Making visible the invisible: Colonial sources and counter body-archives in the boarding schools for Black “mixed race” Italian children in fascist East Africa

References

• Ahmed, Sara. 2004. The Cultural Politics of Emotion. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, Sara. 2007. “A Phenomenology of Whiteness.” Feminist Theory 8: 149–168. doi:10.1177/1464700107078139.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, Sara. 2002. “Diversity: Problems and Paradoxes for Black Feminists.” In Educational Diversity: The Subject of Difference and Different Subjects, edited by Yvette Taylor, 203–218. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Andall, Jaqueline, and Derek Duncan, eds. 2005. Italian Colonialism: Legacy and Memory. Oxford: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Barrera, Giulia 1996. “Dangerous Liaisons: Colonial Concubinage in Eritrea (1890–1941).” Program of African Studies Working Papers No. 1, Northwestern University: Evanston, IL.
   Google Scholar
• Barrera, Giulia. 2002. “Patrilinearità, razza e identità: l’educazione degli Italo-Eritrei durante il colonialismo italiano (1885–1934) [Patrilinearity, Race, and Identity: The Education of Italo-Eritreans during Italian Colonialism (1885–1934)].” Quaderni storici 109: 21–53.
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Ghiat, Ruth, and Mia Fuller, eds. 2005. Italian Colonialism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Bewes, Timothy. 2011. The Event of Postcolonial Shame. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, Judith. 1993. “Endangered/Endangering: Schematic Racism and White Paranoia.” In Reading Rodney King, Reading Urban Uprising, edited by Robert Gooding-Williams, 15–22. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Chelati Dirar, Uoldelul. 2002. “Collaborazione e conflitti: Michele da Carbonara e l’organizzazione della Prefettura Apostolica dell’Eritrea [Collaboration and Conflicts: Michele da Carbonara and the Organization of Eritrean Apostolic Prefecture].” Quaderni Storici 109 (1): 149–188.
   Google Scholar
• Ciresola, Alice. 2020. “Corpo che si fa archivio. Archivio che si fa corpo. Memorie mobili e storie interconnesse in ‘Archive’ di Arkadi Zaides [Body Becoming Archive. Archive Becoming Body. Mobile Memories and Interconnected Histories].” Roots&Routes. Research on Visual Culture 33. https://www.roots-routes.org/corpo-che-si-fa-archivio-archivio-che-si-fa-corpo%E2%80%A8-memorie-mobili-e-storie-interconnesse-in-archive-di-arkadi-zaides-di-alice-ciresola/
   Google Scholar
• Davis, Y. Angela. 1998. Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude “Ma” Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday. New York: Vintage Books.
   Google Scholar
• Del Boca, Angelo. 2002. L’Africa nella coscienza degli italiani: miti, memorie, errori, sconfitte [Africa in Italians’ Conscience. Myths, Memories, Errors]. Milan: Mondadori.
   Google Scholar
• Derrida, Jacques. 1995. “Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression.” Translated by E. Prenowitz. Diacritics 25 (2): 9–63. doi:10.2307/465144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanon, Frantz. [1952] 2008. Black Skin, White Masks. Translated by Richard Philcox. New York: Grove Press.
   Google Scholar
• Favero, Paolo. 2010. “Italians, the ‘Good People’: Reflections on National Self-Representation in Contemporary Italian Debates on Xenophobia and War.” Outlines: Critical Practice Studies 12 (2): 138–153. doi:10.7146/ocps.v12i2.2370.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, Michel. 1972. The Archaeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language. New York: Pantheon Books.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, Michel. 1980. Power Knowledge. Selected Interviews and Other Writing 1972–1977, edited by Colin Gordon. New York: Pantheon Books.
   Google Scholar
• Gilman, Sander. 1985. “Black Bodies, White Bodies: Toward an Iconography of Female Sexuality in Late 19th-century Arts, Medicine and Literature.” Critical Enquiry 12 (1): 204–242. doi:10.1086/448327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giuliani, Gaia, and Cristina Lombardi-Diop. 2013. Bianco e nero. Storia dell’identità razziale degli italiani [Black and White. History of Italians’ Racial Identity]. Florence: Le Monnier.
   Google Scholar
• Haritaworn, Jin. 2008. “Hybrid Border-Crossers? Towards a Radical Socialisation of ‘Mixed Race’.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 35 (1): 115–132. doi:10.1080/13691830802489275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman, Saidiya. 2007. Lose Your Mother. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
   Google Scholar
• Hill Collins, Patricia. 2000. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• hooks, bell. 1994. Teaching to Transgress. Education as the Practice of Freedom. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ifekwunigwe, Jayne. 1999. Scattered Belonging. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kashmere, Brett. 2010. “Introduction: Cache Rules Everything Around Me.” INCITE! Journal of Experimental Media 2. Counter-Archive.
   Google Scholar
• Lepecki, André. 2010. “The Body as Archive: Will to Re-Enact and the Afterlives of Dances.” Dance Research Journal 42 (2): 28–48. doi:10.1017/S0149767700001029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lugones, María. 2003. Pilgrimages/Peregrinajes: Theorizing Coalition Against Multiple Oppressions. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• McClintock, Anne. 1995. Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Context. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Merewether, Charles. 2006. The Archive. Whitechapel Documents of Contemporary Art Series. London: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mills, Charles. 2007. “White Ignorance.” In Race and Epistemologies of Ignorance, edited by Shannon Sullivan and Nancy Tuana, 11–38. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mirza, Heidi Safia. 1997. “Introduction: Mapping a Genealogy of Black British Feminism.” In Black British Feminism: A Reader, edited by Heidi Safia Mirza, 1–30. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Muncey, Tessa. 2010. Creating Autoethnographies. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Nunes, Ruan. 2021. “The Body as an Archive.” Revista Brasileira de Literatura Comparada 23 (44): 78–89. doi:10.1590/2596-304x20212344rns.
   Google Scholar
• Pesarini, Angelica. 2012a. “Interview with Nana.” Collecchio (PR), Italy.
   Google Scholar
• Pesarini, Angelica. 2012b. “Interview with Lucia.” Asmara, Eritrea.
   Google Scholar
• Pesarini, Angelica. 2012c. “Interview with Bruna.” Asmara, Eritrea.
   Google Scholar
• Pesarini, Angelica 2020b. “Questioni di Privilegio. L’Italia e i suoi George Floyd [Issues about Privilege: Italy and Its George Floyds].” Il Lavoro Culturale, June 6. https://www.lavoroculturale.org/questioni-di-privilegio/angelica-pesarini/
   Google Scholar
• Pesarini, Angelica. 2021. “When the Mediterranean Became Black: Diasporic Hopes and (Post)colonial Traumas.” In The Black Mediterranean. Bodies, Borders and Citizenship, edited by Ida Danewid, Giuseppe Grimaldi, Camilla Hawthorne, P. Khahlil Saucier, Gabriele Proglio, Angelica Pesarini, and Timothy Raeymakers, 31–55. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Pesarini, Angelica. 2019. “Non S’intravede speranza alcuna [No Hope in Sight].” In Future. Il domani narrato dalle voci di oggi [Future. Tomorrow Narrated by the Voices of Today], edited by Igiaba Scego, 69–77. Florence: Effequ.
   Google Scholar
• Pesarini, Angelica. 2020a. “You Were the Shame of Race: Dynamics of Pain, Shame and Violence in Shape Shifting Processes.” In Shape Shifter: Journeys across Terrains of Race and Identity, edited by Paul Spickard, Lily Anne Y. Welty-Tamai, and Ingrid Dineen-Wimberly, 189–219. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
   Google Scholar
• Poidimani, Nicoletta. 2009. Difendere la “razza”: Identità razziale e politiche sessuali nel progetto imperiale di Mussolini [Defending the “Race”: Racial Identity and Sexual Politics in Mussolini’s Imperial Project]. Rome: Sensibili alle foglie.
   Google Scholar
• Ponzanesi, Sandra. 2005. “Beyond the Black Venus: Colonial Sexual Politics and Contemporary Visual Practices.” In Italian Colonialism: Legacy and Memory, edited by Jacqueline Andall and Derek Duncan, 165–189. Oxford: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Portelli, Alessandro. 2005. “The Problem of the Color-Blind: Notes on the Discourse on Race in Italy.” In Race and Nation: Ethnic Systems in the Modern World, edited by Paul Spickard, 355–363. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sartre, Jean-Paul. 1964–1965. “Black Orpheus.” The Massachusetts Review 6 (1): 13–52.
   Google Scholar
• Scego, Igiaba, ed. 2019. Il domani narrato dalle voci di oggi [Future. Tomorrow Narrated by the Voices of Today]. Florence: Effequ.
   Google Scholar
• Sekula, Allan. 1986. “The Body and the Archive.” October 39: 3–64. doi:10.2307/778312.
   Google Scholar
• Sòrgoni, Barbara. 2002. “Racist Discourses and Practices in the Italian Empire under Fascism.” In The Politics of Recognizing Difference. Multiculturalism Italian-Style, edited by Ralph Grillo and Jeff C. Pratt, 41–57. Aldershot: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Stefani, Giulietta. 2007. Colonia per maschi. Italiani in Africa Orientale: una storia di genere [Colony for Men. Italians in East Africa: A Gender History]. Verona: Ombre Corte.
   Google Scholar
• Stoler, Ann Laura. 2002. Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate in Colonial Rule. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stoler, Ann Laura. 2009. Along the Archival Grain: Epistemic Anxieties and Colonial Common Sense. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, Alice. 1983. In Search Of Our Mothers’ Gardens: Womanist Prose. New York: Harcourt Case.
   Google Scholar
• Weiner-Mahfuz, Lisa. 2002. “A Mixed Race Feminist in Movements for Social Justice.” In Colonize This! Young Women of Color on Today’s Feminism, edited by Bushra Rehman and Daisy Hernandez, 29–39. Berkeley, CA: Seal Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wekker, Gloria. 2016. White Innocence. Paradoxes of Colonialism and Race. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar