Fermented liquid feed for pigs

References

• Adams , M and Mitchell , R . 2002 . Fermentation and pathogen control: A risk assessment approach . Int J Food Microbiol , 9 : 75 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amezcua , M DR , Friendship , R M , Dewey , C E , Weese , S and de Lange , C FM . 2007 . The effect of feeding fermented liquid whey + dextrose inoculated with specific lactic acid bacteria of pig origin to weanling pigs challenged with Escherichia coli O149:K91:F4 . Vet Ther , 8 : 209 – 222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey , M , Haverson , K , Inman , C , Harris , C , Jones , P , Corfield , G , Miller , B and Stokes , C . 2005 . The development of the mucosal immune system pre- and post-weaning: balancing regulatory and effector function . Proc Nutr Soc , 64 : 451 – 457 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber , J . 1992 . The rationalisation of drinking water supplies for pig housing [Phd Thesis]. [Plymouth, UK]: Polytechnic South West
   Google Scholar
• Barber , J , Brooks , P H and Carpenter , J L . 1991 . The effects of water to food ratio on the digestibility, digestible energy and nitrogen retention of a grower ration . Anim Prod , 52 : 601
   Google Scholar
• Beal , J D , Niven , S J , Brooks , P H and Gill , B P . 2005 . Variation in short chain fatty acid and ethanol concentration resulting from the natural fermentation of wheat and barley for inclusion in liquid diets for pigs . J Sci Food Agric , 85 : 433 – 440 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beal , J D , Niven , S J , Campbell , A and Brooks , P H . 2002 . The effect of temperature on the growth and persistence of Salmonella in fermented liquid pig feed . Int J Food Microbiol , 79 : 99 – 104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braude , R . Feeding methods . Pig production. Proceedings of the 18th Easter School in Agricultural Science, University of Nottingham . Edited by: Cole , D JA . pp. 279 – 291 . London : Butterworths .
   Google Scholar
• Brooks , P H . The potential of liquid feeding systems . Concepts in pig science. The 1st Annual Turtle Lake Pig Science Conference . UK. Edited by: Lyons , T P and Cole , D JA . pp. 81 – 98 . Nottingham Nutrition .
   Google Scholar
• Brooks , P H . Liquid feeding as a means to promote pig health . London Swine Conference: Maintaining your competitive edge; 9–10 April 2003 . pp. 83 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Brooks , P H . 2008 . Fermented liquid feed for pigs. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science . Nutrition and Natural Resources , 3 ( 073 ) : 18
   Google Scholar
• Brooks , P H and Tsourgiannis , C A . 2003 . “ Weaning the pig, concepts and consequences ” . In Factors affecting the voluntary feed intake of the weaned pig , Edited by: Pluske , J R , Le Dividich , J and Verstegen , M WA . 81 – 116 . Wageningen, , The Netherlands : Wageningen Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Brooks , P H , Beal , J D and Niven , S . Liquid feeding of pigs I. Potential for reducing environmental impact and for improving productivity . Animal science papers and reports. Presented at the conference: Effect of genetic and non-genetic factors on carcass and meat quality of pigs . April 24–25 2003 , Siedlce, Poland. Vol. 21(Suppl. 1) , pp. 7 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Brooks , P H , Beal , J D , Niven , S and Demečková , V . Liquid feeding of pigs II. Potential for improving pig health and food safety . Animal science papers and reports. Presented at the conference: Effect of genetic and non-genetic factors on carcass and meat quality of pigs; 24–25 April 2003; Siedlce, Poland . Vol. 21(Suppl. 1):23–39
   Google Scholar
• Brooks , P H , Moran , C A , Beal , J D , Demečková , V and Campbell , A . The weaner pig: Nutrition and management . Liquid feeding for the young piglet . Edited by: Varley , M A and Wiseman , J . pp. 153 – 178 . Wallingford, , UK : CABI Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Bruininx , E MAM , Koninkx , J FJG , Binnendijk , G P , Zandstra , T , Heetkamp , M JW , van der Peet-Schwering , C MC and Gerrits , W JJ . 2010 . Effects of prefermented cereals or the end products of fermentation on growth and metabolism of enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells and on intestinal health of restrictedly fed weanling pigs . Animal , 4 : 40 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canibe , N and Jensen , B B . 2003 . Fermented and nonfermented liquid feed to growing pigs: Effect on aspects of gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance . J Anim Sci , 81 : 2019 – 2031 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canibe , N and Jensen , B B . 2007 . Fermented liquid feed and fermented grain to piglets – effect on gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance . Livest Sci , 108 : 198 – 201 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canibe , N , Højberg , O , Badsberg , J H and Jensen , B B . 2007a . Effect of feeding fermented liquid feed and fermented grain on gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance in piglets . J Anim Sci , 85 : 2959 – 2771 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canibe , N , Miquel , N , Miettinen , H and Jensen , B B . Addition of formic acid or starter cultures to liquid feed. Effect on pH, microflora composition, organic acid and ammonia concentration . 15th Forum for Applied Biotechnology; 24–25 September 2001; Gent, Belgium . pp. 431 – 432 .
   Google Scholar
• Canibe , N , Virtanen , E and Jensen , B B . 2007b . Effect of acid addition to pig liquid feed on its microbial and nutritional characteristics . Livest Sci , 108 : 202 – 205 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canibe , N , Virtanen , E and Jensen , B B . 2007c . Microbial and nutritional characteristics of pig liquid feed during fermentation . Anim Feed Sci Technol , 134 : 108 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canibe , N , Miettinen , H and Jensen , B B . 2008 . Effect of adding Lactobacillus plantarum or a formic acid containing-product to fermented liquid fee don gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance of piglets . Livest Sci , 114 : 251 – 262 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson , D and Poulsen , H D . 2003 . Phytate degradation in soaked and fermented liquid feed – effect of diet, time of soaking, heat treatment, phytase activity, pH and temperature . Anim Feed Sci Technol , 103 : 141 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chae , B J . 2000 . Impacts of wet feeding of diets on growth and carcass traits in pigs . J Appl Anim Res , 17 : 81 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choct , M , Selby , E AD , Cadogan , D J and Campbell , R G . 2004a . Effect of liquid feed ratio, steeping time, and enzyme supplementation on the performance of weaner pigs . Aust J Agr Res , 55 : 247 – 252 .
   Google Scholar
• Choct , M , Selby , E AD , Cadogan , D J and Campbell , R G . 2004b . Effects of particle size, processing, and dry or liquid feeding on performance of piglets . Aust J Agr Res , 55 : 237 – 245 .
   Google Scholar
• Christensen , P , Glitso , V , Pettersson , D and Wischmann , B . 2007 . Fibre degrading enzymes and Lactobacillus plantarum influence liquid feed characteristics and the solubility of fibre components and dry matter in vitro . Livest Sci , 109 : 100 – 103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway , P . Function and regulation of the gastrointestinal microbiota of the pig . Proceedings of the VIth international symposium on digestive physiology in pigs . pp. 231 – 240 .
   Google Scholar
• da Silva , C A , Kronka , R N , Thomaz , M C , Kronka , S N , Soto , W C and de Carvalho , L E . 2001 . Wet feeding and water and rations with sweetener for weaned 21-d old piglets and its effects on intestinal histology and enzymatic development . Rev Bras Zootec , 30 : 794 – 801 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Silva , C A , Kronka , R N , Thomaz , M C , Kronka , S N , Soto , W C and de Carvalho , L E . 2002 . Wet feeding and water and rations with sweetener for piglets weaned at 21 days and its effects on performance at 90 kg live weight . Cienc Rural , 32 : 681 – 686 .
   Google Scholar
• Danish Pig Federation . Liquid feed for piglets in the period from 10–35 kg live weight . Publication No. 210. The National Committee for Pig Breeding, Health and Production . Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Google Scholar
• Demečková , V , Kelly , D , Coutts , A GP , Brooks , P H and Campbell , A . 2002 . The effect of fermented liquid feeding on the faecal microbiology and colostrum quality of farrowing sows . Int J Food Microbiol , 79 : 85 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deprez , P , Deroose , P , Van den Hende , C , Muylle , E and Oyaert , W . 1987 . Liquid versus dry feeding in weaned piglets: The influence on small intestinal morphology . J Vet Med , 34 : 254 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dierick , N A , Vervaeke , I J , Decuypere , J A and Henderickx , H K . 1986a . Influence of the gut flora and of some growth-promoting feed additives on nitrogen metabolism in pigs. I, studies in vitro . Livest Prod Sci , 14 : 161 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Dierick , N A , Vervaeke , I J , Decuypere , J A and Henderickx , H K . 1986b . Influence of the gut flora and of some growth-promoting feed additives on nitrogen metabolism in pigs. II, studies in vivo . Livest Prod Sci , 14 : 177 – 193 .
   Google Scholar
• Easter , R A . 1993 . “ Recent developments in pig nutrition 2 ” . In Acidification of diets for pigs , Edited by: Cole , D JA , Haresign , W and Garnsworthy , P C . 256 – 266 . Nottingham, , UK : Nottingham University Press .
   Google Scholar
• European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) . 2006 . Opinion of the scientific panel on biological hazards on the request from the Commission related to the public health risks of feeding farmed animals with ready to use dairy products without further treatment . EFSA J , 340 : 1 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Everts , H , Salden , N , Lemmens , A G , Wijers , J and Beynen , A C . 2000 . High intakes of L+ and D− lactic acid are efficiently metabolized by pigs and rats . J Anim Physiol A Anim Nutr , 83 : 224 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes , T J and Walker , N . 1968 . The utilisation of wet feed by bacon pigs with special reference to pipe-line feedings . J Agric Sci , 71 : 145 – 151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geary , T M , Brooks , P H , Beal , J D and Campbell , A . 1999 . Effect on weaner pig performance and diet microbiology of feeding a liquid diet acidified to pH 4 with either lactic acid or through fermentation with Pediococcus acidilactici . J Sci Food Agric , 79 : 633 – 640 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geary , T M , Brooks , P H , Morgan , D T , Campbell , A and Russell , P J . 1996 . Performance of weaner pigs fed ad libitum with liquid feed at different dry matter concentrations . J Sci Food Agric , 72 : 17 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill , B P . 1989 . Water use by pigs managed under various conditions of housing, feeding and nutrition [Phd Thesis] [Plymouth, UK]: Plymouth Polytechnic
   Google Scholar
• Gill , B P , Brooks , P H and Carpenter , J L . 1987 . “ Pig housing and the environment: Occasional publication No. 11 ” . In Voluntary water intake by growing pigs offered liquid feed of differing water to meal ratios Edited by: Smith , A T and Lawrence , T L . J Br Soc Animal Product. 131–133
   Google Scholar
• Han , Y K , Thacker , P A and Yang , J S . 2006 . Effects of the duration of liquid feeding on performance and nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs . Asian-Australas J Anim Sci , 19 : 396 – 401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen , I B and Jørgensen , L . 1992 . Soaked or dry feed to piglets the first two weeks after weaning Publication No. 236. Meddelelse. The National Committee for Pig Breeding, Health and Production, Copenhagen, Denmark [in Danish]
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , I D and Mortensen , B . 1989 . Pipe-cleaners beware . Pig Int , 19 : 8 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , L L , Mikkelsen , L L , Agerham , H , Laue , A , Jensen , M T and Jensen , B B . 2000 . Effect of fermented liquid food and zinc bacitracin on microbial metabolism in the gut and sensoric profile of m. longissimus dorsi from entire male and female pigs . Anim Sci , 71 : 65 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , R . 1814 . A treatise on the breeding of swine and curing of bacon , 2nd ed , Edinburgh, , UK : A. Constable and Co .
   Google Scholar
• Heres , L , Engel , B , Van Knapen , F , Wagenaar , J A and Urlings , B AP . 2003 . Effect of fermented feed on the susceptibility for Campylobacter jejuni colonisation in broiler chickens with and without concurrent inoculation of Salmonella enteritidis . Int J Food Microbiol , 87 : 75 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Højberg , O , Canibe , N , Knudsen , B and Jensen , B B . 2003 . Potential rates of fermentation in digesta from the gastrointestinal tract of pigs: Effect of feeding fermented liquid feed . Appl Environ Microbiol , 69 : 408 – 418 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurst , D . 2002 . The influence of liquid feeding on gastrointestinal adaptation, growth and performance in the growing pig [Phd Thesis] [Ashford, Kent, UK]: Imperial College at Wye and University of London
   Google Scholar
• Hurst , D , Clarke , L and Lean , I J . 2008 . Effect of feeding at different water-to-feed ratios on the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs . Animal , 2 : 1297 – 1302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen , B B . Effect of diet composition and Virginiamycin® on microbial activity in the digestive tract of pigs . Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on digestive physiology in the pig; Polish Academy of Science . pp. 392 – 400 .
   Google Scholar
• Jensen , B B and Mikkelsen , L L . 1998 . “ Feeding liquid diets to pigs ” . In Recent advances in animal nutrition , Edited by: Garnsworthy , P C and Wiseman , J . 107 – 126 . Nottingham, , UK : Nottingham University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , J H . 1999 . Liquid feeding for pigs: Impact on growth, protein deposition and days to market weight [PhD. Thesis]. [Suweon, Korea]: Seoul National University
   Google Scholar
• Kim , J H , Heo , K N , Odle , J , Han , I K and Harrell , R J . 2001 . Liquid diets accelerate the growth of early weaned pigs and effects are maintained to market weight . J Anim Sci , 79 : 427 – 434 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjeldsen , N . 1993 . “ Practical experience with production and slaughter of entire male pigs ” . In Measurement and prevention of boar taint in entire male pigs Edited by: Bonneau , M . INRA, Paris, France, Les Colloques No. 60. p 137–144
   Google Scholar
• Kneale , W A . 1972 . A comparison of commercial wet and dry feeding systems for fattening bacon pigs . Exper Husbandry , 21 : 51 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Kobashi , Y , Ohmori , H , Tajima , K , Kawashima , T and Uchiyama , H . 2008 . Reduction of chlortetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli in weaned piglets fed fermented liquid feed . Anaerobe , 14 : 201 – 204 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konstantinov , S R , Favier , C F , Zhu , W Y , Williams , B A , Klüss , J , Souffrant , W BN , de Vos , W M , Akkermans , A DL and Smidt , H . 2004 . Microbial diversity studies of the porcine gastrointestinal ecosystem during weaning transition . Anim Res , 53 : 317 – 324 .
   Google Scholar
• Kornegay , E T , Thomas , H R , Handlin , D L , Noland , P R and Burbank , D K . 1981 . Wet versus dry diets for weaned pigs . J Anim Sci , 52 : 14 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lallès , J-P , Bosi , P , Smidt , H and Stokes , C R . 2007 . Weaning – a challenge to gut physiologists . Livest Sci , 108 : 82 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawlor , P G , Lynch , P B , Gardiner , G E , Caffrey , P J and O'Doherty , J V . 2002 . Effect of liquid feeding weaned pigs on growth performance to harvest . J Anim Sci , 80 : 1725 – 1735 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo Fo Wong , D MA , Dahl , J , Wingstrand , A , Van der Wolf , P J , Von Altrock , A and Thorberg , B M . 2004 . A European longitudinal study in Salmonella seronegative and seropositive-classified finishing pig herds . Epidemiol Infect , 132 : 903 – 914 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrell , D S and Camilli , A . 2002 . Acid tolerance of gastrointestinal pathogens. Curr . Opin Microbiol , 5 : 51 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikkelsen , L L and Jensen , B B . Effect of fermented liquid feed (FLF) on growth performance and microbial activity in the gastrointestinal tract of weaned piglets . Proceedings of the 7th symposium on digestive physiology in pigs . Saint Malo, France. Edited by: Laplace , J P , Fevrier , C and Barbeau , A . pp. 639 – 642 . EAAP Publication No. 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Mikkelsen , L L and Jensen , B B . 1998 . Performance and microbial activity in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets fed fermented liquid feed at weaning . J Anim Feed Sci , 7 : 211 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikkelsen , L L and Jensen , B B . 2000 . Effect of fermented liquid fee don the activity and composition of the microbiota in the gut of pigs . Pig News Info , 21 : 59N – 66N .
   Google Scholar
• Missotten , J AM . 2010 . Fermented liquid feed for piglets [PhD. Thesis]. [Ghent, Belgium]: Ghent University
   Google Scholar
• Missotten , J AM , Michiels , J , Goris , J , Herman , L , Heyndrickx , M , De Smet , S and Dierick , N A . 2007 . Screening of two probiotic products for use in fermented liquid feed . Livest Sci , 108 : 232 – 235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montagne , L , Boudry , G , Favier , C , Le Huërou-Luron , I , Lallès , J-P and Sève , B . 2007 . Main intestinal markers associated with the changes in gut architecture and function in piglets after weaning . Brit J Nutr , 97 : 45 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran , C A . 2001 . Development and benefits of liquid diets for newly weaned pigs [PhD. Thesis]. [Plymouth, UK]: University of Plymouth
   Google Scholar
• Moran , C A , Scholten , R HJ , Tricarico , J M , Brooks , P H and Verstegen , M WA . 2006 . Fermentation of wheat: Effects of backslopping different proportions of pre-fermented wheat on the microbial and chemical composition . Arch Anim Nutr , 60 : 158 – 169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mul , A J and Perry , F G . 1994 . “ The role of fructo-oligosaccharides in animal nutrition ” . In Recent advances in animal nutrition , Edited by: Garnsworthy , P C and Cole , DJA . 54 – 79 . Nottingham, , UK : Nottingham University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Niba , A T , Beal , J D , Kudi , A C and Brooks , P H . 2009 . Potential of bacterial fermentation as a biosafe method of improving feeds for pigs and poultry . African J Biotechn , 8 : 1758 – 1767 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen , E K and Madsen , A . 1978 . Feeding strategy for slaughter pigs. 1. Dry or soaked feed. Publication No. 233. Meddelelse , Tjele, , Denmark : National Institute of Animal Science [in Danish] .
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen , H E , Danielsen , V and Larsen , A E . 1983 . Liquid feeding using water or fermented milk to piglets weaned at an age of five weeks Publication No. 462. Meddelelse , Tjele, , Denmark : National Institute of Animal Science [in Danish] .
   Google Scholar
• Nitrayová , S , Patrás , P , Brestenský , M , Zelenka , J , Brož , J and Heger , J . 2009 . Effect of microbial phytase and diet fermentation on ileal and total tract digestibility of nutrients and energy in growing pigs . Czech J Anim Sci , 54 : 163 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niven , S J , Beal , J D and Brooks , P H . 2006 . The effect of controlled fermentation on the fate of synthetic lysine in liquid diets for pigs . Anim Feed Sci Technol , 129 : 304 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nout , M JR , Rombouts , F M and Havelaar , A . 1989 . Effects of accelerated natural lactic fermentation of infant food ingredients on some pathogenic microorganisms . Int J Food Microbiol , 8 : 351 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olstorpe , M , Lyberg , K , Lindberg , J E , Schnürer , J and Passoth , V . 2008 . Population diversity of yeasts and lactic acid bacteria in pig feed fermented with whey, wet wheat distillers' grains, or water at different temperatures . Appl Environ Microb , 74 : 1696 – 1703 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partridge , G G , Fisher , J , Gregory , H and Prior , S G . 1992 . Automated wet feeding of weaner pig versus conventional dry diet feeding: Effects on growth rate and food consumption . Anim Prod , 54 : 484
   Google Scholar
• Partridge , G G and Gill , B P . 1993 . “ New approaches with pig weaner diets ” . In Recent advances in animal nutrition , Edited by: Garnsworthy , P C and Cole , D JA . 221 – 248 . Nottingham, , UK : Nottingham University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , D C . 1989 . A comparison of various feeding systems for finishing pigs . Anim Feed Sci Technol , 26 : 251 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen , A Ø . 2001 . Fermented liquid feed for weaners Report No. 510. The National Committee for Pig Production, Danish Bacon and Meat Council
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen , A Ø , Maribo , H , Canibe , N , Hansen , I D and Aaslyng , M D . 2002a . Fermented liquid feed for finishers – mixed on-farm with whey not containing formic acid Report No. 566. The National Committee for Pig Production, Copenhagen
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen , A Ø , Maribo , H , Jensen , B B , Hansen , I D and Aaslyng , M D . 2002b . Fermented grain in liquid feed for heavy pigs Report No. 547. Danish Bacon and Meat Council, Denmark
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen , C , Johnsson , H , Lindberg , J E and Roos , S . 2004 . Microbiological characterization of wet wheat distillers' grain, with focus on isolation of Lactobacilli with potential as probiotics . Appl Environ Microbiol , 70 : 1522 – 1527 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen , A Ø , Maribo , H , Kranker , S , Canibe , N , Hansen , I D and Aaslyng , M D . 2002c . Fermented liquid feed for finishers – pelleted feed Report No. 567. The National Committee for Pig Production, Copenhagen
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen , C , Roos , S , Johnsson , H and Lindberg , J E . 2005 . Performance, feeding behaviour and microbial diversity in weaned piglets fed liquid diets based on water or wet wheat-distillers grain . Arch Anim Nutr , 59 : 165 – 179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plumed-Ferrer , C , Kivelä , I , Hyvönen , P and Von Wright , A . 2005 . Survival, growth and persistence under farm conditions of a Lactobacillus plantarum strain inoculated into liquid pig feed . JAppl Microbiol , 99 : 851 – 858 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plumed-Ferrer , C , Llopis , M , Hyvönen , P and Von Wright , A . 2004 . Characterization of the microbial community and its changes in liquid piglet feed formulations . J Sci Food Agric , 84 : 1315 – 1318 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plumed-Ferrer , C and Von Wright , A . 2009 . Fermented pig liquid feed: nutritional, safety and regulatory aspects . J Appl Microb , 106 : 351 – 368 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pluske , J R , Hampson , D J and Williams , I H . 1997 . Factors influencing the structure and function of the small intestine in the weaned pig: A review . Livest Prod Sci , 51 : 215 – 236 .
   Google Scholar
• Radecki , S V , Juhl , M R and Miller , E R . 1988 . Fumaric and citric acids as fed additives in starter pig diets: Effect on performance and nutrition balance . J Anim Sci , 66 : 2598 – 2605 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth , F X and Kirchgessner , M . 1998 . Organic acids as feed additive for young pigs: Nutritional and gastrointestinal effects . J Anim Feed Sci , 7 : 25 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royer , E , Moundy , G , Albar , J and Martineau , G-P . 2004a . Descriptive study of the microbiological contamination load of the liquid feeding system in nine pig farms: 1. Effect of the various parts of the system . Revue Méd Vét , 155 : 609 – 618 . [in French]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royer , E , Moundy , G , Albar , J and Martineau , G-P . 2004b . Preliminary results of the impact of cleaning – disinfection of liquid feeding systems on the intestinal distension syndrome of finishing pigs . Revue Méd Vét , 155 : 523 – 529 . [in French]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royer , E , Moundy , G , Albar , J and Martineau , G-P . 2005 . Descriptive study of the microbiological contamination load of the liquid feeding system in nine pig farms: 2. Effect of residual liquids and feeds . Revue Méd Vét , 156 : 23 – 28 . [in French]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , P , Geary , T , Brooks , P and Campbell , A . 1996 . Performance, water use and effluent output of weaner pigs fed ad libitum with either dry pellets or liquid feed and the role of microbial activity in the liquid feed . J Sci Food Agric , 72 : 8 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salovaara , H . 1998 . “ Lactic acid bacteria: Microbiology and functional aspects ” . In Lactic acid bacteria in cereal-based products , 2nd ed , Edited by: Salminen , S and Von Wright , A . 115 – 137 . New York, , US : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Scholten , R HJ , Hoofs , A IJ and Beurskens-Voermans , M P . 1997 . Bijproductenrantsoen voor vleesvarkens: Invloed van voerniveau en aminozuurgehalte Praktijkonderzoek Varkenshouderij, Rosmalen. p. 1–12 [in Dutch]
   Google Scholar
• Scholten , R HJ , van der Peet-Schwering , C MC , den Hartog , L A , Vesseur , P C and Verstegen , M WA . 1999a . Effect of liquid by-products on performance and health of pigs . Pig News Info , 20 : 81N – 88N .
   Google Scholar
• Scholten , R HJ , Rijnen , M MJA , Schrama , J W , Boer , H , van der Peet-Schwering , C MC , Den Hartog , L A , Vesseur , P C and Verstegen , M WA . 2001a . Fermentation of liquid coproducts and liquid compound diets: Part 2. Effects of pH, acid-binding capacity, organic acids and ethanol during a 6-day storage period . J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr , 85 : 124 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholten , R HJ , Rijnen , M MJA , Schrama , J W , Boer , H , Vesseur , P C , Den Hartog , L A , van der Peet-Schwering , C MC and Verstegen , M WA . 2001b . Fermentation of liquid coproducts and liquid compound diets: Part 1. Effects on chemical composition during a 6-day storage period . J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr , 85 : 111 – 123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholten , R HJ , van der Peet-Schwering , C MC , den Hartog , L A , Balk , M , Schrama , J W and Verstegen , W MA . 2002 . Fermented wheat in liquid diets: Effects on gastrointestinal characteristics in weanling piglets . J Anim Sci , 80 : 1179 – 1186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholten , R HJ , van der Peet-Schwering , C MC , Verstegen , W MA , den Hartog , L A , Schrama , J W and Vesseur , P C . 1999b . Fermented co-products and fermented compound diets for pigs: A review . Anim Feed Sci Technol , 82 : 1 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smed , A F . 1994 . Dry versus liquid feeding of female and entire male pigs. Publication No. 276. Meddelelse , Copenhagen, , Denmark : The National Committee for Pig Breeding, Health and Production [in Danish] .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , P . 1976 . A comparison of dry, wet and soaked meal for fattening bacon pigs . Exper Husbandry , 30 : 87 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Stokes , C R , Bailey , M , Haverson , K , Harris , C , Jones , P , Inman , C , Pié , S , Oswald , I P , Williams , B A , Akkermans , A DL , Sowa , E , Rothkötter , H J and Miller , B G . 2004 . Postnatal development of intestinal immune system in piglets: Implications for the process of weaning . Anim Res , 53 : 325 – 334 .
   Google Scholar
• Tielen , M JM , Van Schie , F W , Van der Wolf , P J , Elbers , A RW , Koppens , J MCC and Wolbers , W B . Risk factors and control measures for subclinical Salmonella infection in pig herds . Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on epidemiology and control of Salmonella in pork . Edited by: Bech-Nielsen , S and Nielsen , J P . pp. 32 – 35 . Copenhagen, , Denmark : Federation of Danish Pig Producers and Slaughterhouses .
   Google Scholar
• Van de Pas , P , van der Peet-Schwering , C MC and Hoofs , A . 1989 . Vergelijking van brijvoedering met droogvoedering bij gespeende biggen en vleesvarkens Proefverslag PI.45, Praktijkonderzoek Varkenshouderij, Rosmalen [in Dutch]
   Google Scholar
• Van der Wolf , P J , Bongers , J H , Elbers , A RW , Franssen , F MMC , Hunneman , W A , Van Exsel , A CA and Tielen , M JM . 1999 . Salmonella infections in finishing pigs in The Netherlands: Bacteriological herd prevalence, serogroup and antibiotic resistance of isolates and risk factors for infection . Vet Microbiol , 67 : 263 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Wolf , P J , Wolbers , W B , Elbers , A RW , Van der Heijden , H MJF , Koppen , J MCC , Hunneman , W A , van Schie , F W and Tielen , M JM . 2001 . Herd level husbandry factors associated with the serological Salmonella prevalence in finishing pig herds in The Netherlands . Vet Microbiol , 78 : 205 – 219 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Winsen , R L , Keuzekamp , D , Urlings , B AP , Lipman , L JA , Snijders , J AM , Verheijden , J HM and Van Knapen , F . 2002 . Effect of fermented feed on shedding of Enterobacteriaceae by fattening pigs . Vet Microbiol , 87 : 267 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Winsen , R L , Lipman , L JA , Biesterveld , S , Urlings , B AP , Snijders , J MA and Van Knapen , F . 2000 . Mechanism of Salmonella reduction in fermented pig feed . J Sci Food Agric , 81 : 342 – 346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Winsen , R L , Urlings , B AP , Lipman , L JA , Snijders , J MA , Keuzenkamp , D , Verheijden , J HM and Van Knapen , F . 2001 . Effect of fermented feed on the microbial population of the gastrointestinal tracts of pigs . Appl Environ Microb , 67 : 3071 – 3076 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vente-Spreeuwenberg , M AM and Beynen , A C . 2003 . “ Weaning the pig, concepts and consequences ” . In Diet-mediated modulation of small intestinal integrity in weaned piglets. Wageningen , Edited by: Pluske , J R , Le Dividich , J and Verstegen , M WA . 145 – 198 . The Netherlands : Wageningen Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Vente-Spreeuwenberg , M AM , Verdonk , J MAJ , Verstegen , M WA and Beynene , A C . 2003 . Villus height and gut development in weaned piglets receiving diets containing either glucose, lactose or starch . Brit J Nutr , 90 : 907 – 913 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xuan Dung , N N , Manh , L H and Ogle , B . 2005 . Effects of fermented liquid feeds on the performance, digestibility, nitrogen retention and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) of growing-finishing pigs Livestock Research for Rural Development [Internet]. 17(9):Article #102. Available from: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd17/9/xdun17102.htm
   Google Scholar
• Yang , T S , Howard , B E and McFarlane , W V . 1981 . Effects of food on drinking behaviour of growing pigs . Appl Anim Ethol , 7 : 259 – 270 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar