Phylogeography of the marbled crab Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Decapoda, Grapsidae) along part of the African Mediterranean coast reveals genetic homogeneity across the Siculo-Tunisian Strait versus heterogeneity across the Gibraltar Strait

References

• Arnaud-Haond S, Diaz Almela E, Teixeira S. 2007. Vicariance patterns in the Mediterranean Sea: East-West cleavage and low dispersal in the endemic seagrass (Posidonia oceanica). Journal of Biogeography 14:963–76. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01671.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astraldi M, Balopoulos S, Candela J, Font J, Gacic M, Gasparini GP, et al. 1999. The role of straits and channels in understanding the characteristics of Mediterranean circulation. Progress in Oceanography 44:65–108. doi:10.1016/S0079-6611(99)00021-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahri-Sfar L, Lemaire C, Ben Hassine OK, Bonhomme F. 2000. Fragmentation of sea bass populations in the western and eastern Mediterranean as revealed by microsatellite polymorphism. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 267:929–35. doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber PH, Erdmann MV, Palumbi SR. 2006. Comparative phylogeography of three codistributed stomatopods: origins and timing of regional lineage diversification in the coral triangle. Evolution 60:1825–39. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb00526.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Béranger K, Mortier L, Gasparini GP, Gervasio L, Astraldi M, Crépon M. 2004. The dynamics of the Sicily Strait: a comprehensive study from observations and models. Deep Sea Research II 51:411–40. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2003.08.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borsa P, Blanquer A, Berrebi P. 1997. Genetic structure of the flounders Platichthys flesus and P. stellatus at different geographic scales. Marine Biology 129:233–46. doi:10.1007/s002270050164
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brookfield JFY. 1996. A simple new method for estimating null allele frequency from heterozygote deficiency. Molecular Ecology 5:453–55. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.1996.00098.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannicci S, Paula J, Vannini M. 1999. Activity pattern and spatial strategy in Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Decapoda: Grapsidae) from Mediterranean and Atlantic shores. Marine Biology 133:429–35. doi:10.1007/s002270050481
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannicci S, Gomei M, Boddi B, Vannini M. 2002. Feeding habits and natural diet of the intertidal crab (Pachygrapsus marmoratus): opportunistic browser or selective feeder? Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 54:983–1001. doi:10.1006/ecss.2001.0869
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapuis MP, Estoup A. 2007. Microsatellite null alleles and estimation of population differentiation. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24:621–31. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christie MR, Johnson DW, Stalling CD, Hixon MA. 2010. Self-recruitment and sweepstakes reproduction amid extensive gene flow in a coral-reef fish. Molecular Ecology 19:1042–57. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04524.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clement M, Posada D, Crandall K. 2000. TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Molecular Ecology 9:1657–60. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01020.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corander J, Waldmann P, Sillanpaa MJ. 2003. Bayesian analysis of genetic differentiation between populations. Genetics 163:367–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corander J, Marttinen P, Mäntyniemi S. 2005. Bayesian identification of stock mixtures from molecular marker data. Fishery Bulletin 104:550–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornuet JM, Luikart G. 1996. Description and power analysis of two tests for detecting recent population bottlenecks from allele frequency data. Genetics 144:2001–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuesta JA, Rodríguez A. 2000. Zoeal stages of the intertidal crab (Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Fabricius, 1787)) (Brachyura, Grapsidae) reared in the laboratory. Hydrobiologia 436:119–30. doi:10.1023/A:1026576614590
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuesta JA, Guerao G, Schubart CD, Anger K. 2011. Morphology and growth of the larval stages of Geograpsus lividus (Crustacea, Brachyura), with the descriptions of new larval characters for the Grapsidae and an undescribed setation pattern in extended developments. Acta Zoologica 92:225–40. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2010.00482.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darling JA, Bagley JM, Roman J, Tepolt CK, Geller JB. 2008. Genetic patterns across multiple introductions of the globally invasive crab genus Carcinus. Molecular Ecology 17:4992–5007. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03978.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deli T, Bahles H, Said K, Chatti N. 2015a. Patterns of genetic and morphometric diversity in the marbled crab (Pachygrapsus marmoratus, Brachyura, Grapsidae) populations across the Tunisian coast. Acta Oceanologica Sinica 34(6):49–58. doi:10.1007/s13131-015-0687-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deli T, Said K, Chatti N. 2015b. Genetic differentiation among populations of the green crab (Carcinus aestuarii) (Brachyura, Carcinidae) from the Eastern and Western Mediterranean coasts of Tunisia. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 67(3):327–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Rienzo A, Peterson AC, Garza JC, Valdes AM, Slatkin M, Freimer NB. 1994. Mutational processes of simple sequence repeat loci in human populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91:3166–70. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.8.3166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummond AJ, Rambaut A, Shapiro B, Pybus OG. 2005. Bayesian coalescent inference of past population dynamics from molecular sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 22:1185–92. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummond AJ, Suchard MA, Xie D, Rambaut A. 2012. Bayesian phylogenetics with BEAUti and the BEAST 1.7. Molecular Biology and Evolution 29:1969–73. doi:10.1093/molbev/mss075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Excoffier L. 2004. Patterns of DNA sequence diversity and genetic structure after a range expansion: lessons from the infinite-island model. Molecular Ecology 13:853–64. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.02004.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM. 1992. Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics 131:479–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S. 2005. Arlequin ver. 3.0: an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online 1:47–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira Silva AC, Brazão S, Hawkins SJ, Thompson RC, Boaventura DM. 2009. Abundance, population structure and claw morphology of the semi-terrestrial crab Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Fabricius, 1787) on shores of differing wave exposure. Marine Biology 156:2591–99. doi:10.1007/s00227-009-1283-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher RA. 1935. The logic of inductive inference (with discussion). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 98:39–82. doi:10.2307/2342435
   Google Scholar
• Flores AAV, Paula J. 2002. Sexual maturity, larval release and reproductive output of two brachyuran crabs from a rocky intertidal area in central Portugal. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 42(1):21–34. doi:10.1080/07924259.2002.9652506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fratini S, Vannini M. 2002. Genetic differentiation in the swimming crab Scylla serrata (Decapoda: Portunidae) within the Indian Ocean. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 272:103–16. doi:10.1016/S0022-0981(02)00052-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fratini S, Ragionieri L, Papetti C, Rorandelli R, Barbaresi S, Zane L. 2006. Isolation and characterization of microsatellites in Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Grapsidae; Decapoda; Brachyura). Molecular Ecology Notes 6:179–81. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01184.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fratini S, Zane L, Ragionieri L, Vannini M, Cannicci S. 2008. Relationship between heavy metal accumulation and genetic variability decrease in the intertidal crab Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Decapoda; Grapsidae). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 79(4):679–86. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2008.06.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fratini S, Schubart CD, Ragionieri L. 2011. Population genetics in the rocky shore crab (Pachygrapsus marmoratus) from the western Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic: complementary results from mtDNA and microsatellites at different geographic scales. In: Held C, Koenemann S, Schubart CD, editors. Crustacean Issues 19: Phylogeography and Population Genetics in Crustacea. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, p 191–213.
   Google Scholar
• Fratini S, Ragionieri L, Cutuli G, Vannini M, Cannicci S. 2013. Pattern of genetic isolation in the crab Pachygrapsus marmoratus within the Tuscan Archipelago (Mediterranean Sea). Marine Ecology Progress Series 478:173–83. doi:10.3354/meps10247
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu YX. 1997. Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations against population growth, hitchhiking and background selection. Genetics 147:915–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gharbi A, Zitari-Chatti R, Van Womhoudt A, Dhraief MN, Denis F, Said K, Chatti N. 2011. Allozyme variation and population genetic structure in the carpet shell clam (Ruditapes decussatus) across the Siculo-Tunisian Strait. Biochemical Genetics 49:788–805. doi:10.1007/s10528-011-9450-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goudet J. 1995. FSTAT (version 1.2): a computer program to calculate F-statistics. Journal of Heredity 86:485–86. Computer program.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goudet J. 1999. PCA-GEN for Windows. Version 1.2. Computer program.
   Google Scholar
• Grant WS. 2015. Problems and cautions with sequence mismatch analysis and Bayesian Skyline Plots to infer historical demography. Journal of Heredity 106(4):333–46. doi:10.1093/jhered/esv020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall TA. 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95 / 98 / NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41:95–98.
   Google Scholar
• Harpending HC. 1994. Signature of ancient population growth in a low-resolution mitochondrial DNA mismatch distribution. Human Biology 66(4):591–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedgecock D. 1994. Does variance in reproductive success limit effective population size of marine organisms? In: Beaumont AR, editor. Genetics and Evolution of Aquatic Organisms. London: Chapman and Hall, p 122–35.
   Google Scholar
• Hewitt GM. 2000. The genetic legacy of the Quaternary ice ages. Nature 405:907–13. doi:10.1038/35016000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman JI, Grant SM, Forcada J, Phillips CD. 2011. Bayesian inference of a historical bottleneck in a heavily exploited marine mammal. Molecular Ecology 20(19):3989–4008. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05248.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingle RW. 1980. British Crabs. British Museum (Natural History). London: Oxford University Press. 222 pages.
   Google Scholar
• Ingle RW, Clark PF. 2006. First reported occurrences of the marbled crab, Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Crustacea: Brachyura: Grapsoidea) in southern coastal waters of the British Isles. Marine Biodiversity Records 1:e26. 5 pages. doi:10.1017/S1755267206002454.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson MS, Black R. 2006. Islands increase genetic subdivision and disrupt patterns of connectivity of intertidal snails in a complex archipelago. Evolution 60:2498–506. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01885.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaouèche M, Bahri-Sfar L, González-Wangüemert M, Pérez-Ruzafa Á, Ben Hassine OK. 2011. Allozyme and mtDNA variation of white seabream (Diplodus sargus) populations in a transition area between western and eastern Mediterranean basins (Siculo-Tunisian Strait). African Journal of Marine Science 33(1):79–90. doi:10.2989/1814232X.2011.572342
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura M, Weiss GH. 1964. The stepping stone model of population structure and the decrease of genetic correlation with distance. Genetics 49:561–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latch EK, Dharmarajan G, Glaubitz JC, Rhodes OE. 2006. Relative performance of Bayesian clustering software for inferring population substructure and individual assignment at low levels of population differentiation. Conservation Genetics 7:295–302. doi:10.1007/s10592-005-9098-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurenzano C, Farias NE, Schubart CD. 2013. Mitochondrial genetic structure of two populations of Uca urugayensis fails to reveal an impact of the Rio de la Plata on gene flow. Nauplius 20:15–25. doi:10.1590/S0104-64972012000100003
   Google Scholar
• Laurenzano C, Mantelatto FL, Schubart CD. 2014. South American homogeneity versus Caribbean heterogeneity: population genetic structure of the western Atlantic fiddler crab Uca rapax (Brachyura, Ocypodidae). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 449:22–27. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2013.08.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lessios HA, Kane J, Robertson DR. 2003. Phylogeography of the pantropical sea urchin Tripneustes: contrasting patterns of population structure between oceans. Evolution 57:2026–36. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00382.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li WH. 1977. Distribution of nucleotide differences between two randomly chosen cistrons in a finite population. Genetics 85:331–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Librado P, Rozas J. 2009. DnaSP v5: a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics 25:1451–2. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luikart G, Cornuet JM. 1998. Empirical evaluation of a test for identifying recently bottlenecked populations from allele frequency data. Conservation Biology 12:228–37. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.96388.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luikart G, Allendorf FW, Cornuet JM, Sherwin WB. 1998. Distortion of allele frequency distributions provides a test for recent population bottlenecks. Journal of Heredity 89:238–47. doi:10.1093/jhered/89.3.238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantel N. 1967. The detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach. Cancer Research 27:209–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mejri R, Lo Brutto S, Ben Hassine OK, Arculeo M. 2009. A study on Pomatoschistus tortonesei Miller 1968 (Perciformes, Gobiidae) reveals the Siculo-Tunisian Strait (STS) as a breakpoint to gene flow in the Mediterranean basin. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53:596–601. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.04.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller MP. 2005. Alleles in space: computer software for the joint analysis of interindividual spatial and genetic information. Journal of Heredity 96:722–724. doi:10.1093/jhered/esi119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nei M. 1987. Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. New York: Columbia University Press. 512 pages.
   Google Scholar
• Nikula R, Vainola R. 2003. Phylogeography of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bivalvia: Cardiidae) across Europe: a major break in the Eastern Mediterranean. Marine Biology 143:339–50. doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1088-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Oosterhout C, Hutchinson WF, Wills DPM, Shipley P. 2004. MICRO-CHECKER: software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data. Molecular Ecology Notes 4:535–38. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00684.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paetkau D, Calvert W, Stirling I, Strobeck C. 1995. Microsatellite analysis of population structure in Canadian polar bears. Molecular Ecology 4:347–54. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.1995.tb00227.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paetkau D, Slade R, Burden M, Estoup A. 2004. Genetic assignment methods for the direct, real-time estimation of migration rate: a simulation-based exploration of accuracy and power. Molecular Ecology 13:55–65. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2004.02008.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patarnello T, Volckaert FAM, Castilho R. 2007. Pillars of Hercules: is the Atlantic-Mediterranean transition a phylogeographical break? Molecular Ecology 16:4426–44. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03477.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petit RJ, Hampe A, Cheddadi R. 2005. Climate changes and tree phylogeography in the Mediterranean. Taxon 54:877–85. doi:10.2307/25065474
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeiler E, Hurtado LA, Knowles LL, Torre-Cossio J, Bourillon-Moreno L, Marquez-Farias JF, Montemayor-Lopez G. 2005. Population genetics of the swimming crab Callinectes bellicosus (Brachyura: Portunidae) from the eastern Pacific Ocean. Marine Biology 146:559–69. doi:10.1007/s00227-004-1463-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piry S, Luikart G, Cornuet JM. 1999. BOTTLENECK: a computer program for detecting recent reductions in the effective population size using allele frequency data. Journal of Heredity 90:502–03. doi:10.1093/jhered/90.4.502
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piry S, Alapetite A, Cornuet JM, Paetkau D, Baudouin L, Estoup A. 2004. GENECLASS2: a software for genetic assignment and first-generation migrant detection. Journal of Heredity 95:536–39. doi:10.1093/jhered/esh074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pons O, Petit RJ. 1995. Estimation, variance and optimal sampling of gene diversity. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 90:462–70. doi:10.1007/BF00221991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pons O, Petit RJ. 1996. Measuring and testing genetic differentiation with ordered versus unordered alleles. Genetics 144:1237–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P. 2000. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155:945–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quesada H, Beynon CM, Skibinski DOF. 1995. A mitochondrial DNA discontinuity in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk: Pleistocene vicariance biogeography and secondary intergradations. Molecular Biology and Evolution 12:521–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quignard JP. 1978. La Méditerranée creuset ichthyologique. Bolletino di Zoologica 45(Suppl. II):23–36. doi:10.1080/11250007809440264
   Google Scholar
• Ragionieri L, Schubart CD. 2013. Population genetics, gene flow, and biogeographical boundaries of Carcinus aestuarii (Crustacea: Brachyura: Carcinidae) along the European Mediterranean coast. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 109:771–90. doi:10.1111/bij.12099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rambaut A, Drummond AJ. 2007. Tracer v 1.4.8. Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh. Available from: http//beast.edu.ac.uk/Tracer. Computer program.
   Google Scholar
• Ramos-Onsins SE, Rozas J. 2002. Statistical properties of new neutrality tests against population growth. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19:2092–100. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rannala B, Mountain JL. 1997. Detecting immigration by using multilocus genotypes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94:9197–201. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.17.9197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raymond M, Rousset F. 1995. GENEPOP (version 1.2): population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism. Journal of Heredity 86:248–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers AR, Harpending H. 1992. Population growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise genetic differences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 9:552–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman J, Palumbi SR. 2004. A global invader at home: population structure of the green crab, Carcinus maenas, in Europe. Molecular Ecology 13:2891–98. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02255.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubart CD. 2009. Mitochondrial DNA and decapod phylogenies: the importance of pseudogenes and primer optimization. In: Martin JW, Crandall KA, Felder DL, editors. Crustacean Issues 18: Decapod Crustacean Phylogenetics. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis / CRC Press, p 47–65.
   Google Scholar
• Schubart CD, Diesel R, Hedges SB. 1998. Rapid evolution to terrestrial life in Jamaican crabs. Nature 393:363–65. doi:10.1038/30724
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva IC, Paula J. 2008. Is there a better chela to use for geometric morphometric differentiation in brachyuran crabs? A case study using Pachygrapsus marmoratus and Carcinus maenas. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88(5):941–53. doi:10.1017/S0025315408001483
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva IC, Hawkins SJ, Paula J. 2009a. A comparison of population differentiation in two shore crab species with contrasting distribution along the Portuguese coast, using two morphological methodologies. Marine and Freshwater Research 60(8):833–44. doi:10.1071/MF08215
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva IC, Mesquita N, Schubart CD, Alves MJ, Paula J. 2009b. Genetic patchiness of the shore crab Pachygrapsus marmoratus along the Portuguese coast. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 378:50–57. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2009.07.032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva IC, Mesquita N, Paula J. 2010. Genetic and morphological differentiation of the mangrove crab Perisesarma guttatum (Brachyura: Sesarmidae) along an East African latitudinal gradient. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 99:28–46. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01338.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon C, Frati F, Beckenbach A, Crespi B, Liu H, Flook P. 1994. Evolution, weighting, and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 87:651–701. doi:10.1093/aesa/87.6.651
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slatkin M, Maddison WP. 1990. Detecting isolation by distance using phylogenies of genes. Genetics 126:249–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefanni S, Thorley JS. 2003. Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography reveals the existence of an evolutionarily significant unit of the sand goby Pomatoschistus minutus in the Adriatic (Eastern Mediterranean). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28:601–09. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00054-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajima F. 1983. Evolutionary relationships of DNA sequences in finite populations. Genetics 105:437–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajima F. 1989. The effect of change in population size on DNA polymorphism. Genetics 123:597–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajima F, Nei M. 1984. Estimation of evolutionary distance between nucleotide sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 1:269–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S. 2011. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution 28:2731–39. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Technelysium Pty Ltd. 2012. Chromas lite ver. 2.1.1. Available from: http://www.technelysium.com.au/chromas_lite.html. Computer program.
   Google Scholar
• Waters JM, Roy MS. 2004. Phylogeography of a high-dispersal New Zealand sea-star: does upwelling block gene-flow? Molecular Ecology 13:2797–806. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02282.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weir BS, Cockerham CC. 1984. Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. Evolution 38(6):1358–70. doi:10.2307/2408641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zardoya R, Castilho R, Grande C, Favre-Krey L, Caetano S, Marcato S, et al. 2004. Differential population structuring of two closely related fish species, the mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and the chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) in the Mediterranean Sea. Molecular Ecology 13:1785–98. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02198.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zitari-Chatti R, Chatti N, Fulgione D, Gaiazza I, Aprea G, Elouaer A, et al. 2009. Mitochondrial DNA variation in the caramote prawn Penaeus (Melicertus) kerathurus across a transition zone in the Mediterranean Sea. Genetica 136:439–47. doi:10.1007/s10709-008-9344-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar