Child abuse and neglect among orphaned children and youth living in extended families in sub-Saharan Africa: What have we learned from qualitative inquiry?

References

• Acuda, W., Othieno, C. J., Obondo, A., & Crome, I. B. (2011). The epidemiology of addiction in sub-Saharan Africa: A synthesis of reports, reviews, and original articles. The American Journal on Addictions, 20, 87–99.
   Google Scholar
• Ainsworth, M., & Filmer, D. (2006). Inequalities in children’s schooling: AIDS, orphanhood, poverty, and gender. World Development, 34, 1099–1128.
   Google Scholar
• Akmatov, M. K. (2011). Child abuse in 28 developing and transitional countries-results from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. International Journal of Epidemiology, 40, 219–227.
   Google Scholar
• Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C., Perry, B. D., . . . Giles, W. H. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256, 174–186.
   Google Scholar
• Ansell, N., & Young, L. (2004). Enabling households to support successful migration of AIDS orphans in Southern Africa. AIDS Care, 16, 3–10.
   Google Scholar
• Ayaya, S., Rotich, J. K., Vreeman, R., & Nyandiko, W. M. (2011). Child abuse and neglect as seen in a tertiary hospital in western Kenya: Paediatricians’ perspective. East African Medical Journal, 88, 366–374.
   Google Scholar
• Bennell, P. (2005). The impact of the AIDS epidemic on the schooling of orphans and other directly affected children in sub-Saharan Africa. The Journal of Development Studies, 41, 467–488.
   Google Scholar
• Berger, L. M. (2004). Income, family structure, and child maltreatment risk. Children and Youth Services Review, 26, 725–748.
   Google Scholar
• Berry, L., & Guthrie, T. (2003). Rapid assessment: The situation of children in South Africa. Cape Town: Children’s Institute, University of Cape Town.
   Google Scholar
• Case, A., Paxson, C., & Ableidinger, J. (2004). Orphans in Africa: Parental death, poverty, and school enrollment. Demography, 41, 483–508.
   Google Scholar
• Chase, E., Wood, K., & Aggleton, P. (2006). Is this ‘coping’? Survival strategies of orphans, vulnerable children and young people in Zimbabwe. Journal of Social Development in Africa, 21, 85–105.
   Google Scholar
• Chisholm, A. M. (2008). Care & protection for orphaned children in sub-Saharan Africa: A case study of the kingdom of Swaziland. Canada: Saint Mary’s University.
   Google Scholar
• Cluver, L., Bowes, L., & Gardner, F. (2010). Risk and protective factors for bullying victimization among AIDS-affected and vulnerable children in South Africa. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 793–803.
   Google Scholar
• Cluver, L., & Gardner, F. (2007). Risk and protective factors for psychological well-being of children orphaned by AIDS in Cape Town: A qualitative study of children and caregivers’ perspectives. AIDS Care, 19, 318–325.
   Google Scholar
• Cluver, L., Gardner, F., & Operario, D. (2007). Psychological distress amongst AIDS-orphaned children in urban South Africa. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 48, 755–763.
   Google Scholar
• Cluver, L., & Orkin, M. (2009). Cumulative risk and AIDS-orphanhood: Interactions of stigma, bullying and poverty on child mental health in South Africa. Social Science & Medicine, 69, 1186–1193.
   Google Scholar
• Danese, A., Moffitt, T. E., Harrington, H., Milne, B. J., Polanczyk, G., Pariante, C. M., . . . Caspi, A. (2009). Adverse childhood experiences and adult risk factors for age-related disease: Depression, inflammation, and clustering of metabolic risk markers. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 163, 1135–1143.
   Google Scholar
• Delva , W. (2010). How supportive is the social network of AIDS orphans and other orphanedchildren in Conakry and N’Zérékoré, Guinea? SACEMA Quarterly. Retrieved from http://www.sacemaquarterly.com/aids/how-supportive-is-the-social-network-of-aids-orphans-and-other-orphaned-children-in-conakry-and-n̍zerekore-guinea.html
   Google Scholar
• Desmond, C. (2009). Consequences of HIV for children: Avoidable or inevitable? AIDS Care, 21, 98.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon-Woods, M., Shaw, R. L., Agarwal, S., & Smith, J. A. (2004). The problem of appraising qualitative research. Quality and Safety in Health Care, 13, 223–225.
   Google Scholar
• Dubowitz, H., Kim, J., Black, M. M., Weisbart, C., Semiatin, J., & Magder, L. S. (2011). Identifying children at high risk for a child maltreatment report. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35, 96–104.
   Google Scholar
• Foster, G., Makufa, C., Drew, R., Mashumba, S., & Kambeu, S. (1997). Perceptions of children and community members concerning the circumstances of orphans in rural Zimbabwe. AIDS Care, 9, 391–405.
   Google Scholar
• Funkquist, A., Eriksson, B., & Muula, A. S. (2007). The vulnerability of orphans in Thyolo district, southern Malawi. Tanzania Health Research Bulletin, 9, 102–109.
   Google Scholar
• Haour-Knipe, M. (2009). Families, children, migration and AIDS. AIDS Care, 21, 43–48.
   Google Scholar
• Harms, S., Jack, S., Ssebunnya, J., & Kizza, R. (2010). The orphaning experience: Descriptions from Ugandan youth who have lost parents to HIV/AIDS. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 4, 6–16.
   Google Scholar
• Harms, S., Kizza, R., Sebunnya, J., & Jack, S. (2009). Conceptions of mental health among Ugandan youth orphaned by AIDS. African Journal of Research, 8, 7–16.
   Google Scholar
• Herrenkohl, E. C., Herrehkohl, R. C., Rupert, L. J., Egolf, B. P., & Lutz, J. G. (1995). Risk factors for behavioral dysfunction: The relative impact of maltreatment, SES, physical health problems, cognitive ability, and quality of parent–child interaction. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19, 191–203.
   Google Scholar
• Heymann, J., & Kidman, R. (2009). HIV/AIDS, declining family resources and the community safety net. AIDS Care, 21, 34–42.
   Google Scholar
• Hosegood, V. (2009). The demographic impact of HIV and AIDS across the family and household life-cycle: Implications for efforts to strengthen families in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Care, 21, 13–21.
   Google Scholar
• Howard, B. H., Phillips, C. V., Matinhure, N., Goodman, K. J., McCurdy, S. A., & Johnson, C. A. (2007). Barriers and incentives to orphan care in a time of AIDS and economic crisis: A cross-sectional survey of caregivers in rural Zimbabwe. Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention in Children & Youth, 8, 117–137.
   Google Scholar
• Jaudes, P. K., & Mackey-Bilaver, L. (2008). Do chronic conditions increase young children’s risk of being maltreated? Child Abuse & Neglect, 32, 671–681.
   Google Scholar
• Lachman, P. (2004). Understanding the current position of research in Africa as the foundation for child protection programs. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 813–815.
   Google Scholar
• Lachman, P., Poblete, X., Ebigbo, P. O., Nyandiya-Bundy, S., Bundy, R. P., Killian, B., & Doek, J. (2002). Challenges facing child protection. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26, 587–617.
   Google Scholar
• Mangoma, J., Chimbari, M., & Dhlomo, E. (2008). An enumeration of orphans and analysis of the problems and wishes of orphans: The case of Kariba, Zimbabwe. SAHARA Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS, 5, 120–128.
   Google Scholar
• Maniglio, R. (2011). The role of child sexual abuse in the etiology of suicide and non-suicidal self-injury. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 124, 30–41.
   Google Scholar
• McGraw, L., & Wameyo, A. (2005 ). Violence against children affected by HIV/AIDS: A case study of Uganda. World Vision International – Africa Office. Retrieved from http://www.wvi.org/wvi/wviweb.nsf/8ACB216444EC63D3882579680069B44D/$file/children_violence-uganda_study.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Miller, C. M., Gruskin, S., Subramanian, S. V., & Heymann, J. (2007). Emerging health disparities in Botswana: Examining the situation of orphans during the AIDS epidemic. Social Science & Medicine, 64, 2476–2486.
   Google Scholar
• Mills, R., Alati, R., O’Callaghan, M., Najman, J. M., Williams, G. M., Bor, W., & Strathearn, L. (2011). Child abuse and neglect and cognitive function at 14 years of age: Findings from a birth cohort. Pediatrics, 127, 4–10.
   Google Scholar
• Mmari, K. (2011). Exploring the relationship between caregiving and health: Perceptions among orphaned and non-orphaned adolescents in Tanzania. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 301–309.
   Google Scholar
• Mojola, S. A. (2011). Multiple transitions and HIV risk among orphaned Kenyan schoolgirls. Studies in Family Planning, 42, 29–40.
   Google Scholar
• Nanni, V., Uher, R., & Danese, A. (2011). Childhood maltreatment predicts unfavorable course of illness and treatment outcome in depression: A meta-analysis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 141–151.
   Google Scholar
• Noblit, G. W., & Hare, R. D. (1988). Meta ethnography: Synthesising qualitative studies. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Nyambedha, E. O., Wandibba, S., & Aagaard-Hansen, J. (2003). Changing patterns of orphan care due to the HIV epidemic in western Kenya. Social Science & Medicine, 57, 301–311.
   Google Scholar
• Nyamukapa, C. A., Gregson, S., Wambe, M., Mushore, P., Lopman, B., Mupambireyi, Z., . . . Jukes, M. C. (2010). Causes and consequences of psychological distress among orphans in eastern Zimbabwe. AIDS Impact, 9th International Conference Special Issue, Gaborone, Botswana, 22, 988–996.
   Google Scholar
• Oleke, C., Blystad, A., Fylkesnes, K., & Tumwine, J. K. (2007). Constraints to educational opportunities of orphans: A community-based study from northern Uganda. AIDS Care, 19, 361–368.
   Google Scholar
• Oleke, C., Blystad, A., Moland, K., Rekdal, O., & Heggenhougen, K. (2006). The varying vulnerability of African orphans – the case of the Langi, Northern Uganda. Childhood, 13, 267–284.
   Google Scholar
• Paolucci, E. O., Genuis, M. L., & Violato, C. (2001). A meta-analysis of the published research on the effects of child sexual abuse. The Journal of Psychology, 135, 17–36.
   Google Scholar
• Pierce, L., & Bozalek, V. (2004). Child abuse in South Africa: An examination of how child abuse and neglect are defined. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 817–832.
   Google Scholar
• Ramiro, L. S., Madrid, B. J., & Brown, D. W. (2010). Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and health-risk behaviors among adults in a developing country setting. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 842–855.
   Google Scholar
• Reza, A., Breiding, M. J., Gulaid, J., Mercy, J. A., Blanton, C., Mthethwa, Z., . . . Anderson, M. (2009). Sexual violence and its health consequences for female children in Swaziland: A cluster survey study. Lancet, 373, 1966–1972.
   Google Scholar
• Scarborough, A. A., Lloyd, E. C., & Barth, R. P. (2009). Maltreated infants and toddlers: Predictors of developmental delay. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 30, 489–498.
   Google Scholar
• Schenk, K., Ndhlovu, L., Tembo, S., Nsune, A., Nkhata, C., Walusiku, B., & Watts, C. (2008). Supporting orphans and vulnerable children affected by AIDS: Using community-generated definitions to explore patterns of children’s vulnerability in Zambia. AIDS Care, 20, 894–903.
   Google Scholar
• Seloilwe, E. S., & Thupayagale-Tshweneagae, G. (2009). Sexual abuse and violence among adolescent girls in Botswana: A mental health perspective. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 30, 456–459.
   Google Scholar
• Shumba, A. (2001). Epidemiology and etiology of reported cases of child physical abuse in Zimbabwean primary schools. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 265–277.
   Google Scholar
• Sidebotham, P., & Heron, J. (2003). Child maltreatment in the “children of the nineties”: The role of the child. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 337–352.
   Google Scholar
• Sidebotham, P., & Heron, J. (2006). Child maltreatment in the “children of the nineties”: A cohort study of risk factors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30, 497–522.
   Google Scholar
• Sidebotham, P., Heron, J., & Golding, J. (2002). Child maltreatment in the “children of the nineties”: Deprivation, class, and social networks in a UK sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26, 1243–1259.
   Google Scholar
• Snipstad, M. B., Lie, G. T., & Winje, D. (2005). What do Tanzanian children worry about? African Journal of AIDS Research, 4, 183–193.
   Google Scholar
• Stoltenborgh, M., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Euser, E. M., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2011). A global perspective on child sexual abuse: Meta-analysis of prevalence around the world. Child Maltreatment, 16, 79–101.
   Google Scholar
• Strode, A., & Barrett-Grant, K. (2001). The role of stigma and discrimination in increasing the vulnerability of children and youth infected with and affected by HIV/AIDS – Research report. Arcadia: Save the Children. Retrieved from http://www.pacttz.org/pdfs/11.%20Role%20of%20Stigma%20and%20Discrimination%20in%20Increasing%20Risks%20of%20Children%20Affected%20by%20HIV-AIDS.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Suliman, S., Seedat, S., Williams, D. R., & Stein, D. J. (2010). Predictors of transitions across stages of alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders in South Africa. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 71, 695–703.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations . (n.d.) Youth, social policy and development division. Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved from http://social.un.org/index/Youth/FAQs.aspx
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Children’s Fund . (2010). Children and AIDS: Fifth stocktaking report, 2010. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/publications/index_57005.html
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Children’s Fund, United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, & President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. (2006). Children affected by AIDS: Africa’s orphaned and vulnerable generations. New York, NY: UNICEF.
   Google Scholar
• van Blerk, L., & Ansell, N. (2007). Alternative caregiving in the context of HIV/AIDS in southern Africa: Complex strategies for care. Journal of International Development, 19, 865–884.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, L. (2002). “We will bury ourselves”: A study of child-headed households on commercial farms in Zimbabwe. Harare: Farm Orphan Support Trust of Zimbabwe.
   Google Scholar
• Whetten, R., Messer, L., Ostermann, J., Whetten, K., Pence, B. W., Buckner, M., . . . O’Donnell, K. (2011). Child work and labour among orphaned and abandoned children in five low and middle income countries. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 11, 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Widom, C. S., White, H. R., Czaja, S. J., & Marmorstein, N. R. (2007). Long-term effects of child abuse and neglect on alcohol use and excessive drinking in middle adulthood. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 68, 317–326.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, K., Chase, E., & Aggleton, P. (2006). ‘Telling the truth is the best thing’: Teenage orphans’ experiences of parental AIDS-related illness and bereavement in Zimbabwe. Social Science & Medicine, 63, 1923–1933.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization, & International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect. (2006). Preventing child maltreatment: A guide to taking action and generating evidence. Retrieved from http://www.ispcan.org/resource/resmgr/docs/preventing_child_maltreatmen.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Young, L., & Ansell, N. (2003). Fluid households, complex families: The impacts of children’s migration as a response to HIV/AIDS in southern Africa. The Professional Geographer, 55, 464–476.
   Google Scholar