Description of Turritopsoides marhei sp. nov. (Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata) from the Maldives and its phylogenetic position

References

• Agassiz L. 1862. Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America, Volume 4. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 301 pages.
   Google Scholar
• Allman GJ. 1844. Synopsis of the genera and species of zoophytes inhabiting the fresh waters of Ireland. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 13:328–31. 10.1080/03745484409442614
   Google Scholar
• Allman GJ. 1863. Notes on the Hydroida. I. On the structure of Corymorpha nutans. II. Diagnoses of new species of Tubularidae obtained, during the autumn of 1862, on the coasts of Shetland and Devonshire. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 11:1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Allman GJ. 1864. On the construction and limitation of genera among Hydroida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 13:345–80.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Rshaidat MMD, Snider A, Rosebraugh S, Devine AM, Devine TD, Plaisance L, et al. 2016. Deep COI sequencing of standardized benthic samples unveils overlooked diversity of Jordanian coral reefs in the northern Red Sea. Genome 59:724–37. 10.1139/gen-2015-0208
   Google Scholar
• Bouillon J, Gravili C, Pages F, Gili JM, Boero F. 2006. An Introduction to Hydrozoa. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du Muséum. 591 pages.
   Google Scholar
• Broch H. 1910. Die Hydroiden der Arktischen Meere. Fauna Arctica 5:129–247.
   Google Scholar
• Calder DR. 1988. Turritopsoides brehmeri, a new genus and species of athecate hydroid from Belize (Hydrozoa: Clavidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 101:229–33.
   Google Scholar
• Calder DR. 1991a. Abundance and distribution of hydroids in a mangrove ecosystem at Twin Cays, Belize, Central America. Hydrobiologia 216:221–28. doi: 10.1007/BF00026466
   Google Scholar
• Calder DR. 1991b. Associations between hydroid species assemblages and substrate types in the mangal at Twin Cays, Belize. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69:2067–74. doi: 10.1139/z91-288
   Google Scholar
• Cartwright P, Nawrocki AM. 2010. Character evolution in Hydrozoa (phylum Cnidaria). Integrative and Comparative Biology 50:456–72. doi: 10.1093/icb/icq089
   Google Scholar
• Cartwright P, Evans NM, Dunn CW, Marques AC, Miglietta MP, Schuchert P, Collins AG. 2008. Phylogenetics of Hydroidolina (Hydrozoa: Cnidaria). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88:1663–72. doi: 10.1017/S0025315408002257
   Google Scholar
• Castresana J. 2000. Selection of conserved blocks from multiple alignments for their use in phylogenetic analysis. Molecular Biology and Evolution 17:540–52. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026334
   Google Scholar
• Collins AG. 2000. Towards understanding the phylogenetic history of Hydrozoa: hypothesis testing with 18S gene sequence data. Scientia Marina 64(Suppl. 1):5–22. doi: 10.3989/scimar.2000.64s15
   Google Scholar
• Collins AG. 2002. Phylogeny of Medusozoa and the evolution of cnidarian life cycles. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 15:418–32. doi: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00403.x
   Google Scholar
• Collins AG, Winkelmann S, Hadrys H, Schierwater B. 2005. Phylogeny of Capitata and Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in light of mitochondrial 16S rDNA data. Zoologica Scripta 34:91–99. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00172.x
   Google Scholar
• Collins AG, Schuchert P, Marques AC, Jankowski T, Medina M, Schierwater B. 2006. Medusozoan phylogeny and character evolution clarified by new large and small subunit rDNA data and an assessment of the utility of phylogenetic mixture models. Systematic Biology 55:97–115. doi: 10.1080/10635150500433615
   Google Scholar
• Collins AG, Bentlage B, Lindner A, Lindsay D, Haddock SHD, Jarms G, et al. 2008. Phylogenetics of Trachylina (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) with new insights on the evolution of some problematical taxa. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88:1673–85. doi: 10.1017/S0025315408001732
   Google Scholar
• Cornelius PF. 1992. Medusa loss in leptolid Hydrozoa (Cnidaria), hydroid rafting, and abbreviated life-cycles among their remote-island faunae: an interim review. Scientia Marina 56:245–61.
   Google Scholar
• Cunha AF, Collins AG, Marques AC. 2017. Phylogenetic relationships of Proboscoida Broch, 1910 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): are traditional morphological diagnostic characters relevant for the delimitation of lineages at the species, genus, and family levels? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 106:118–35. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.09.012
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham CW, Buss LW. 1993. Molecular evidence for multiple episodes of paedomorphosis in the family Hydractiniidae. Biochemical Systematics and Ecolgy 21:57–69. doi: 10.1016/0305-1978(93)90009-G
   Google Scholar
• Dunn CW, Pugh PR, Haddock SH. 2005. Molecular phylogenetics of the Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology 54:916–35. doi: 10.1080/10635150500354837
   Google Scholar
• Eschscholtz JF. 1829. System der Acalephen. Eine ausführliche Beschreibung aller medusenartigen Strahlthiere. Berlin: Ferdinand Dümmler. 270 pages.
   Google Scholar
• Folino-Rorem NC, Darling JA, D’Ausilio CA. 2009. Genetic analysis reveals multiple cryptic invasive species of the hydrozoan genus Cordylophora. Biological Invasions 11:1869–82. doi: 10.1007/s10530-008-9365-4
   Google Scholar
• Folmer O, Black M, Hoeh W, Lutz R, Vrijenhoek R. 1994. DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 3:294–99.
   Google Scholar
• Gmelin JF. 1788. Caroli a Linné Systema Naturae: Per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis, 13th edition. Volume 1, part 6 (Vermes). Leipzig: Georg Emanuel Beer, p 3021–909. (in Latin)
   Google Scholar
• Govindarajan AF, Halanych KM, Cunningham CW. 2005. Mitochondrial evolution and phylogeography in the hydrozoan Obelia geniculata (Cnidaria). Marine Biology 146:213–22. doi: 10.1007/s00227-004-1434-3
   Google Scholar
• Haeckel E. 1879. Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil, Monographie der Medusen. Jena: Denkschriften der Medicinisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft. 360 pages.
   Google Scholar
• Katoh K, Standley DM. 2013. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30:772–80. doi: 10.1093/molbev/mst010
   Google Scholar
• Kayal E, Roure B, Philippe H, Collins AG, Lavrov DV. 2013. Cnidarian phylogenetic relationships as revealed by mitogenomics. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13:e5. 18 pages. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-5
   Google Scholar
• Kayal E, Bentlage B, Cartwright P, Yanagihara AA, Lindsay DJ, Hopcroft RR, Collins AG. 2015. Phylogenetic analysis of higher-level relationships within Hydroidolina (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) using mitochondrial genome data and insight into their mitochondrial transcription. PeerJ 3:e1403. 24 pages. doi: 10.7717/peerj.1403
   Google Scholar
• Lanfear R, Calcott B, Ho SYW, Guindon S. 2012. PartitionFinder: combined selection of partitioning schemes and substitution models for phylogenetic analyses. Molecular Biology and Evolution 29:1695–701. doi: 10.1093/molbev/mss020
   Google Scholar
• Leclère L, Schuchert P, Manuel M. 2007. Phylogeny of the Plumularioidea (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata): evolution of colonial organisation and life cycle. Zoologica Scripta 36:371–94. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00283.x
   Google Scholar
• Leclère L, Schuchert P, Cruaud C, Couloux A, Manuel M. 2009. Molecular phylogenetics of Thecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) reveals long-term maintenance of life history traits despite high frequency of recent character changes. Systematic Biology 58:509–26. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syp044
   Google Scholar
• Leray M, Knowlton N. 2015. DNA barcoding and metabarcoding of standardized samples reveal patterns of marine benthic diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112:2076–81. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1424997112
   Google Scholar
• Lesson RP. 1830. Voyage Autour du Monde, Exécuté par Ordre du Roi, sur la Corvette de Sa Majesté, la Coquille, pendant les Années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825. Zoologie. Paris: Arthus Bertrand. 471 pages.
   Google Scholar
• Lindner A, Cairns SD, Cunningham CW. 2008. From offshore to onshore: multiple origins of shallow-water corals from deep-sea ancestors. PLoS One 3:e2429. 6 pages. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002429
   Google Scholar
• Lisenkova AA, Grigorenko AP, Tyazhelova TV, Andreeva TV, Gusev FE, Manakhov AD, et al. 2017. Complete mitochondrial genome and evolutionary analysis of Turritopsis dohrnii, the “immortal” jellyfish with a reversible life-cycle. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 107:232–38. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.11.007
   Google Scholar
• Maggioni D, Montano S, Seveso D, Galli P. 2016. Molecular evidence for cryptic species in Pteroclava krempfi (Hydrozoa, Cladocorynidae) living in association with alcyonaceans. Systematics and Biodiversity 14:484–93. doi: 10.1080/14772000.2016.1170735
   Google Scholar
• Maggioni D, Montano S, Arrigoni R, Galli P, Puce S, Pica D, Berumen ML. 2017. Genetic diversity of the Acropora-associated hydrozoans: new insight from the Red Sea. Marine Biodiversity. 11 pages. doi: 10.1007/s12526-017-0632-4
   Google Scholar
• Maronna MM, Miranda TP, Peña Cantero ÁL, Barbeitos MS, Marques AC. 2016. Towards a phylogenetic classification of Leptothecata (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Scientific Reports 6:e18075. 23 pages. doi: 10.1038/srep18075
   Google Scholar
• McCrady J. 1857. Description of Oceania (Turritopsis) nutricula nov. spec. and the embryological history of a singular medusa larva, found in the cavity of its bell. Proceedings of the Elliot Society of Natural History 1:5–90.
   Google Scholar
• McCrady J. 1859. Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History 1:103–221.
   Google Scholar
• Medlin L, Elwood HJ, Stickel S, Sogin ML. 1988. The characterization of enzymatically amplified eukaryotic 16S-like rRNA-coding regions. Gene 71:491–99. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(88)90066-2
   Google Scholar
• Miglietta MP, Cunningham CW. 2012. Evolution of life cycle, colony morphology, and host specificity in the family Hydractiniidae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Evolution 66:3876–901. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01717.x
   Google Scholar
• Miglietta MP, Lessios HA. 2009. A silent invasion. Biological Invasions 11:825–34. doi: 10.1007/s10530-008-9296-0
   Google Scholar
• Miglietta MP, Piraino S, Kubota S, Schuchert P. 2007. Species in the genus Turritopsis (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): a molecular evaluation. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 45:11–19. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00379.x
   Google Scholar
• Miglietta MP, Schuchert P, Cunningham CW. 2009. Reconciling genealogical and morphological species in a worldwide study of the family Hydractiniidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Zoologica Scripta 38:403–30. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00376.x
   Google Scholar
• Millard NAH. 1975. Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 68:1–513.
   Google Scholar
• Montano S, Maggioni D, Arrigoni R, Seveso D, Puce S, Galli P. 2015. The hidden diversity of Zanclea associated with scleractinians revealed by molecular data. PLoS One 10:e133084. 20 pages. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133084
   Google Scholar
• Montano S, Maggioni D, Galli P, Hoeksema BW. 2017. A cryptic species in the Pteroclava krempfi species complex (Hydrozoa, Cladocorynidae) revealed in the Caribbean. Marine Biodiversity 47:83–89. doi: 10.1007/s12526-016-0555-5
   Google Scholar
• Nawrocki AM, Schuchert P, Cartwright P. 2010. Phylogenetics and evolution of Capitata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), and the systematics of Corynidae. Zoologica Scripta 39:290–304. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2009.00419.x
   Google Scholar
• Nawrocki AM, Collins AG, Hirano YM, Schuchert P, Cartwright P. 2013. Phylogenetic placement of Hydra and relationships within Aplanulata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 67:60–71. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.12.016
   Google Scholar
• Norman AM. 1865. On Merona, an undescribed genus of British Hydrozoa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 15:261–62.
   Google Scholar
• Nutting CC. 1901. The Hydroids of the Woods Hole region. Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commision for 1899, p 325–86.
   Google Scholar
• Oken L. 1815. Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte. Dritter Theil, Zoologie. Erste Abteilung, Fleischlose Thiere. Jena, Germany: A. Schmid. 841 pages.
   Google Scholar
• Owen R. 1843. Lectures on the Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Invertebrate Animals, Delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons in 1843 from Notes Taken by William White Cooper, M.R.C.S. and Revised by Professor Owen. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. 392 pages.
   Google Scholar
• Péron F, Lesueur CA. 1810. Tableau des caractèeres génériques et spécifiques de toutes les espèces de méduses connues jusqu’à ce jour. Annales du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris 14:325–66.
   Google Scholar
• Prudkovsky AA, Nikitin MA, Berumen ML, Ivanenko VN, Reimer JD. 2016. On the paraphyly of Cytaeididae and placement of Cytaeis within the suborder Filifera (Hydrozoa: Anthoathecata). Marine Biodiversity. 8 pages. doi: 10.1007/s12526-016-0534-x
   Google Scholar
• Rambaut A, Suchard M, Xie W, Drummond A. 2014. Tracer v. 1.6. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, Institute of Evolutionary Biology. Computer program.
   Google Scholar
• Ronquist F, Teslenko M, Van Der Mark P, Ayres DL, Darling A, Höhna S, et al. 2012. MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61:539–42. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/sys029
   Google Scholar
• Russell FS. 1953. The Medusae of the British Isles. London: Cambridge University Press. 530 pages.
   Google Scholar
• Schuchert P. 2001. Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Meddelelser om Grønland, Bioscience 53:1–184.
   Google Scholar
• Schuchert P. 2004. Revision of the European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): families Oceanidae and Pachycordylidae. Revue suisse de Zoologie 111:315–69. doi: 10.5962/bhl.part.80242
   Google Scholar
• Schuchert P. 2014. High genetic diversity in the hydroid Plumularia setacea: a multitude of cryptic species or extensive population subdivision? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 76:1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.020
   Google Scholar
• Schuchert P. 2016. The polyps of Oceania armata identified by DNA barcoding (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Zootaxa 4175:539–55. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4175.6.3
   Google Scholar
• Sukumaran J, Holder MT. 2010. DendroPy: a Python library for phylogenetic computing. Bioinformatics 26:1569–71. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq228
   Google Scholar
• Talavera G, Castresana J. 2007. Improvement of phylogenies after removing divergent and ambiguously aligned blocks from protein sequence alignments. Systematic Biology 56:564–77. doi: 10.1080/10635150701472164
   Google Scholar
• Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S. 2013. MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30:2725–29. doi: 10.1093/molbev/mst197
   Google Scholar
• Van Beneden PJ. 1844. Sur les genres Eleuthèrie et Synhydre. Bulletins de l’Acadèmie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles 11:305–14.
   Google Scholar
• von Lendenfeld R. 1885. The Australian Hydromedusae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 9:206–41.
   Google Scholar
• Zietara MS, Arndt A, Geets A, Hellemans B, Volckaert FAM. 2000. The nuclear rDNA region of Gyrodactylus arcuatus and G. branchicus (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae). Journal of Parasitology 86:1368–73. doi: 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[1368:TNRROG]2.0.CO;2
   Google Scholar
• Zwickl D. 2006. GARLI: genetic algorithm for rapid likelihood inference. Retrieved from http://www.bio.utexas.edu/faculty/antisense/garli/Garli.html (accessed 10 July 2016).
   Google Scholar