References
- Abarca-Gómez, L., Abdeen, Z. A., Hamid, Z. A., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M., Acosta-Cazares, B., Acuin, C., Adams, R. J., Aekplakorn, W., Afsana, K., & Aguilar-Salinas, C. A. (2017). Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128· 9 million children, adolescents, and adults. The Lancet, 390(10113), 2627–2642. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32129-3
- Anteneh, Z. A., Gedefaw, M., Tekletsadek, K. N., Tsegaye, M., & Alemu, D. (2015). Risk factors of overweight and obesity among high school students in Bahir Dar City, North West Ethiopia: School based cross-sectional study. Advances in Preventive Medicine, 2015, 294902–294902. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/294902
- Arfines, P. P., Luglio, H. F., & Kusumawardani, N. (2020). Prevalence and lifestyle risk factors of overweight and obesity among Indonesian adolescents: An analysis of Global School-based Health Survey 2007 and 2015. (Ed.),^(Eds.). 4th International Symposium on Health Research (ISHR 2019).
- Aryal, K. K., Bista, B., Khadka, B. B., Pandey, A. R., Mehta, R., Jha, B. K., Kann, L., Riley, L. M., Yamakawa, Y., Rani, M., Agarwal, N., & Karki, K. B. (2016). Global School based Student Health Survey Nepal, 2015. Nepal Health Research Council.
- Aryeetey, R., Lartey, A., Marquis, G. S., Nti, H., Colecraft, E., & Brown, P. (2017). Prevalence and predictors of overweight and obesity among school-aged children in urban Ghana. BMC Obesity, 4(1), 38–38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s40608-017-0174-0
- Sahoo, K., Sahoo, B., Choudhury, A. K., Sofi, N. Y., Kumar, R., & Bhadoria, A. S. (2015). Childhood obesity: Causes and consequences. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 4(2), 187. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.154628
- Bhuiyan, M. U., Zaman, S., & Ahmed, T. (2013). Risk factors associated with overweight and obesity among urban school children and adolescents in Bangladesh: A case–control study. BMC Pediatrics, 13(1), 72. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-13-72
- Bovet, P., Chiolero, A., Madeleine, G., & Paccaud, F. (2010). Prevalence of overweight and underweight in public and private schools in the Seychelles. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 5(3), 274–278. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3109/17477160903449986
- Clair, C., Chiolero, A., Faeh, D., Cornuz, J., Marques-Vidal, P., Paccaud, F., Mooser, V., Waeber, G., & Vollenweider, P. (2011). Dose-dependent positive association between cigarette smoking, abdominal obesity and body fat: Cross-sectional data from a population-based survey. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 23–23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-23
- Daniels, S. R., Arnett, D. K., Eckel, R. H., Gidding, S. S., Hayman, L. L., Kumanyika, S., Robinson, T. N., Scott, B. J., St. Jeor, S., & Williams, C. L. (2005). Overweight in children and adolescents: Pathophysiology, consequences, prevention, and treatment. Circulation, 111(15), 1999–2012. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000161369.71722.10
- Ford, N. D., Patel, S. A., & Narayan, K. V. (2017). Obesity in low-and middle-income countries: Burden, drivers, and emerging challenges. Annual Review of Public Health, 38(1), 145–164. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044604
- Gupta, N., Goel, K., Shah, P., & Misra, A. (2012). Childhood obesity in developing countries: Epidemiology, determinants, and prevention. Endocrine Reviews, 33(1), 48–70. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2010-0028
- Hashmi, A., Soomro, J. A., & Saleem, K. (2013). Prevalence of obesity and factors leading to obesity among high school students of Pakistan. Journal of Medicine, 14(1), 33–39. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3329/jom.v14i1.14534
- Hu, E. Y., Ramachandran, S., Bhattacharya, K., & Nunna, S. (2018). Obesity among high school students in the United States: Risk factors and their population attributable fraction. Preventing Chronic Disease, 15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd15.180122
- Jacobs, M. (2018). Adolescent smoking: The relationship between cigarette consumption and BMI. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 9, 100153–100153. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.100153
- Laitinen, J., Power, C., & Järvelin, M.-R. (2001). Family social class, maternal body mass index, childhood body mass index, and age at menarche as predictors of adult obesity. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74(3), 287–294. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/74.3.287
- Llewellyn, A., Simmonds, M., Owen, C. G., & Woolacott, N. (2016). Childhood obesity as a predictor of morbidity in adulthood: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obesity Reviews, 17(1), 56–67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12316
- Ministry of Health. (2017). Report on Bhutan Global School-Based Student Health Survey 2016. http://apps.searo.who.int/PDS_DOCS/B5416.pdf
- Ministry of Health. (2019). Report on the assessment of adolescent health and nutrition services in Bhutan.
- Mistry, S. K., & Puthussery, S. (2015). Risk factors of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence in South Asian countries: A systematic review of the evidence. Public Health, 129(3), 200–209. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2014.12.004
- Norbu, W., Wangdi, U., Dorji, D., Arthan, D., Soonthornworasiri, N., Maneekan, P., Thongthien, P., Viravathana, N., & Prangthip, P. (2017). Obesity prevalence and contributing factors among adolescents in secondary schools in Pemagatshel district, Bhutan. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 31(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2016-0143
- Nurwanti, E., Hadi, H., Chang, J.-S., Chao, J. C. J., Paramashanti, B. A., Gittelsohn, J., & Bai, C.-H. (2019). Rural-Urban differences in dietary behavior and obesity: Results of the riskesdas study in 10–18-year-old Indonesian children and adolescents. Nutrients, 11(11), 2813. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112813
- Piryani, S., Baral, K. P., Pradhan, B., Poudyal, A. K., & Piryani, R. M. (2016). Overweight and its associated risk factors among urban school adolescents in Nepal: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 6(5), e010335. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010335
- Ramirez-Velez, R., Gonzalez-Ruiz, K., Correa-Bautista, J. E., Meneses-Echávez, J. F., & Martínez-Torres, J. (2015). Demographic and socioeconomic differences in consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among Colombian children and adolescents. Nutricion hospitalaria, 31(6), 2479–2486. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3305/nh.2015.31.6.8986
- Sneve, M., & Jorde, R. (2008). Cross-sectional study on the relationship between body mass index and smoking, and longitudinal changes in body mass index in relation to change in smoking status: The Tromsø Study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 36(4), 397–407. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494807088453
- Telford, R. M., Telford, R. D., Olive, L. S., Cochrane, T., & Davey, R. (2016). Why are girls less physically active than boys? Findings from the LOOK longitudinal study. PLoS One, 11(3), e0150041–e0150041. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150041
- Thinley, S., Tshering, P., Wangmo, K., Wangchuk, N., Dorji, T., Tobgay, T., & Sharma, J. (2017). The Kingdom of Bhutan health system review (Vol. 7). Asia Pacific Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.
- Trost, S. G., Pate, R. R., Sallis, J. F., Freedson, P. S., Taylor, W. C., Dowda, M., & Sirard, J. (2002). Age and gender differences in objectively measured physical activity in youth. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(2), 350–355. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200202000-00025
- Wang, Q. (2015). Smoking and body weight: Evidence from China health and nutrition survey. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1238–1238. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2549-9
- Wangmo, C., Tejativaddhana, P., Cruickshank, M., & Briggs, D. (2019). Contributors to childhood obesity in Bhutan: The views of PHC workers and school staff. Texila International Journal of Public Health, 7(3), 1–6. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21522/TIJPH.2013.07.03.Art010
- World Health Organization. (2016). Global School-based Student Health Survey- Myanmar. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/gshs/myanmar/en/
- World Health Organization. (2017a). Global School-based Student Health Survey- Bangladesh. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/gshs/bangladesh/en/
- World Health Organization. (2017b). Global School-based Student Health Survey- Thailand. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/gshs/thailand/en/
- World Health Organization. (2018a). Noncommunicable diseases country profiles 2018 - Bhutan. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/nmh/countries/2018/btn_en.pdf?ua=1
- World Health Organization. (2018b). Obesity and overweight - Key facts. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
- Zangmo, U., De Onis, M., & Dorji, T. (2012). The nutritional status of children in Bhutan: Results from the 2008 national nutrition survey and trends over time. BMC Pediatrics, 12(1), 151. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-12-151