Vulnerability of street-involved children and youth in semi-rural Kenya: does orphan status matter?

References

• Akwara, P. A., Noubary, B., Lim Ah Ken, P., Johnson, K., Yates, R., Winfrey, W., … Luo, C. (2010). Who is the vulnerable child? Using survey data to identify children at risk in the era of HIV and AIDS. AIDS Care, 22(9), 1066–1085. doi:10.1080/09540121.2010.498878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asante, K. O., Meyer-Weitz, A., & Petersen, I. (2014). Substance use and risky sexual behaviours among street connected children and youth in Accra, Ghana. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 9(1), 1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asante, K. O., Meyer-Weitz, A., & Petersen, I. (2015). Correlates of psychological functioning of homeless youth in Accra, Ghana: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 9(1), 1. doi:10.1186/1752-4458-9-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atwoli, L., Ayuku, D., Hogan, J., Koech, J., Vreeman, R. C., Ayaya, S., & Braitstein, P. (2014). Impact of domestic care environment on trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder among orphans in western Kenya. Plos One, 9(3), e89937. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Case, A., Paxson, C., & Ableidinger, J. (2004). Orphans in Africa: Parental death, poverty, and school enrollment. Demography, 41(3), 483–508. doi:10.1353/dem.2004.0019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi, P., & Li, X. (2013). Impact of parental HIV/AIDS on children’s psychological well-being: A systematic review of global literature. AIDS and Behavior, 17(7), 2554–2574. doi:10.1007/s10461-012-0290-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cluver, L., & Gardner, F. (2006). The psychological well-being of children orphaned by AIDS in cape town, south africa. Annals of General Psychiatry, 5(1), 8. doi:10.1186/1744-859X-5-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Embleton, L., Mwangi, A., Vreeman, R., Ayuku, D., & Braitstein, P. (2013). The epidemiology of substance use among street children in resource constrained settings: A systematic review and meta analysis. Addiction, 108(10), 1722–1733. doi:10.1111/add.2013.108.issue-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felitti, M., Vincent, J., Anda, M., Robert, F., Nordenberg, M., Williamson, M., & Edwards, B. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govender, K., Reardon, C., Quinlan, T., & George, G. (2014). Children’s psychosocial wellbeing in the context of HIV/AIDS and poverty: A comparative investigation of orphaned and non-orphaned children living in South Africa. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimani-Murage, E. W., Holding, P. A., Fotso, J. C., Ezeh, A. C., Madise, N. J., Kahurani, E. N., & Zulu, E. M. (2011). Food security and nutritional outcomes among urban poor orphans in Nairobi, Kenya. Journal of Urban Health, 88(2), 282–297. doi:10.1007/s11524-010-9491-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudrati, M., Plummer, M. L., & Yousif, N. (2008). Children of the sug: A study of the daily lives of street children in khartoum, sudan, with intervention recommendations. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(4), 439–448. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makame, V., Ani, C., & Grantham Mcgregor, S. (2002). Psychological well being of orphans in Dar El Salaam, Tanzania. Acta Paediatrica, 91(4), 459–465. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2002.tb01671.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monasch, R., & Boerma, J. T. (2004). Orphanhood and childcare patterns in sub-Saharan Africa: An analysis of national surveys from 40 countries. Aids, 18, S55–S65. doi:10.1097/00002030-200406002-00007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols, J, Embleton, L, Mwangi, A, Morantz, G, Vreeman, R, Ayaya, S, & Braitstein, P. (2014). Physical and sexual abuse in orphaned compared to non-orphaned children in sub-saharan africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. child abuse & neglect. 38(2), 304-316.
   Google Scholar
• Nyamukapa, C., Gregson, S., Wambe, M., Mushore, P., Lopman, B., Mupambireyi, Z.,.….& Jukes, M. (2010). Causes and consequences of psychological distress among orphans in eastern zimbabwe. AIDS Care, 22(8), 988–996. doi:10.1080/09540121003615061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olley, B. (2006). Social and health behaviors in youth of the streets of ibadan, nigeria. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30(3), 271–282. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.10.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onuoha, F. N., & Munakata, T. (2010). Gender psychosocial health of children orphaned by AIDS. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 5(3), 256–267. doi:10.1080/17450128.2010.498903
   Google Scholar
• Plummer, M. L., Kudrati, M., & Dafalla El Hag Yousif, N. (2007). Beginning street life: Factors contributing to children working and living on the streets of khartoum, sudan. Children and Youth Services Review, 29(12), 1520–1536. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.06.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puffer, E. S., Drabkin, A. S., Stashko, A. L., Broverman, S. A., Ogwang-Odhiambo, R. A., & Sikkema, K. J. (2012). Orphan status, HIV risk behavior, and mental health among adolescents in rural Kenya. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 37 (8), 868-878. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff, L. S. (1991). The use of the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale in adolescents and young adults. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20(2), 149–166. doi:10.1007/BF01537606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, R., & Haerpfer, C. (1998). New Democracies Barometer V: A 12-Nation Survey (No. 306). Glasgow: Centre for the Study of Public Policy, University of Strathclyde.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Casares, M., Thombs, B. D., & Rousseau, C. (2009). The association of single and double orphanhood with symptoms of depression among children and adolescents in namibia. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 18(6), 369–376. doi:10.1007/s00787-009-0739-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Optimistic self-beliefs as a resource factor in coping with stress. In Extreme stress and communities: Impact and intervention (pp. 159–177). Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Skinner, D., Tsheko, N., Mtero-Munyati, S., Segwabe, M., Chibatamoto, P., Mfecane, S., … Chitiyo, G. (2006). Towards a definition of orphaned and vulnerable children. AIDS and Behavior, 10(6), 619–626. doi:10.1007/s10461-006-9086-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StataCorp. (2015). Stata Statistical Software: Release 14. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.
   Google Scholar
• Strobbe, F., Olivetti, C., & Jacobson, M. (2013). Breaking the Net: Family structure and street-connected children in Zambia. The Journal of Development Studies, 49(5), 670–688. doi:10.1080/00220388.2012.709619
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagnild, G., & Young, H. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the resilience scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1, 165–178.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Food Programme. (2008). Validation of food frequency and dietary diversity as proxy indicators of household food security. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization & UNICEF. (2012). Rapid assessment of drinking-water quality: A handbook for implementation. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar