1,957
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL ARTICLES

Red sea urchins (Echinus esculentus) and water flow influence epiphytic macroalgae density

, , , &
Pages 375-384 | Accepted 10 Jun 2014, Published online: 03 Nov 2014

References

  • Agresti A. 2013. Categorical Data Analysis. Gainesville, FL: Wiley. 744 pages.
  • Albretsen J, Sperrevik AK, Staalstrøm A, Sandvik AD, Vikebø F, Asplin L. 2011. NorKyst-800 Report No. 1: User Manual and Technical Description. Fisken og Havet 2, Bergen. 46 pages.
  • Barton K. 2013. MuMIn: Multi-model inference. R package version 1.9.5. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=MuMIn (accessed 12 October 2014).
  • Bekkby T, Rinde E, Erikstad L, Bakkestuen V. 2009. Spatial predictive distribution modelling of the kelp species Laminaria hyperborea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66:2106–15.10.1093/icesjms/fsp195
  • Bekkby T, Rinde E, Gundersen H, Norderhaug KM, Gitmark JK, Christie H. 2014. Length, strength and water flow: Relative importance of wave and current exposure on morphology in kelp Laminaria hyperborea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 506:61–70.
  • Burnham KP, Anderson DR, Huyvaert K. 2011. AIC model selection and multimodel inference in behavorial ecology: Some background observations and comparisons. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 65:23–35.10.1007/s00265-010-1029-6
  • Bustnes JO, Christie H, Lorentzen SH. 1997. Seabirds, Kelp Beds and Kelp Trawling: A Summary of Knowledge. NINA Impact Assessment Report 472. 43 pages.
  • Christensen RHB. 2012. Ordinal – Regression models for ordinal data. R package version 2012.09-11. Computer program. http://www.cran.r-project.org/package=ordinal/ (accessed 2 August 2013).
  • Christie H, Jørgensen NM, Norderhaug KM, Waage-Nielsen E. 2003. Species distribution and habitat exploitation of fauna associated with kelp (Laminaria hyperborea) along the Norwegian coast. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83:687–99.10.1017/S0025315403007653h
  • Christie H, Jørgensen NM, Norderhaug KM. 2007. Bushy or smooth, high or low: Importance of habitat architecture and vertical position for distribution of fauna on kelp. Journal of Sea Research 58:198–208.10.1016/j.seares.2007.03.006
  • Denny MW, Gaylord BP. 1996. Why the urchin lost its spine: Hydrodynamic forces and survivorship in three echinoids. Journal of Experimental Biology 199:717–29.10.4319/lo.1998.43.5.0955
  • Diniz JAF, Rangel T, Bini LM. 2008. Model selection and information theory in geographical ecology. Global Ecology and Biogeography 17:479–88.10.1111/j.1466-8238.2008.00395.x
  • Eriksson BK, Sandström A, Isæus M, Schreiber H, Karås P. 2004. Effects of boating activities on aquatic vegetation in the Stockholm archipelago, Baltic Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 61:339–49.10.1016/j.ecss.2004.05.009
  • Estes JA, Tinker MT, Williams TM, Doak DF. 1998. Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore ecosystems. Science 282:473–76.10.1126/science.282.5388.473
  • Fagerli CW, Norderhaug KM, Christie H. 2013. Lack of sea urchin settlement may explain kelp forest recovery in overgrazed areas in Norway. Marine Ecology Progress Series 488:119–32.10.3354/meps10413
  • Fagerli CW, Norderhaug KM, Christie H, Pedersen MF, Fredriksen S. 2014. Predators of the destructive sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) on the Norwegian coast. Marine Ecology Progress Series 502:207–18.10.3354/meps10701
  • Feehan C, Scheibling RE, Lauzon-Guay JS. 2012. Aggregative feeding behavior in sea urchins leads to destructive grazing in a Nova Scotian kelp bed. Marine Ecology Progress Series 444:69–83.10.3354/meps09441
  • Harrold C, Pearse JS. 1987. The ecological role of echinoderms in kelp forests. Echinoderm Studies 2:137–233.
  • Husa V, Steen H, Sjøtun K. 2014. Historical changes in macroalgal communities in Hardangerfjord (Norway). Marine Biology Research 10:226–40.10.1080/17451000.2013.810751
  • Isæus M. 2004. Factors Structuring Fucus Communities at Open and Complex Coastlines in the Baltic Sea. Doctoral Thesis. University of Stockholm, Sweden: Department of Botany. 40 pages.
  • Isæus M, Rygg B. 2005. Wave Exposure Calculations for the Finnish Coast. Oslo: NIVA Report 5075. 24 pages.
  • Jones NS, Kain JM. 1967. Subtidal algal colonization following the removal of Echinus. Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 15:460–66.10.1007/BF01618642
  • Kain JM. 1971a. The biology of Laminaria hyperborea VI. Some Norwegian populations. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 51:387–408.10.1017/S0025315400031866
  • Kain JM. 1971b. Synopsis of Biological Data on Laminaria hyperborea. Rome: FAO Fish Synopsis 87. 74 pages.
  • Kålås JA, Viken Å, Bakken T. 2006. Norwegian Red List. Trondheim, Norway: The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre. 416 pages.
  • LaCasce JH, Røed LP, Bertino L, Ådlandsvik B. 2007. CONMAN Technical Report 2: Analysis of Model Results. Oslo: Norwegian Meteorological Institute Report 5/2007. 44 pages.
  • Li H, Calder CA, Cressie N. 2007. Beyond Moran's I: Testing for spatial dependence based on the spatial autoregressive model. Geographical Analysis 39:357–75.10.1111/j.1538-4632.2007.00708.x
  • Mann KH. 2000. Ecology of Coastal Waters. Malden, MA: Blackwell. 406 pages.
  • Marshall W. 1960. An underwater study of the epiphytes of Laminaria hyperborea (Gunn.) Fosl. British Phycological Bulletin 2:18–19.
  • McCullagh P. 1980. Regression-models for ordinal data. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B 42:109–42.
  • Norderhaug KM, Christie H. 2007. Reetablering av tareskog i områder av midt-Norge som tidligere har vært beitet av kråkeboller. Oslo: NIVA Report 5516. 20 pages. ( in Norwegian)
  • Norderhaug KM, Christie H. 2009. Sea urchin grazing and kelp re-vegetation in the NE Atlantic. Marine Biology Research 5:515–28.10.1080/17451000902932985
  • Norderhaug KM, Christie H, Rinde E. 2002. Colonisation of kelp imitations by epiphyte and holdfast fauna: A study of mobility patterns. Marine Biology 141:965–73.10.1007/s00227-002-0893-7
  • Norderhaug KM, Christie H, Andersen GS, Bekkby T. 2012. Does the diversity of kelp forest macrofauna increase with wave exposure? Journal of Sea Research 69:36–42.10.1016/j.seares.2012.01.004
  • Norderhaug KM, Christie H, Rinde E, Gundersen H, Bekkby T. 2014. Importance of wave and current exposure to fauna communities in Laminaria hyperborea kelp forest. Marine Ecology Progress Series 502:295–301.10.3354/meps10754
  • Økland RH, Rydgren K, Økland T. 2003. Plant species composition of boreal spruce swamp forests: Closed doors and windows of opportunity. Ecology 84:1909–19.10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1909:PSCOBS]2.0.CO;2
  • Pedersen MF, Nejrup LB, Fredriksen S, Christie H, Norderhaug KM. 2012. Effects of wave exposure on population structure, demography, biomass and productivity of the kelp Laminaria hyperborea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 451:45–60.10.3354/meps09594
  • Raven JA. 1981. Nutritional strategies of submerged benthic plants: the acquisition of C, N and P by rhizophytes and haptophytes. New Phytologist 88:1–30.10.1111/j.1469-8137.1981.tb04564.x
  • Raven JA. 1988. Algae on the move. Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh 45:167–86.10.1080/03746608808684958
  • R Core Team. 2012. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http://www.R-project.org (accessed 12 October 2014).
  • Roen R, Bjørge A. 1995. Haul-out behavior of the Norwegian harbour seal during summer. In: Blix AS, Walløe L, Ulltang Ø, editors. Whales, Seals, Fish and Man. Amsterdam: Elsevier, p 61–68.
  • Scheffer M, Carpenter S, Foley JA, Folke C, Walker B. 2001. Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature 413:591–96.10.1038/35098000
  • Scheibling RE, Hennigar AW. 1997. Recurrent outbreaks of disease in sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis in Nova Scotia: Evidence for a link with large-scale meteorological and oceanographic events. Marine Ecology Progress Series 152:155–65.10.3354/meps152155
  • Scheibling RE, Raymond BG. 1990. Community dynamics on a subtidal cobble bed following mass mortalities of sea urchins. Marine Ecology Progress Series 63:127–45.10.3354/meps063127
  • Schoschina EV. 1997. On Laminaria hyperborea (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) on the Murman coast of the Barents Sea. Sarsia 82:371–73.
  • Shchepetkin AF, McWilliams JC. 2005. The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): A split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate oceanic model. Ocean Modelling 9:347–404.10.1016/j.ocemod.2004.08.002
  • Sivertsen K. 1982. Utbredelse og variasjon i kråkebollenes nedbeiting av tareskogen på vestkysten av Norge. Bodø: Nordlandsforskning Report 82. 31 pages. ( in Norwegian)
  • Sivertsen K. 1997. Geographical and environmental factors affecting the distribution of kelp beds and barren grounds and changes in biota associated with kelp reduction at sites along the Norwegian coast. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54:2872–87.10.1139/f97-186
  • Sjøtun K, Christie H, Fosså JH. 2001. Overvaking av kråkebolleførekomstar og gjenvekst av stortare etter prøvetråling i Sør-Trøndelag. Fisken og Havet 5:124. ( in Norwegian)
  • Skadsheim A, Christie H, Leinaas HP. 1995. Population reduction of Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Echinodermata) in Norway and the distribution of the endoparasite Echinomermella matsi (Nematoda). Marine Ecology Progress Series 119:199–209.10.3354/meps119199
  • Smale DA, Burrows MT, Moore PJ, Connor N, Hawkins SJ. 2013. Threats and knowledge gaps for ecosystem services provided by kelp forests: A northeast Atlantic perspective. Ecology and Evolution 3:4016–38.10.1002/ece3.774
  • Steneck RS, Vavrinec J, Leland AV. 2004. Accelerating trophic level dysfunction in kelp forest ecosystems of the Western North Atlantic. Ecosystems 7:323–32.10.1007/s10021-004-0240-6
  • Steneck RS, Leland A, McNaught D, Vavrinec J. 2013. Ecosystem flips, locks and feedbacks: The lasting effects of fisheries on Maine's kelp forest ecosystem. Bulletin of Marine Science 89:31–55.10.5343/bms.2011.1148
  • Tuya F, Boyra A, Sánchez-Jerez P, Barbera C, Haroun RJ. 2004. Relationships between rocky-reef fish assemblages, the sea urchin Diadema antillarum and macroalgae throughout the Canarian Archipelago. Marine Ecology Progress Series 278:157–69.10.3354/meps278157
  • Vadas RL, Wright WA, Miller SL. 1990. Recruitment of Ascophyllum nodosum: Wave action as a source of mortality. Marine Ecology Progress Series 61:263–72.10.3354/meps061263
  • Wheeler WN. 1988. Algal productivity and hydrodynamics - A synthesis. Progress in Phycological Research 6:23–58.
  • Whittick A. 1983. Spatial and temporal distributions of dominant epiphytes on the stipes of Laminaria hyperborea (Gunn.) Fosl. (Phaeophyta: Laminariales) in S.E. Scotland. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 73:1–10.10.1016/0022-0981(83)90002-3
  • Wijkmark N, Isæus M. 2010. Wave Exposure Calculations for the Baltic Sea. Stockholm: AquaBiota Report 2. 37 pages.
  • Wing SR, Patterson MR. 1993. Effects of wave-induced lightflecks in the intertidal zone on photosynthesis in the macroalgae Postelia palmaeformis and Hedophyllum sessile (Phaeophyceae). Marine Biology 116:519–25.10.1007/BF00350069