Early impacts of orphaning: Health, nutrition, and food insecurity in a cohort of school-going adolescents in South Africa

References

• Actuarial Society of South Africa . 2005 . AIDS and demographic model: Orphan projections by province (ASSA2003) , Cape Town : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Ainsworth , M. and Filmer , D. 2006 . Inequalities in children's schooling: AIDS, orphanhood, poverty, and gender . World Development , 34 : 1099 – 1128 .
   Google Scholar
• Alaimo , K . 2001 . Food insufficiency and American school-aged children's cognitive, academic, and psychosocial development . Pediatrics , 108 : 826
   Google Scholar
• Badcock-Walters , P. , Heard , W. and Wilson , D. Developing district-level early warning and decision support systems to assist in managing and mitigating the impact of HIV/AIDS on education . XIV International AIDS Conference . July 7–12 2002 . July . Barcelona
   Google Scholar
• Beegle , K. , De Weerdt , J. and Dercon , S. 2010 . Orphanhood and human capital destruction: Is there persistence into adulthood? . Demography , 47 : 163 – 180 .
   Google Scholar
• Bickel , G. , Nord , M. , Price , C. , Hamilton , W. and Cook , J. 2000 . Guide to measuring household food security, revised 2000 , Alexandria, VA : U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service .
   Google Scholar
• Bledsoe , C. , Ewbank , D. and Isiugoabanihe , U. 1988 . The effect of child fostering on feeding practices and access to health-services in rural Sierra Leone . Social Science & Medicine , 27 : 627 – 636 .
   Google Scholar
• Cole , T. , Flegal , K. , Nicholls , D. and Jackson , A. 2007 . Body mass index cut offs to define thinness in children and adolescents: International survey . British Medical Journal , 335 : 194 – 197 .
   Google Scholar
• Crampin , A. , Floyd , S. , Glynn , J. , Madise , N. , Nyondo , A. , Khondowe , M. and … Fine , P.E. 2003 . The long-term impact of HIV and orphanhood on the mortality and physical well-being of children in rural Malawi . AIDS , 17 : 389 – 397 .
   Google Scholar
• Delva , W. , Vercoutere , A. , Loua , C. , Lamah , J. , Vansteelandt , S. , De Koker , P. and … Annemansf , L. 2009 . Psychological well-being and socio-economic hardship among AIDS orphans and other vulnerable children in Guinea . AIDS Care , 21 : 1490 – 1498 .
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health. (2008). National HIV and syphilis antenatal sero-prevalence survey in South Africa 2007. Republic of South Africa: Author. http://www.unaids.org/fr/dataanalysis/epidemiology/countryestimationreports/file,29278,fr..pdf (http://www.unaids.org/fr/dataanalysis/epidemiology/countryestimationreports/file,29278,fr..pdf)
   Google Scholar
• de Onis , M. , Onyango , A. , Borghi , E. , Siyam , A. , Nishida , C. and Siekmann , J. 2007 . Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents . Bulletin of the World Health Organization , 85 : 660 – 667 .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , D. and Miguel , E. 2007 . Orphans and schooling in Africa: A longitudinal analysis . Demography , 44 : 35 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , A. , Tuffrey , V. , Kassa , T. , Demissie , T. , Degefie , T. and Lee , S. 2010 . Case-control analysis of the health and nutrition of orphan schoolchildren in Ethiopia . Tropical Medicine & International Health , 15 : 287 – 295 .
   Google Scholar
• Jyoti , D.F. , Frongillo , E.A. and Jones , S.J. 2005 . Food insecurity affects school children's academic performance, weight gain, and social skills . The Journal of Nutrition , 135 : 2831 – 2839 .
   Google Scholar
• Karlberg , J. , Kwan , C. , Gelander , L. and Albertsson-Wikland , K. 2003 . Pubertal growth assessment . Hormone Research , 60 ( Suppl. 1 ) : 27 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Kidman , R. , Hanley , J. , Subramanian , S. , Foster , G. and Heymann , J. 2010 . AIDS in the family and community: The impact on child health in Malawi . Social Science & Medicine , 71 : 966 – 974 .
   Google Scholar
• Liang , K. and Zeger , S. 1986 . Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear-models . Biometrika , 73 : 13 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Lindblade , K. , Odhiambo , F. , Rosen , D. and Decock , K. 2003 . Health and nutritional status of orphans <6 years old cared for by relatives in western Kenya . Tropical Medicine & International Health , 8 : 67 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Makame , V. , Ani , C. and Grantham-McGregor , S. 2002 . Psychological well-being of orphans in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania . Acta Paediatrica , 91 : 459 – 465 .
   Google Scholar
• McCarney , R. , Warner , J. , Iliffe , S. , van Haselen , R. , Griffin , M. and Fisher , P. 2007 . The Hawthorne effect: A randomised, controlled trial . BMC Medical Research Methodology , 7 : 30
   Google Scholar
• Meyers , A. , Sampson , A. , Weitzman , M. and Kayne , H. 1988 . School breakfast program and school performance . American Journal of Diseases of Children , 142 : 398
   Google Scholar
• Miller , C. , Gruskin , S. , Subramanian , S. and Heymann , J. 2007 . Emerging health disparities in Botswana: Examining the situation of orphans during the AIDS epidemic . Social Science & Medicine , 64 ( 12 ) : 2476 – 2486 .
   Google Scholar
• Mishra, V., Arnold, F., Otieno, F., Cross, A., & Hong, R. (2005). Education and nutritional status of orphans and children of HIV-infected parents in Kenya (DHS Working Paper no. 24). Calverton, MD: USAID. http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/WP24/WP24.pdf (http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/WP24/WP24.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• Monasch , R. and Boerma , J. 2004 . Orphanhood and childcare patterns in sub-Saharan Africa: An analysis of national surveys from 40 countries . AIDS , 18 : S55 – S65 .
   Google Scholar
• Muhwezi , W. , Muhangi , D. and Mugumya , F. 2009 . Intra-household differences in health seeking behaviour for orphans and non-orphans in an NGO-supported and non-supported subcounty of Luwero, Uganda . African Health Sciences , 9 : 109 – 117 .
   Google Scholar
• Neckermann , C. 2001 . Assessing the health status of orphaned children: A comparative household study in an urban community in Uganda , Heidelberg : Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Department of Tropical Hygiene and Public Health .
   Google Scholar
• Page , R. and Suwanteerangkul , J. 2009 . Self-rated health, psychological functioning, and health-related behavior among Thai adolescents . Pediatrics International , 51 : 120 – 125 .
   Google Scholar
• Panpanich , R. , Brabin , B. , Gonani , A. and Graham , S. 1999 . Are orphans at increased risk of malnutrition in Malawi? . Annals of Tropical Paediatrics , 19 : 279 – 285 .
   Google Scholar
• Richter , L. 2010 . An introduction to family-centred services for children affected by HIV and AIDS . Journal of the International AIDS Society , 13 ( Suppl. 2 ) : S1
   Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Casares , M. , Thombs , B. and Rousseau , C. 2009 . The association of single and double orphanhood with symptoms of depression among children and adolescents in Namibia . European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 18 : 369 – 376 .
   Google Scholar
• Ryder , R. , Kamenga , M. , Nkusu , M. , Batter , V. and Heyward , W. 1994 . AIDS orphans in Kinshasa, Zaire: Incidence and socioeconomic consequences . AIDS , 8 : 673 – 679 .
   Google Scholar
• Sampson , A. , Dixit , S. , Meyers , A. and Houser , R. 1995 . The nutritional impact of breakfast consumption on the diets of inner-city African-American elementary-school-children . Journal of the National Medical Association , 87 : 195 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Sawatzky , R. , Ratner , P. , Johnson , J. , Kopec , J. and Zumbo , B. 2010 . Self-reported physical and mental health status and quality of life in adolescents: A latent variable mediation model . Health and Quality of Life Outcomes , 8 : 17
   Google Scholar
• Sherr , L. , Varrall , R. , Mueller , J. , Richter , L. , Wakhweya , A. , Adato , M. and …Desmond , C. 2008 . A systematic review on the meaning of the concept ‘AIDS Orphan’: Confusion over definitions and implications for care . AIDS Care , 20 : 527 – 536 .
   Google Scholar
• Simpson , B. , Shapiro , E. and Andiman , W. 2000 . Prospective cohort study of children born to human immunodeficiency virus-infected mothers, 1985 through 1997: Trends in the risk of vertical transmission, mortality and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome indicator diseases in the era before highly active antiretroviral therapy . Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal , 19 : 618 – 624 .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics South Africa . 2008 . General Household Survey 2007 , Cape Town : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Sundquist , J. and Johansson , S. 1997 . Self reported poor health and low educational level predictors for mortality: A population based follow up study of 39156 people in Sweden . Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , 51 : 35 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Timaeus , I. and Boler , T. 2007 . Father figures: The progress at school of orphans in South Africa . AIDS , 21 : S83 – S93 .
   Google Scholar
• Tremblay , S. , Dahinten , S. and Kohen , D. 2003 . Factors related to adolescents’ self-perceived health . Health Reports (Supplement) , 14 : 7 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Vingilis , E. , Wade , T. and Seeley , J. 2007 . Predictors of adolescent health care utilization . Journal of Adolescence , 30 : 773 – 800 .
   Google Scholar
• Walingo , M. and Musamali , B. 2008 . Nutrient intake and nutritional status indicators of participant and nonparticipant pupils of a parent-supported school lunch program in Kenya . Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior , 40 : 298 – 304 .
   Google Scholar
• Watts , H. , Gregson , S. , Saito , S. , Lopman , B. , Beasley , M. and Monasch , R. 2007 . Poorer health and nutritional outcomes in orphans and vulnerable young children not explained by greater exposure to extreme poverty in Zimbabwe . Tropical Medicine & International Health , 12 : 584 – 593 .
   Google Scholar