Langley, and H. Tsoukas, 303–323. London: SAGE Publications.
  • Kramer, R., and T. Mitchell. 2010. When the State Trembled: How AJ Andrews and the Citizens’ Committee Broke the Winnipeg General Strike. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Landry, S. M. 2014. Ecumenism, Memory, and German Nationalism, 1817–1917. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
  • Levine, P. 1986. The Amateur and the Professional: Antiquarians, Historians and Archaeologists in Victorian England 1838–1886. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lipartito, K. 2014. Historical Sources and Data. Organizations in Time: History, Theory, Methods: 284–304
  • Louthan, H. 2012. Austria, the Habsburgs, and Historical Writing in Central Europe. The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400–1800 31400: 302.
  • MacKay, D. 1936. The Honourable Company a History of the Hudson’s Bay Company. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill.
  • Madsen, S. 2008. “The Evolution of Recordkeeping at the Hudson’s Bay Company.” Archivaria 66: 25–56.
  • Maclean, M., C. Harvey, J. A. Sillince, and B. D. Golant. 2014. “Living up to the Past? Ideological Sensemaking in Organizational Transition” Organization 21 (4): 543–567.
  • Matsuzaki, Y. 2014. “75 Years of Toyota: Toyota Motor Corporation’s Latest Shashi and Trends in the Writing of Japanese Corporate History.” In Crisis, Credibility and Corporate History, edited by A. Bieri, 123–139. Liverpool: University of Liverpool Press.
  • McCraw, T. K. 2008. “Alfred Chandler: His Vision and Achievement.” Business History Review 82 (2): 207–226.
  • McDonald, T., and M. Méthot. 2006. “That Impulse that Bids a People to Honour its Past: the Nature and Purpose of Centennial Celebrations.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 12 (4): 307–320.
  • McKay, I. 2010. “The Canadian Passive Revolution, 1840–1950.” Capital & Class. 34: 361–381.
  • Mena, S., J. Rintamäki, P. Fleming, and A. Spicer. 2016. “On the Forgetting of Corporate Irresponsibility.” Academy of Management Review: amr. 2014: 0208.
  • Miller, J. R. 2000. Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens: A History of Indian-white Relations in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Monod, D. 1986. “Bay Days: The Managerial Revolutions and the Hudson’s Bay Company Department Stores, 1912-1939.” Historical Papers/Communications historiques 21 (1): 173–196.
  • Moon, A. 2008. “Destroying Records, Keeping Records: Some Practices at the East India Company and at the India Office.” Archives 33 (119): 114–125.
  • Oertel, S., and K. Thommes. 2015. “Making history: Sources of organizational history and its rhetorical construction.” Scandinavian Journal of Management 31 (4): 549–560.
  • Ogborn, M. 2008. Indian Ink: script and Print in the Making of the English East India Company. University of Chicago Press.
  • Olick, J. K., and J. Robbins. 1998. “Social Memory Studies: From” Collective Memory” to the Historical Sociology of Mnemonic Practices.” Annual Review of sociology 105–140.
  • Ogata, K., and G. Spraakman. 2013. “The Persistence of Delegitimated Structures: Insights from Changes to Management Accounting at the Hudson’s Bay Company, 1670–2005.” Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change 9 (3): 280–303.
  • Poor, S., M. M. Novicevic, J. H. Humphreys, and I. T. Popoola. 2016. “"Making History Happen: A Genealogical Analysis of Colt’s Rhetorical History.” Management & Organizational History 11 (2): 147–165.
  • Radforth, I. 2003. “Performance, Politics, and Representation: Aboriginal People and the 1860 Royal Tour of Canada.” Canadian Historical Review 84 (1): 1–32.
  • Palazzo, G., J. Schrempf-Stirling, and R. Phillips. 2016. “Historic Corporate Social Responsibiltiy.” Academy of Management Review 41 (4): 700–719.
  • Porter, M. 1980. Competitive Strategy. New York: Free Press.
  • Prentice, A. 2004.  The School Promoters: Education and Social Class in Mid-nineteenth Century Upper Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Ratcliff, J. 2016. “The East India Company, the Company’s Museum, and the Political Economy of Natural History in the Early Nineteenth Century.” Isis 107 (3): 495–517.
  • Ravasi, D., and N. Phillips. 2011. “Strategies of Alignment Organizational Identity Management and Strategic Change at Bang & Olufsen.” Strategic Organization 9 (2): 103–135.
  • Rich, E. E. 1961. The Hudson’s Bay Company. 3 vols. New York: Macmillan.
  • Ricoeur, P. 2000. La mémoire, l’histoire, l’oubli. Paris: Edition Du Seuil.
  • Ross, A., and A. Morton. 1985. “The Hudson’s Bay Company and Its Archives.” Business Archives 51: 17–39.
  • Rowlinson, M., A. Casey, P. H. Hansen, and A. J. Mills. 2014. “Narratives and Memory in Organizations.” Organization 21 (4): 441–446.
  • Rowlinson, M., J. Hassard, and S. Decker. 2014. “Research Strategies for Organizational History: A Dialogue between Historical Theory and Organization Theory.” Academy of Management Review 39 (3): 250–274.
  • Rowlinson, M., and J. Hassard. 1993. “The Invention of Corporate Culture: A History of the Histories of CADBURY.” Human Relations 46 (3): 299–326.
  • Rowlinson, M. 2015. “Revisiting the Historic Turn: A Personal Reflection.” In The Routledge Companion to Management and Organizational History, edited by Patricia Genoe McLaren, Albert J. Mills, and Terrance G. Weatherbee, 70–80. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Rubinstein, W. D. 2004 “Northcote, Stafford Henry, First Earl of Iddesleigh (1818–1887).” first published 2004; online edn, May 2009.
  • Schwoerer, L. G. 1990. “Celebrating the Glorious Revolution, 1689-1989.” Albion: A quarterly journal concerned with British studies 22(1) :1–20.
  • Searle, G. R. 1998. Morality and the Market in Victorian Britain. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Simmons, D. 2007. Keepers of the Record: The History of the Hudson’s Bay Company Archives. Kingston: McGill-Queen’s Press-MQUP.
  • Smith, A. 2008. British Businessmen and Canadian Confederation: Constitution Making in an Era of Anglo-Globalization. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP.
  • St Leger, A. 2004. “Head, Sir Edmund Walker, Eighth Baronet (1805–1868).” first published 2004; online.
  • Steinbock, B. 2013. Social Memory in Athenian Public Discourse: Uses and Meanings of the Past. Ann Arbor, AM: University of Michigan Press.
  • Stern, P. J. 2009. “History and Historiography of the English East India Company: Past, Present, and Future!.” History Compass 7 (4): 1146–1180.
  • Stern, P. J. 2015a. “The Ideology of the Imperial Corporation: ‘Informal’ Empire Revisited.” In Chartering Capitalism: Organizing Markets, States, and Publics, edited by E. Erikson, 15–43. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • Stern, P. J. 2015b. “English East India Company and the Modern Corporation: Legacies, Lessons, and Limitations.” The. Seattle UL Rev. 39: 423.
  • Suddaby, R., W. M. Foster, and C. Q. Trank. 2010. “Rhetorical History as a Source of Competitive Advantage.” Advances in Strategic Management 27: 147–173.
  • Suddaby, R., and W. M. Foster. 2017. “History and Organizational Change.” Journal of Management 43 (1): 19–38.
  • Thijs, K. 2008. The Metaphor of the Master:’ narrative Hierarchy’in National Historical Cultures of Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Trentmann, F. 2008. Free Trade Nation: Commerce, Consumption, and Civil Society in Modern Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Vanek, M. 2014. “The Politics of the Weather: The Hudson’s Bay Company and the Dobbs Affair.” Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 38 (3): 395–411.
  • Vaara, E., and J. A. Lamberg. 2016. “Taking Historical Embeddedness Seriously: Three Historical Approaches to Advance Strategy Process and Practice Research.” Academy of Management Review 41 (4): 633–657.
  • Voronov, M. D., D. De Clercq, and C. R. Hinings. 2013. “Conformity and Distinctiveness in a Global Institutional Framework: The Legitimation of Ontario Fine Wine.” Journal of Management Studies 50 (4): 607–645.
  • Walsh, P. 2008. “Education and the ‘Universalist’ Idiom of Empire: Irish National School Books in Ireland and Ontario.” History of Education 37 (5): 645–660.
  • Wilson, I. E. 1973. “Short and Doughty: The Cultural Role of the Public Archives of Canada 1904–1935.” The Canadian Archivist 2(4): 4–25.
  • Wilson, N. H. 2015. “‘A State in Disguise of a Merchant?’ The English East India Company as a Strategic Action Field, ca. 1763–1834.” In Chartering Capitalism: Organizing Markets, States, and Publics, edited by Erikson E., 257–285. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • Wright, D. A. 2005. The Professionalization of History in English Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Woolf, D. 2003. The Social Circulation of the Past: English Historical Culture, 1500–1730. Oxford: Oxford University Press on Demand.
  • Woolf, D. 2011. A Global History of History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ybema, S. 2014. “The Invention of Transitions: History as a Symbolic Site for Discursive Struggles over Organizational Change.” Organization 21 (4): 495–513.
  • Yates J. 2013. “Understanding Historical Methods in Organization Studies.” In Organizations in Time: History, Theory, Methods, edited by M. Bucheli, and R. D. Wadhwani, 265–283. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Yin, R. K. 2013. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.