A qualitative analysis of parental loss and family separation among youth in post-conflict Liberia

References

• Ainsworth, M. D., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (2015). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ansell, N., & Young, L. (2004). Enabling households to support successful migration of AIDS orphans in southern Africa. AIDS Care, 16(1), 3–10. doi:10.1080/09540120310001633921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betancourt, T. S., & Khan, K. T. (2008). The mental health of children affected by armed conflict: Protective processes and pathways to resilience. International Review of Psychiatry, 20(3), 317–328. pii:793972454. doi:10.1080/09540260802090363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borba, C., Vesga Lopez, O., Harris, B., Henderson, D., Carney, J., Dominguez, S., … Henderson, D. (2016). A mental health needs assessment of children and adolescents in post-conflict Liberia: Results from a quantitative key informant survey. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, 9, 56–70. doi:10.1080/17542863.2015.1106569
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. London: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman, D. P., Whitfield, C. L., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R., Edwards, V. J., & Anda, R. F. (2004). Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82(2), 217–225. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2003.12.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cluver, L., & Gardner, F. (2007). Risk and protective factors for psychological well-being of children orphaned by AIDS in Cape Town: A qualitative study of children and caregivers’ perspectives. AIDS Care, 19(3), 318–325. doi:10.1080/09540120600986578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cluver, L., Gardner, F., & Operario, D. (2007). Psychological distress amongst AIDS-orphaned children in urban South Africa. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 48(8), 755–763. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01757.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cluver, L., & Orkin, M. (2009). Cumulative risk and AIDS-orphanhood: Interactions of stigma, bullying and poverty on child mental health in South Africa. Social Science & Medicine, 69(8), 1186–1193. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.07.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cluver, L. D., Gardner, F., & Operario, D. (2008). Effects of stigma on the mental health of adolescents orphaned by AIDS. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(4), 410–417. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.09.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, P. (2015). What happened to Liberia’s Ebola orphans? IRIN News, 2016. Retrieved from IRIN: The inside story on emergencies website http://www.irinnews.org/analysis/2015/10/07/what-happened-liberia’s-ebola-orphans
   Google Scholar
• Colman, I., Garad, Y., Zeng, Y., Naicker, K., Weeks, M., Patten, S. B., … Wild, T. C. (2013). Stress and development of depression and heavy drinking in adulthood: Moderating effects of childhood trauma. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48(2), 265–274. doi:10.1007/s00127-012-0531-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Communique. (2008). Paper presented at the fourth global partners forum on children affected by HIV and AIDS. Dublin: The Royal Hospital Kilmainham.
   Google Scholar
• Freud, A. B., & Burlingham, D. T. (1943). War and children. (P. R. Lehrman, Ed.). New York, NY: Ernst Willard.
   Google Scholar
• Hennink, M., Hutter, I., & Bailey, A. (2011). Qualitative research methods. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Hermenau, K., Eggert, I., Landolt, M. A., & Hecker, T. (2015). Neglect and perceived stigmatization impact psychological distress of orphans in Tanzania. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6, 28617. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.28617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. doi:10.1177/1049732305276687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaggwa, E. B., & Hindin, M. J. (2010). The psychological effect of orphanhood in a matured HIV epidemic: An analysis of young people in Mukono, Uganda. Social Science & Medicine, 70(7), 1002–1010. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levey, E. J., Borba, C. P., Harris, B. L., Carney, J. R., Dominguez, S., Wang, E. K., … Henderson, D. C. (2013). Assessment of the needs of vulnerable youth populations in post-conflict Liberia. African Journal of Psychiatry, 16(5), 349–355. doi:10.4314/ajpsy.v16i5.47
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levey, E. J., Oppenheim, C. E., Lange, B. C., Plasky, N. S., Harris, B. L., Lekpeh, G. G., … Borba, C. P. (2016). A qualitative analysis of factors impacting resilience among youth in post-conflict Liberia. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 10, 26. doi:10.1186/s13034-016-0114-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LISGIS. (2009). 2008 Population and housing census. Retrieved from http://www.lisgis.net/page_info.php?7d5f44532cbfc489b8db9e12e44eb820=MzQy
   Google Scholar
• Lyons-Ruth, K. (1996). Attachment relationships among children with aggressive behavior problems: The role of disorganized early attachment patterns. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(1), 64–73. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.64.1.64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons-Ruth, K., Zoll, D., Connell, D., & Grunebaum, H. U. (1986). The depressed mother and her one-year-old infant: Environment, interaction, attachment, and infant development. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 1986(34), 61–82. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1534-8687
   Google Scholar
• McLaughlin, K. A., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2012). Attachment security as a mechanism linking foster care placement to improved mental health outcomes in previously institutionalized children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 53(1), 46–55. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02437.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morantz, G., Cole, D., Vreeman, R., Ayaya, S., Ayuku, D., & Braitstein, P. (2013). Child abuse and neglect among orphaned children and youth living in extended families in sub-Saharan Africa: What have we learned from qualitative inquiry? Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 8(4), 338–352. doi:10.1080/17450128.2013.764476
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muller, B., Munslow, B., & O’Dempsey, T. (2015). When community reintegration is not the best option: Interethnic violence and the trauma of parental loss in South Sudan. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management. doi:10.1002/hpm.2311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plasc, I., Poljarevic, S., Loncar, M., & Henigsberg, N. (2011). Age-developmental stage and severity of trauma-related symptoms, anxiety and depressive symptoms in participants who lost their fathers during the war in Croatia. Collegium Antropologicum, 35(Supplement 1), 139–144.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• QSR. (2015). NVivo qualitative data analysis software (version 10). Cambridge, MA: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Schilling, E. A., Aseltine, R. H., Jr., & Gore, S. (2007). Adverse childhood experiences and mental health in young adults: A longitudinal survey. BMC Public Health, 7, 30. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyke, A. T., Koga, S. F., Johnson, D. E., Fox, N. A., Marshall, P. J., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2007). The caregiving context in institution-reared and family-reared infants and toddlers in Romania. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 48(2), 210–218. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01694.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNDP. (2006). National human development report of Liberia. Retrieved from http://www.undp.org/content/dam/liberia/docs/docs/NHDR_LIBERIA_2006.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. (2013). Children and AIDS: Sixth stocktaking report. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Children_and_AIDS_Sixth_Stocktaking_Report_EN.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. (2015). Press centre. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/media/media_45279.html
   Google Scholar
• Werner, E. E. (1989). High-risk children in young adulthood: A longitudinal study from birth to 32 years. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59(1), 72–81. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1989.tb01636.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whetten, K., Ostermann, J., Whetten, R. A., Pence, B. W., O’Donnell, K., Messer, L. C., … Positive Outcomes for Orphans Research Team. (2009). A comparison of the wellbeing of orphans and abandoned children ages 6–12 in institutional and community-based care settings in 5 less wealthy nations. PLoS One, 4(12), e8169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar