944
Views
76
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Nutritional significance of phytic acid and phytase

&
Pages 301-319 | Received 20 Dec 1996, Published online: 10 Jan 2009

References

  • Bitar , K. and Reinhold , J. G. 1972 . Phytase and alkaline phosphatase activities in intestinal mucosa of rat, chicken and man . Biochim. Biophys. Acta. , 268 : 442 – 452 .
  • Björk , I. M. and Nyman , M. E. 1987 . In vitro effects of phytic acid and polyphenols on starch digestion and fibre degradation . J. Food Sci. , 52 : 1588 – 1594 .
  • Brink , E. J. , Dekker , P. R. , van Beresteijn , E. C. H. and Beynen , A. C. 1991 . Inhibitory effect of dietary soybean protein vs. casein on magnesium absorption in rats . J. Nutr. , 121 : 1374 – 1381 .
  • Brune , M. , Rossander , L. and Hallberg , L. 1989 . Iron absorption; no intestinal adaptation to a high phytate diet . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 49 : 542 – 545 .
  • Buset , M. , Lipkin , M. , Winaer , S. , Swaroop , S. and Friedmann , E. 1986 . Inhibition of human colonic epithelial cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro by calcium . Cancer Res. , 46 : 5426 – 5430 .
  • Copper , J. R. and Gowing , H. S. 1983 . Mammalian small intestinal phytase (EC 3.1.3.8) . Br. J. Nutr. , 50 : 673 – 678 .
  • Davidsson , L. , Almgren , A. , Juillerat , M. A. and Hurell , R. F. 1995 . Manganese absorption in humans: the effect of phytic acid and ascorbic acid in soy formula . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 62 : 984 – 987 .
  • Davies , N. T. and Olpin , S. E. 1979 . Studies on the phytate:zinc molar contents in diets as a determinant of Zn availability to young rats . Br. J. Nutr. , 41 : 591 – 603 .
  • De Rham , O. and Jost , T. 1979 . Phytate protein interactions in soybean extracts and low‐phytate soy protein products . J. Food Sci. , 44 : 596 – 600 .
  • Deshpande , S. S. and Cheryan , M. 1984 . Effect of phytic acid, divalent cations, and their interactions on alpha‐amylase activity . J. Food Sci. , 49 : 516 – 524 .
  • Düngelhoef , M. , Rodehutscord , M. , Spiekers , H. and Pfeffer , E. 1994 . Effects of supplemental microbial phytase on availability of phosphorus contained in maize, wheat and triticale to pigs . Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. , 49 : 1 – 10 .
  • Eeckhout , W. and De Paepe , M. 1994 . Total phosphorus, phytate‐phosphorus and phytase activity in plant feedstuff's . Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. , 47 : 19 – 29 .
  • Engelen , A. J. , Heeft , F. C. , Randsdorp , P. H. G. and Smit , D. L. C. 1994 . Simple and rapid determination of phytase activity . J. AOAC Int. , 77 : 760 – 764 .
  • Flanagan , P. R. 1984 . A model to produce pure zinc deficiency in rats and its use to demonstrate that dietary phytate increases the excretion of endogenous zinc . J. Nutr. , 114 : 493 – 502 .
  • Fordyce , E. J. , Forbes , R. M. , Robins , K. R. and Erdman , J. W. 1987 . Phytate x calcium/zinc molar ratios: are they predictive of zinc bioavailability? . J. Food Sci. , 52 : 440 – 444 .
  • Fretzdorff , B. , Brummer , J. M. , Röcken , W. , Greiner , R. , Konietzny , U. and Jany , K.‐D. 1995 . Reduktion des Phytinsäure‐Gehaltes bei der Herstellung von Backwaren und Getreidenährmitteln . AID‐ Verbraucherdienst , 40 : 12 – 20 .
  • Gibson , D. M. and Ullah , A. B. J. 1990 . “ Phytases and their action on phytic acid ” . In Inositol metabolism in plants , Edited by: Morre , D. M. 77 – 92 . New York : Wiley‐Liss Inc. .
  • Graf , E. , Mahoney , J. R. , Bryant , R. G. and Eaton , J. W. 1984 . Iron‐catalyzed hydroxyl radical formation. Stringent requirement for free iron coordinate site . J. Biol. Chem. , 259 (6) : 3620 – 3624 .
  • Graf , E. , Empson , K. and Eaton , J. W. 1987 . Phytic acid a natural antioxidant . J. Biol. Chem. , 262 : 11647 – 11650 .
  • Greiner , R. , Konietzny , U. and Jany , K.‐D. 1993 . Purification and characterization of two phytases from Escherichia coli . Arch. Biochim. Biophys. , 303 : 107 – 113 .
  • Guillot , I. , Hollwich , T. , Thielen , C. , Schwarz , G. and Rambeck , W. A. 1995 . Einfluß von Phytat und Phytase auf die Cadmiumakkumulation bei Ratte, Wachtel, Hühnerküken und Schwein . Proc. Soc. Nutr. Physiol. , 4 : 94
  • Han , O. , Failla , M. L. , Hill , A. D. , Morris , E. R. and Smith , J. C. 1994 . Inositol phosphates inhibit uptake and transport of iron and zinc by human intestinal cell line . J. Nutr. , 124 : 580 – 587 .
  • Harland , B. F. and Oberleas , D. 1986 . Anion‐exchange method for determination of phytate in foods: collaborative study . J. Ass. Off. Analyt. Client. , 69 : 667 – 670 .
  • Harland , B. F. and Morris , E. R. 1995 . Phytate: a good or bad food component? . Nutr. Res. , 15 (5) : 733 – 754 .
  • Hoppe , P. P. , Schöner , F. J. , Wiesche , H. , Schwarz , G. and Safer , S. 1993 . Phosphor‐Äquivalenz von Aspergillus‐niger‐Phytase für Ferkel bei Fütterung einer Getreide‐Soja‐Diät . J. Anim. Physiol. a. Anim. Nutr. , 69 : 225 – 234 .
  • Ingelmann , H.‐J. , Rimbach , G. and Pallauf , J. 1993 . Phytinsäure ‐ ein antinutritiver Faktor? . Ernährungsumschau , 40 : 400 – 404 .
  • IUPAC‐IUB (Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature) . 1977 . Nomenclature of phosphorus containing compounds of biochemical importance . Eur. J. Biochem. , 79 : 1 – 9 .
  • IUPAC‐IUB (Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry) . 1984 . Enzyme nomenclature , Orlando, San Diego, New York, London, Toronto, Montreal, Sydney, Tokyo : Academic Press Inc. .
  • Jackl , G. A. , Rambeck , W. A. and Kollmer , W. E. 1985 . Retention of cadmium in organs of the rat after a single dose of labeled cadmium‐3‐phytate . Biol. Trace Elem. Res. , 7 : 69 – 74 .
  • James , H. M. , Hilbrun , M. E. and Blair , J. A. 1985 . Effects of meals and meal times on uptake of lead from the gastrointestinal tract in humans . Human Toxicol. , 4 : 401 – 407 .
  • Jany , D. 1993 . “ Mechanism of the degradation of inositol phosphates in the gut ” . In Bioavailabttity ‘93, Nutritional, Chemical and Food Processing Implications of Nutrient Availability, Edited by: Schlemmer , U. 58 – 62 .
  • Jariwalla , R. J. , Sabin , R. , Lawson , S. and Herman , Z. S. 1990 . Lowering of serum cholesterol and triglycerides and modulation of divalent cations by dietary phytate . J. Appl. Nutr. , 42 : 18 – 28 .
  • Jeroch , H. 1994 . Bisherige Erkenntnisse zum Phytaseeinsatz beim Geflügel . Arch. Geflügelkd. , 58 : 1 – 7 .
  • Jongbloed , A. W. , Kemme , P. A. and Mroz , Z. 1993 . “ The role of microbial phytases in pig nutrition ” . In Enzymes in Animal Nutrition, , Edited by: Wenk , C and Boessinger , M. 173 – 180 . Zürich : Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften ETH .
  • Klevay , L. M. 1973 . Hypercholesterolemia in rats produced by an increase in the ratio of zinc to copper ingested . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 26 : 1060 – 1068 .
  • Kornegay , E. T. , Denbow , D. M. , Yi , Z. and Ravindran , V. 1996 . Response of broilers to graded levels of microbial phytase added to maize‐soyabean‐meal‐based diets containing three levels of non‐phytate phosphorus . Br. J. Nutr. , 75 : 839 – 852 .
  • Lantzsch , H.‐J. 1990 . Untersuchungen über ernährungsphysiologische Effekte des Phytats bei Monogastriern (Ratte, Schwein) . Übers. Tierernährg. , 18 : 197 – 212 .
  • Lantzsch , H.‐J. , Scheuermann , S. E. and Menke , K. H. 1988 . Untersuchungen zur gastrointestinalen Hydrolyse von Phytat aus Weizen, Gerste und Mais bei jungen Schweinen . J. Anim. Physiol. a. Anim. Nutr. , 59 : 273 – 284 .
  • Lantzsch , H.‐J. , Wjst , S. and Drochner , W. 1995 . The effect of dietary calcium on the efficacy of microbial phytase in rations for growing pigs . J. Anim. Physiol. a. Anim. Nutr. , 73 : 19 – 26 .
  • Lee , D.‐Y. , Schroeder , J. and Gordon , D. T. 1988 . Enhancement of Cu bioavailability in the rat by phytic acid . J. Nutr. , 118 : 712 – 717 .
  • Lehrfeld , J. 1989 . High performance liquid chromatography analysis of phytic acid on a pH‐stable, macroporous polymer column . Cereal Chem. , 66 : 510 – 515 .
  • Lehrfeld , J. 1994 . HPLC separation and quantititation of phytic acid and some inositol phosphates in foods: problems and solutions . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 42 : 2726 – 2731 .
  • Lei , K. Y. 1983 . Alterations in plasma lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein concentration in copper deficient rats . J. Nutr. , 113 : 2178 – 2183 .
  • Lei , X. G. , Ku , P. K. , Miller , E. R. , Yokoyama , M. T. and Ullrey , D. E. 1994 . Calcium level affects the efficacy of supplemental microbial phytase in corn‐soybean meal diets of weanling pigs . J. Anim. Sci. , 72 : 139 – 143 .
  • Liebert , F. , Wecke , C. and Schöner , F. J. 1993 . “ Phytase activities in different gut contents of chickens as dependent of level of phosphorus and phytase supplementations ” . In Enzymes in Animal Nutrition , Edited by: Wenk , C. and Boessinger , M. 202 – 205 . Zürich : Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften ETH .
  • Lönnerdal , B. , Sandberg , A. S. , Sandström , B. and Kunz , C. 1989 . Inhibitory effects of phytic acid and other inositol phosphates on zinc and calcium absorption in suckling rats . J. Nutr. , 119 : 211 – 214 .
  • Moberg , A. G. , Hallmans , G. , Sjöström , R. and Wing , K. R. 1987 . The effect of wheat bran on the absorption and accumulation of cadmium in rats . Br. J. Nutr. , 58 : 383 – 391 .
  • Moberg Wing , A. 1993 . The effects of whole wheat, wheat bran and zinc in the diet on the absorption and accumulation of cadmium in rats . Br. J. Nutr. , 69 : 199 – 209 .
  • Morris , E. R. and Ellis , R. 1980 . Effect of dietary phytate/zinc molar ratio on growth and bone zinc response of rats fed semipurified diets . J. Nutr. , 110 : 1037 – 1045 .
  • Most , E. , Pallauf , J. , Rimbach , G. and Neusser , H. 1993 . “ Zur Analytik von Phytase und Phytinsäure in Lebens‐ und Futtermitteln. 705 ” . In Kongreß des Verbandes landwirtschaftlicher Untersuchungs‐ und Forschungsanstalten (VDLUFA) , 405 – 408 . Hamburg, Kongreßband : VDLUFA‐Verlag Darmstadt .
  • Nelson , R. L. , Yoo , S. J. , Tanure , J. C , Andrianopoulos , G. and Misumi , A. 1989 . The effect of iron on experimental colorectal carcinogenesis . Anticancer Res. , 9 : 1477 – 1482 .
  • Nelson , T. S. , Shieh , T. R. , Wodzinski , R. J. and Ware , J. H. 1968 . The availability of phytate phosphorus in soybean meal before and after treatment with a mold phytase . Poultry Sci. , 47 : 1842 – 1848 .
  • Nelson , T. S. , Shieh , T. R. , Wodzinski , R. J. and Ware , J. H. 1971 . Effect of supplemental phytase on the utilization of phytate phosphorus by chicks . J. Nutr. , 101 : 1289 – 1294 .
  • Nolan , K. B. , Duffin , P. A. and Mc Weeny , D. J. 1987 . Effects of phytate on mineral bioavailability. In vitro studies of Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe3+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ (also Cd2+) solubilities in the presence of phytate . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 40 : 79 – 85 .
  • Oberleas , D. and Harland , B. F. 1981 . Phytate content of foods: Effect on dietary zinc bioavailability . J. Am. Diet. Assoc. , 79 : 443 – 447 .
  • Pallauf , J. 1992 . Phytase als Zusatzstoff beim Schwein zur Verbesserung der Verwertung von Phosphor und weiteren Mengenelementen sowie Spurenelementen . Schweinezucht und Schweinemast , 40 : 258 – 261 .
  • Pallauf , J. , Krämer , K. , Markwitan , A. and Ebel , D. 1990 . Effekt einer Zulage an Citronensäure auf die Bioverfügbarkeit von Zink aus Maiskeimen . Z. Ernährungswiss. , 29 : 27 – 38 .
  • Pallauf , J. , Höhler , D. , Rimbach , G. and Neusser , H. 1992a . Einfluß einer Zulage an mikrobieller Phytase zu einer Mais‐Soja‐Diät auf die scheinbare Absorption von Phosphor und Calcium beim Ferkel . J. Anim. Physiol. a. Anim. Nutr. , 67 : 30 – 40 .
  • Pallauf , J. , Höhler , D. and Rimbach , G. 1992b . Effekt einer Zulage an mikrobieller Phytase zu einer Mais‐Soja‐Diät auf die scheinbare Absorption von Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn und Zn sowie auf Parameter des Zinkstatus beim Ferkel . J. Anim. Physiol. a. Anim. Nutr. , 68 : 1 – 9 .
  • Pallauf , J. and Rimbach , G. 1993 . “ Enzymeinsatz in der Tierernährung am Beispiel der Phytase. 4 ” . In Tagung Vitamine und Zusatzstoffe bei Mensch und Tier 354 – 363 . Jena, Kongreßband
  • Pallauf , J. , Rimbach , G. , Pippig , S. , Schindler , B. , Höhler , D. and Most , E. 1994a . Dietary effect of phyto‐ genic phytase and addition of microbial phytase to a diet based on field beans, wheat, peas and barley on the utilization of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc and protein in piglets . Z. Ernährungswiss. , 33 : 128 – 135 .
  • Pallauf , J. , Rimbach , G. , Pippig , S. , Schindler , B. and Most , E. 1994b . Effect of phytase supplementation to a phytate‐rich diet based on wheat, barley and soya on the bioavailability of dietary phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc and protein in piglets . Agribiol. Res. , 47 : 39 – 48 .
  • Peter , W. and Jeroch , H. 1993 . “ The effectiveness of microbial phytase addition to layer rations on maize and wheat basis ” . In Enzymes in Animal Nutrition , Edited by: Wenk , C. and Boessinger , M. 206 – 209 . Zürich : Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften ETH .
  • Phillipy , B. Q. , Johnston , M. R. , Tao , S.‐H. and Fox , M. R. S. 1988 . Inositol phosphates in processed foods . J. Food Sci. , 53 : 496 – 499 .
  • Phillipy , B. Q. and Bland , J. M. 1988 . Gradient ion chromatography of inositol phosphates . Anal. Biochem. , 175 : 162 – 166 .
  • Pietsch , M. , Rimbach , G. and Pallauf , J. 1995 . Zur Auswirkung einer abgestuften alimentären Phytinsäurezufuhr auf den Magnesiumstatus wachsender Ratten . Proc. Soc. Nutr. Physiol. , 3 : 93
  • Pointillart , A. 1991 . Enhancement of phosphorus utilization in growing pigs fed phytate‐rich diets by using rye bran . J. Anim. Sci. , 69 : 1109 – 1115 .
  • Pointillart , A. 1993 . “ Importance of phytates and cereal phytases in the feeding of pigs ” . In Enzymes in Animal Nutrition , Edited by: Wenk , C and Boessinger , M. 192 – 198 . Zürich : Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften ETH .
  • Pointillart , A. , Fontaine , N. and Thomasset , M. 1984 . Phytate phosphorus utilization and intestinal phosphates in pigs fed low phosphorus: wheat or corn diets . Nutr. Rep. Int. , 29 : 473 – 483 .
  • Pointillart , A. , Fourdin , A. and Fontaine , N. 1987 . Importance of cereal phytase activity for phytate phosphorus utilization by growing pigs fed diets containing triticale or corn . J. Nutr. , 117 : 907 – 913 .
  • Rambeck , W. A. and Walther , P. 1993 . “ Phytase reduces cadmium retention in rats and in Japanese quails ” . In Enzymes in Animal Nutrition , Edited by: Wenk , C and Boessinger , M. 199 – 201 . Zürich : Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften ETH .
  • Ravindran , V. , Bryden , W. W. and Kornegay , E. T. 1995 . Phytates: occurrence, bioavailability, and implication in poultry nutrition . Poultry Avian Biol. Rev. , 6 (2) : 125 – 143 .
  • Rimbach , G. and Pallauf , J. 1992 . Effekt einer Zulage an mikrobieller Phytase auf die Zinkverfügbarkeit . Z. Ernährungswiss. , 31 : 269 – 277 .
  • Rimbach , G. and Pallauf , J. 1993 . Enhancement of zinc utilization from phytate‐rich soy protein isolate by microbial phytase . Z. Ernährungswiss. , 32 : 308 – 315 .
  • Rimbach , G. , Ingelmann , H.‐J. and Pallauf , J. 1994a . Antinutritive and beneficial effects of phytic acid . Akt. Ernährungsmedizin , 19 : 141 – 146 .
  • Rimbach , G. , Ingelmann , H.‐J. and Pallauf , J. 1994b . The role of phytase in the dietary bioavailability of minerals and trace elements . Ernährungsforschung , 39 : 1 – 10 .
  • Rimbach , G. , Brandt , K. , Most , E. and Pallauf , J. 1995a . Supplemental phytic acid and microbial phytase change zinc bioavailability and cadmium accumulation in growing rats . J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. , 9 : 117 – 122 .
  • Rimbach , G. , Brandt , K. , Most , E. and Pallauf , J. 1995b . Effect of phytic acid and microbial phytase on cadmium accumulation, zinc status and apparent absorption of Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn in growing rats . Ann. Nutr. Metabol. , 39 : 361 – 370 .
  • Rimbach , G. , Pallauf , J. and Walz , O. P. 1996 . Effect of microbial phytase on cadmium accumulation in pigs . Arch. Anim. Nutr. , 49 : 279 – 286 .
  • Rimbach , G. and Pallauf , J. 1997 . Cadmium accumulation, zinc status and mineral bioavailability of growing rats fed diets high in zinc with increasing amounts of phytic acid . Biol. Trace Elem. Res. , 57 (in press)
  • Rodehutscord , M. and Pfeffer , E. 1995 . Effects of supplemental microbial phytase on P digestibility and P utilization in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) . Water Sci. Technol. , 31 : 143 – 147 .
  • Rodehutscord , M. , Faust , M. and Lorenz , H. 1996 . Digestibility of phosphorus contained in soybean meal, barley and different varieties of wheat, without or with supplemental phytase fed to pigs and additivity of digestibility in a wheat‐soyabean‐meal diet . J. Anim. Physiol. a. Anim. Nutr. , 75 : 40 – 48 .
  • Rose , H. and Quarterman , J. 1984 . Effects of dietary phytic acid on lead and cadmium uptake and depletion in rats . Environ. Res. , 35 : 482 – 489 .
  • Sakamoto , K. , Vucenik , I. and Shamsuddin , A. 1993 . [3H]Phytic acid (inositol hexaphosphate) is absorbed and distributed to various tissues in rats . J. Nutr. , 123 : 713 – 720 .
  • Sandberg , A. S. and Ahderinne , R. 1986 . HPLC Method for determination of inositol tri‐, tetra‐, penta, and hexaphosphates in foods and intestinal contents . J. Food Sci. , 51 : 547 – 550 .
  • Sandberg , A. S. , Andersson , H. , Kivistö , B. and Sandström , B. 1986 . Extrusion cooking of a high fibre cereal product: Effects on digestibility and absorption of protein, fat, starch, dietary fibre and phytate in the small intestine . Br. J. Nutr. , 55 : 245 – 254 .
  • Sandberg , A. S. , Andersson , H. , Carlsson , N. G. and Sandström , B. 1987 . Degradation products of bran phytate formed during digestion in the human small intestine: Effect of extrusion cooking on digestibility . J. Nutr. , 117 : 2061 – 2065 .
  • Sandberg , A. S. and Andersson , H. 1988 . Effect of dietary phytase on the digestion of phytate in the stomach and small intestine of humans . J. Nutr. , 118 : 469 – 473 .
  • Sandberg , A. S. , Brunde , M. , Carlsson , N. G. , Hallberg , L. , Rossander‐Hulthén , L. and Sandström , B. 1993a . “ The effect of various inositol phosphates on iron and zinc absorption in humans ” . In Bioavailability ‘93, Nutritional, Chemical and Food Processing Implications of Nutrient Availability, Edited by: Schlemmer , U. 53 – 57 .
  • Sandberg , A. S. , Larsen , F. and Sandström , B. 1993b . High dietary calcium level decreases colonie phytate degradation in pigs fed a pareseed diet . J. Nutr. , 123 : 559 – 566 .
  • Schäfer , A. , Koppe , W. M. , Meyer‐Burghoff , K.‐H. and Günther , K. D. 1995 . Effects of a microbial phytase on the utilization of native phosphorus in a soybean meal based diet in carp . Water Sci. Technol. , 31 : 149 – 155 .
  • Schlemmer , U. 1995 . “ Phytinsäure und Phytasen in der Human‐ und Tierernährung ” . In Vitamine und Zusatzstoffe in der Ernährung von Mensch und Tier, 5. Symposium, Edited by: Schubert , R. , Flachowsky , G. and Bitsch , R. 354 – 365 .
  • Schöner , F. J. 1992 . Überblick über die biologischen Wirkungen und ökologische Bedeutung der Phytase bei Broiler und Legehenne. 4. Forum Tierernährung BASF AG, 4.‐5. November 1992 . Aus Forschung und Praxis , 30 : 17 – 27 .
  • Schöner , F. J. , Hoppe , P. P. and Schwarz , G. 1991 . Vergleich der Effekte von mikrobieller Phytase und anorganischem Phosphat auf die Leistungen und die Retention von Phosphor, Calcium und Rohasche bei Masthühnerküken in der Anfangsmast . J. Anim. Physiol. a. Anim. Nutr. , 66 : 248 – 255 .
  • Schöner , F. J. , Hoppe , P. P. , Schwarz , G. and Wiesche , H. 1993 . Vergleich von mikrobieller Phytase und anorganischem Phosphat bei Masthahnenküken: Wirkungen auf die Mastleistungen und die Mineralstoffretention bei variierter Calciumversorgung . J. Anim. Physiol. a. Anim. Nutr. , 69 : 235 – 244 .
  • Schröder , B. , Breves , G. and Rodehutscord , M. 1996 . Mechanisms of intestinal phosphorus absorption and availability of dietary phosphorus in pigs . Dtsch.tierärztl. Wschr. , 103 : 209 – 214 .
  • Shamsuddin , A. and Ullah , A. 1989 . Inositol hexaphosphate inhibits large intestinal cancer in F344 rats 5 months after induction by azoxymethane . Carcinogenesis , 10 : 625 – 626 .
  • Sharma , R. D. 1984 . Hypercholesteremic effect of hydroxy acid components of bengal gram . Nutr. Rep. Int. , 29 : 1315 – 1322 .
  • Simons , P. C. M. , Versteegh , H. A. J. , Jongbloed , A. W. , Kemme , P. A. , Slump , P. , Bos , K. D. , Wolters , M. G. E. , Beudeker , R. F. and Verschoor , G. J. 1990 . Improvement of phosphorus availability by microbial phytase in broilers and pigs . Br. J. Nutr. , 64 : 525 – 540 .
  • Simons , P. C. M. and Versteegh , H. A. J. 1993 . “ Role of phytase in poultry nutrition ” . In Enzymes in Animal Nutrition , Edited by: Wenk , C. and Boessinger , M. 181 – 186 . Zürich : Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften ETH .
  • Thompson , D. B. and Erdman , J. W. 1984 . The effect of soy protein isolate in the diet on retention by the rat of iron from radio‐labeled test meals . J. Nutr. , 114 : 307 – 311 .
  • Taylor , T. G. and Coleman , J. W. 1979 . A comparative study of the absorption of calcium and the availability of phytate‐phosphorus in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) and the laboratory rat . Br. J. Nutr. , 42 : 113 – 119 .
  • Tucker , H. F. and Salmon , W. D. 1955 . Parakeratosis or zinc deficiency in the pig . Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. , 88 : 613 – 616 .
  • Vemmer , H. and Oslage , H. J. 1973 . Untersuchungen zur intestinalen Absorption von Gesamtphosphor und Phytinphosphor an wachsenden Schweinen bei niedriger Phosphor‐ und Calciumversorgung . Z. Tierphysiol. Tierernährg. u. Futtermittelkde. , 31 : 129 – 136 .
  • Vogt , H. 1992a . Einsatz von Phytase im Broilermastfutter mit unterschiedlichem Phosphorgehalt . Arch. Geflügelkd. , 56 : 93 – 98 .
  • Vogt , H. 1992b . Einsatz von Phytase im Broilermastfutter mit unterschiedlichem Phosphorgehalt: 2. Versuch . Arch. Geflügelkd. , 56 : 222 – 226 .
  • Vucenik , I. , Sakamoto , K. , Bansal , K. and Shamsuddin , A. M. 1992 . Antitumor activity of phytic acid in murine transplanted and metastatic fibrosarcoma . Cancer Lett. , 65 : 9 – 13 .
  • Vucenik , I. and Shamsuddin , A. M. 1994 . [3H]Inositol hexaphosphate (phytic acid) is rapidly absorbed and metabolized by murine and human malignant cells in vitro . J. Nutr. , 124 : 861 – 868 .
  • Williams , P. J. and Taylor , T. G. 1985 . A comparative study of phytate hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal tract of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) and the laboratory rat . Br. J. Nutr. , 54 : 429 – 435 .
  • Windisch , W. , Kirchgessner , M. and Roth , F. X. 1994 . Effekt eines Zusatzes mikrobieller Phytase zu einer Weizen‐Gerste‐Soja‐Diät auf zootechnische Leistungen und scheinbare Verdaulichkeiten von P, Ca und Mg bei abgestufter P‐Versorgung von Ferkeln . Agribiol. Res. , 47 : 90 – 99 .
  • Windisch , W. and Kirchgessner , M. 1996a . Zum Einfluß von mikrobieller Phytase auf Mastleistung und den Stoffwechsel von Phosphor, Calcium und Stickstoff bei abgestufter Calcium‐Versorgung in der Broilermast . Arch. Geflügelkd. , 60 (1) : 42 – 47 .
  • Windisch , W. and Kirchgessner , M. 1996b . Zum Effekt von Phytase auf die scheinbare Verdaulichkeit und Gesamtverwertung von Eisen, Kupfer, Zink und Mangan bei abgestufter Ca‐Versorgung in der Ferkelaufzucht und in der Broilermast . Agribiol. Res. , 49 : 23 – 29 .
  • Wise , A. 1981 . Protective action of calcium phytate against acute lead toxicity in mice . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 27 : 630 – 633 .
  • Wise , A. and Gilburt , D. J. 1981 . Binding of cadmium and lead on the calcium‐phytate complex in vitro . Toxicol. Lett. , 9 : 45 – 50 .
  • Wise , A. and Gilburt , D. J. 1982 . Phytate hydrolysis by germfree and conventional rats . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 43 : 753 – 756 .
  • Xu , P. , Price , J. and Aggett , P. J. 1992 . Recent advances in methodology for analysis of phytate and inositol phosphates in foods . Prog. Food Nutr. , 16 : 245 – 262 .
  • Yang , W. J. , Matsuda , Y. , Sano , S. , Matsutani , H. and Nakagawa , H. 1991a . Purification and characterization of phytase from rat intestinal mucosa . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 1075 : 75 – 82 .
  • Yang , W. J. , Matsuda , Y. , Inomata , M. and Nakagawa , H. 1991b . Developmental and dietary induction of the 90k subunit of rat intestinal phytase . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 1075 : 83 – 87 .
  • Yi , Z. , Kornegay , E. T. , Ravindran , V. and Denbow , D. M. 1996 . Improving phytate phosphorus availability in corn and soybean meal for broilers using microbial phytase and calculation of phosphorus equivalency values for phytase . Poultry Sci. , 75 : 240 – 249 .
  • Yoon , J. H. , Thompson , L. U. and Jenkins , D. J. A. 1983 . The effect of phytic acid on in vitro rate of starch digestibility and blood glucose response . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 38 : 835 – 842 .
  • Zhou , J. R. and Erdman , J. W. 1995 . Phytic acid in health and disease . Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. , 35 (6) : 495 – 508 .
  • Zimmermann , J. 1993 . Does dietary calcium supplementation reduce the risk of colon cancer? . Nutr. Rev. , 51 : 109 – 112 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.