228
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original articles

Record of Crambionella annandalei Rao, 1931 from Bangladesh, with a review of the geographic distribution of the genus Crambionella (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa)

, , , & ORCID Icon
Pages 279-293 | Received 02 Aug 2022, Accepted 11 Apr 2023, Published online: 29 May 2023

References

  • Awuor W, Muthumbi A, Robertson-Andersson DV. 2021. Presence of microplastics in jellyfish (Crambionella orsini) along the Kenyan coast. Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science. 20:137–141. doi:10.4314/wiojms.v20i1.12
  • Baniasadi Z, Sakhaei N, Doustshenas B, Archangi B, Keshavarz M. 2019. Identification and study of some ecological indicators of Scyphomedusae from coastal waters of Khuzestan and Hormozgan (the North of Persian Gulf). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences. 28:137–150. Persian.
  • Behera PR, Jishnudev MA, Ghosh S, Sarvanan R, Joshi KK. 2019. Jellyfish diversity in estuarine and coastal waters of Andhra Pradesh. World Brackishwater Aquaculture Conference, BRAQCON, Chennai, 22–25 January.
  • Behera PR, Jishnudev MA, Ghosh S, Saravanan R. 2022. Biometry and size distribution of Crambionella annandalei and Chrysaora spp. along the coast of Andhra Pradesh, India. Aquatic Ecology. 56:227–237. doi:10.1007/s10452-021-09911-z
  • Behera PR, Jishnudev MA, Rao PB, Ghosh S. 2018. An emerging fishery for the jellyfish Crambionella annandalei along the coast of Andhra Pradesh. Technical and Extension Series, 236, Marine Fisheries Information Service; p. 24–25.
  • Behera PR, Jishnudev MA, Saravanan R, Roul SK, Ghosh S, Mahesh VU, Joshi KK. 2020b. Redescription of the enigmatic jellyfish, Crambionella annandalei (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) from Indian waters. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 100:691–699. doi:10.1017/S0025315420000703
  • Behera PR, Raju SS, Jishnudev MA, Ghosh S, Saravanan R. 2020a. Emerging jellyfish fisheries along central south east coast of India. Ocean & Coastal Management. 91:1–7.
  • Billett DSM, Bett BJ, Jacobs CL, Rouse IP, Wigham BD. 2006. Mass deposition of jellyfish in the deep Arabian Sea. Limnology and Oceanography. 51:2077–2083. doi:10.4319/lo.2006.51.5.2077
  • Boero F, Bouillon J, Gravili C, Miglietta MP, Parson T, Piraino S. 2008. Gelatinous plankton: irregularities rule the world (sometimes). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 356:299–310. doi:10.3354/meps07368
  • Branch G, Griffiths C, Branch M, Beckley L. 2016. Two oceans: a guide to the marine life of Southern Africa. 4th ed. Johannesburg: Penguin Random House South Africa.
  • Brotz L. 2016. Jellyfish fisheries of the world [PhD thesis]. Canada: University of British Coloumbia.
  • Brotz L, Pauly D. 2017. Studying jellyfish fisheries: toward accurate national catch reports and appropriate methods for stock assessments. In: Mariottini GL, editor. Jellyfish: ecology, distribution patterns and human interactions. New York: Nova Publishers; p. 313–329.
  • Brotz L, Schiariti A, López-Martínez J, Álvarez-Tello J, Hsieh YHP, Jones RP, Quiñones J, Dong Z, Morandini AC, Preciado M, et al. 2017. Jellyfish fisheries in the Americas: origin, state of the art, and perspectives on new fishing grounds. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 27:1–29. doi:10.1007/s11160-016-9445-y
  • Carrasco NK, Perissinotto R, Pillay D. 2010. Zooplankton of the St. lucia estuary during the current drought cycle: a comparison between open- and closed-mouth conditions. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 399:157–171. doi:10.3354/meps08355
  • Chun C. 1896. Beiträge zur Kenntniss Ostafrikanischer Medusen und Siphonophoren nach den Sammlungen Dr. Stuhlmann’s. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten. 13:1–13.
  • CMFRI. 2009. Unusual heavy landings of Jellyfish, Crambionella stuhlmanni (Chun) at Pulicat landing centre, Chennai. CMFRI Newsletter No. 122, July-September; p.14–14.
  • CMFRI. 2015. Annual report 2014–15. Cochin: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute.
  • CMFRI. 2018. Annual report 2017–18. Kochi: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute.
  • CMFRI. 2019. Annual report 2018–19. Kochi: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute.
  • CMFRI. 2020. Annual report 2019–20. Kochi: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute.
  • CMFRI. 2021. Annual report 2020–21. Kochi: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute.
  • Cornelius PFS. 1997. Class Scyphozoa–jellyfish. In: M.D. Richmond, editor. A guide to the seashores of eastern Africa and the western Indian Ocean islands. Stockholm: SIDA/Department for Research Cooperation, SAREC; p. 122–125.
  • Daryanabard GR. 2004. The bloom of jellyfishes (Crambionella orsini) in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Animal and Fisheries Sciences. 16:23–29.
  • Daryanabard GR, Dawson MN. 2008. Jellyfish blooms: Crambionella orsini (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae) in the gulf of Oman, Iran, 2002–2003. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 88:477–483. doi:10.1017/S0025315408000945
  • Daryanabard GR, Kaymaram F, Haghighi M. 2013. The Abundance and distribution of family “Nemipteridae” in coastal waters of the Oman Sea (Sistan & Balouchistan). Journal of Aquatic Animals and Fisheries. 3:21–29. [in Persian].
  • Doyle TK, Hays GC, Harrod C, Houghton JD. 2014. Ecological and societal benefits of jellyfish. In: Pitt K, Lucas C, editors. Jellyfish blooms. Dordrecht: Springer; p. 105–127.
  • Gibbons MJ, Richardson AJ. 2013. Beyond the jellyfish joyride and global oscillations: advancing jellyfish research. Journal of Plankton Research. 35:929–938. doi:10.1093/plankt/fbt063
  • Gibinkumar TR, Sabu S, Pravin P, Boopendranath MR. 2012. Bycatch characterization of shrimp trawl landings off southwest coast of India. Fishery Technology. 49:132–140.
  • Grindley JR. 1982. The role of zooplankton in the St Lucia Estuary system. In: Taylor RH, editor. St. Lucia research review. Pietermaritzburg: Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation Board; p. 88–107.
  • Gul S. 2020. Occurrence of jellyfish Crambionella orsini (Vanhoffen, 1888) (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) along the coast of Pakistan. World Journal of Biology and Biotechnology. 5:31–32. doi:10.33865/wjb.005.01.0288
  • Haider SMB, Bhuyan MS, Sharif ASM, Islam MT, Mahbub-E-Kibria ASM, Peas MH. 2022. Jelly fish (Lobonemoides robustus Stiasny, 1920) bloom in the Cox’s Bazar coast during 3-4 August 2022: Factors identification and minimization approaches. Journal of Oceanography & Marine Environmental System. 6:1–17.
  • James DB, Vivekanandan E, Srinivasarengan S. 1985. Menace from medusae off Madras with notes on their utility and toxicity. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India. 27:170–174.
  • Jarms G, Morandini AC, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Giere O, Straehler-Pohl I. 2019. World atlas of jellyfish: Scyphozoa except Stauromedusae. Humburg: Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein.
  • Jeffreys RM, Fisher EH, Gooday AJ, Larkin KE, Billett DSM, Wolff GA. 2014. The trophic and metabolic pathways of foraminifera in the Arabian Sea: evidence from cellular stable isotopes. Biogeosciences (online). 12:1781–1797. doi:10.5194/bg-12-1781-2015
  • Kannappan S, Shanthi B, Krishnan M, Chandrasekaran VS, Balasubramanian CP, Ambasankar K. 2013. Jellyfish processing as a cottage industry in the Pulicate Lake, India. INFOFISH International 5/2013; p. 40–42.
  • Karimvand MN, Nikpour Y, Taghavi Moghadam A, Ghanemi K. 2018. Determine Physicochemical properties of Gelatin extracted from Persian Gulf’s jellyfish Crambionella orsini. Journal of Marine Science and Technology. 16:77–85. Persian.
  • Karunarathne KD, De Croos MDST. 2023. Untapped edible jellyfish of Sri Lanka: Crambione mastigophora and Rhopilema hispidum (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa). Thalassas 39(2).
  • Kitamura M, Omori M. 2010. Synopsis of edible jellyfishes collected from Southeast Asia, with notes on jellyfish fisheries. Plankton and Benthos Research. 5:106–118. doi:10.3800/pbr.5.106
  • Kramp PL. 1956a. Medusae of the Iranian Gulf. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorik Forening. 118:235–242.
  • Kramp PL. 1956b. Pelagic Fauna. In: The Galathea Deep Sea Expedition 1950–1952. Described by Members of the Expedition. London: Allen & Unwin; p. 65–86.
  • Kramp PL. 1961. Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 40:7–382. doi:10.1017/S0025315400007347
  • Kramp PL. 1968. The Scyphomedusae collected by the Galathea-Expedition 1950–1952. Videnskabelige meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske forening i Kjöbenhavn. 131:67–98.
  • Kumar AB, Bhagyalekshmi V, Riyas A. 2017a. Climate change, fisheries and coastal ecosystems in India. Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries. 5:7–17.
  • Kumar SB, Mohanty AK, Das NPI, Satpathy KK, Sarkar SK. 2017b. Impingement of marine organisms in a tropical atomic power plant cooling water system. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 124:555–562. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.07.067
  • Kuthalingam MDK, James DB, Sarvesan R, Devadoss P, Manivasagam S, Thirumilu P. 1989. A note on the processing of the jelly fish at Alambaraikuppam near Mahabalipuram. Marine Fisheries Information Service (98), Technical and Extension Series. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Cochin, India; p. 8–10.
  • Lebrato M, Pahlow M, Frost JR, Küter M, de J, Mendes P, Molinero JC, Oschlies A. 2019. Sinking of gelatinous zooplankton biomass increases deep carbon transfer efficiency globally. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 33:1764–1783. doi:10.1029/2019GB006265
  • Masilamoni JG, Jesudoss KS, Nandakumar K, Satpathy KK, Nair KVK, Azariah J. 2000. Jellyfish ingress: a threat to the smooth operation of coastal power plants. Current Science. 79:567–569.
  • Mayer AG. 1910. The medusae of the world III: The Scyphomedusae. Washington, D.C: Carnegie Institution.
  • Menon MGK. 1930. The Scyphomedusae of Madras and the neighbouring coast. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum. 3:1–28.
  • Menon MGK. 1936. Scyphomedusae of Krusadai Island. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, New Series, Natural History Section. 1(2):1–9.
  • Moazzam M. 2020a. Jellyfish Crambionella orsini: a menace for fishing in the Arabian Sea. Wildlife and Environment. 26:15.
  • Moazzam M. 2020b. Status of neritic tuna in Pakistan with special reference to longtail tuna. Tenth Session of IOTC Working Party on Neritic Tuna (WPNT10) July; p. 6–8.
  • Moazzam M. 2020c. Unprecedented decrease in landings of tropical tuna in Pakistan during 2019. Working Party on Tropical Tuna (WPTT): Data Preparatory Meeting Iotc-2020-Wptt22 (DP)-Inf05.
  • Moazzam M. 2020d. Status of tropical tuna fisheries of Pakistan with special reference to Yellowfin Tuna. Tenth Session of IOTC Working Party on Neritic Tuna (WPTT23).
  • Moazzam M, Nawaz R, Khan B, Ahmed S. 2020. Whale distribution in the northern arabian sea along coast of Pakistan in 2019 based on the information obtained through Fisheries Crew-Based Observer Programme. 68B/CMP/08.
  • Mohan S, Rajapackiam S, Rajan S. 2011. Unusual heavy landings of jellyfish Crambionella stuhlmanni and processing methods at Pulicat landing centre, Chennai. Marine Fisheries Information Service, T & E Series. 208:27–29.
  • Mondal T, Raghunathan CA. 2021. A Note on Jellyfish Crambionella orsini (Vanhoffen 1888) (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) from Lakshadweep, Arabian Sea. Thalassas. 37:621–626. doi:10.1007/s41208-021-00357-6
  • Nair KK. 1946. Medusae of Travancore and their correlation with inshore fishing. Proceedings of the First Indian Science Congress. 32(3):97.
  • Nair KK. 1951. Medusae of the Trivandrum Coast. Part I. Systematics. Bulletin of the Central Research Institute, University of Travancore. 20:47–75.
  • Neethling S, Channing A, Gershwin LA, Gibbons MJ. 2011. A modern description of Crambionella stuhlmanni (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae) from St Lucia estuary, South Africa. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 91:357–367. doi:10.1017/S0025315410001566
  • Nishikawa J, Ohtsuka S, Mulyadi M, Mujiono N, Lindsay DJ, Miyamoto H, Nishida S. 2015. A new species of the commercially harvested jellyfish Crambionella (scyphozoa) from central Java, Indonesia with remarks on the fisheries. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 95:471–481. doi:10.1017/S002531541400157X
  • Nishikawa J, Thu NT, Yusoff FM, Lindsay DJ, Mulyadi, Mujiono N., Ohtsuka S, Nishida S. 2009. Jellyfish fisheries in Southeast Asia with special reference to those in Vietnam, Indonesia and Malaysia. Kaiyo Monthly. 41:401–411. [in Japanese].
  • Omori M, Kitamura M. 2011. Seven species of edible jellyfish from Southeast Asia. Midoriishi. 22:1–7. [in Japanese].
  • Omori M, Nakano E. 2001. Jellyfish fisheries in Southeast Asia. Hydrobiologia. 451:19–26. doi:10.1023/A:1011879821323
  • Parviz M, Nikpoor Ghanavati Y, Taghavi Moghadam A, Ghanemi K. 2017. Fractionation comparison of Persian gulf jellyfish nematocyst venom by two methods of chromatography. Journal of Marine Science and Technology. 15:26–32. [in Persian].
  • Peng S, Qian YK, Lumpkin R, Du Y, Wang D, Li P. 2015. Characteristics of the near-surface currents in the Indian ocean as deduced from satellite-tracked surface drifters. Part I: Pseudo-Eulerian statistics. Journal of Physical Oceanography. 45:441–458. doi:10.1175/JPO-D-14-0050.1
  • Perissinto R, Taylor RH, Carrasco NK, Fox C. 2013. Observations on the bloom-forming jellyfish Crambionella stuhlmanni (Chun, 1896) in the St Lucia Estuary, South Africa. African Invertebrates. 54:161–170.
  • Purcell JE, Shin IU, Wen TL. 2007. Anthropogenic causes of jellyfish blooms and their direct consequences for humans: a review. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 350:153–174. doi:10.3354/meps07093
  • Rajagopal S, Azariah J, Nair KVK. 1989. Some observations on the problem of jelly fish ingress in a power station cooling system at Kalpakkam, east coast of India. Mahasagar. 22:151–158.
  • Ramakrishna SJ. 2003. On the Scyphozoa from East Coast of India, Including Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. 101:25–56.
  • Ramakrishna SJ, Talukdar S. 2003. Marine invertebrates of Digha coast and some recomendations on their conservation. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. 101:1–23.
  • Ramesh CH, Koushik S, Shunmugaraj T, Murthy MR. 2020. Current biodiversity of Mandapam group of Islands in Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve, Southeast coast of Tamil Nadu, India. Regional Studies in Marine Science. 39:101429. doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101429
  • Ramesh R, Nammalwar P, Gowri VS. 2008. Database on coastal information of Tamilnadu. Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University, Chennai. Report submitted to Environmental Information System (ENVIS), Department of Environment, Government of Tamilnadu, Chennai.
  • Ranson G. 1945. Les scyphomeduses de la collection du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Paris. II. Catalogue raisonne; origine des recoltes. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. 2:312–320.
  • Rao HS. 1931. Notes on Scyphomedusae in the Indian museum. Records of the Indian Museum. 33:25–62.
  • Rashed-Un-Nabi M, Al-Mamun MA, Ullah MH, Mustafa MG. 2011. Temporal and spatial distribution of fish and shrimp assemblage in the Bakkhali river estuary of Bangladesh in relation to some water quality parameters. Marine Biology Research. 7:436–452. doi:10.1080/17451000.2010.527988
  • Richardson AJ, Bakun A, Hays GC, Gibbons MJ. 2009. The jellyfish joyride: causes, consequences and management responses to a more gelatinous future. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 24:312–322. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.01.010
  • Riyas A, Dahanukar N, Krishnan KA, Kumar AB. 2021. Scyphozoan jellyfish blooms and their relationship with environmental factors along the south-eastern Arabian Sea. Marine Biology Research. 17:185–199. doi:10.1080/17451000.2021.1916034
  • Riyas A, Kumar AB. 2021a. Is jellyfish fishery in Inia sustainable? An analysis of jellyfish fishery and blooms in India. International webinar on conservation of life below water: perspectives on systematics, sustainable livelihoods and citizen science, Department of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries, University of Kerala, BRU-OP 02.
  • Riyas A, Kumar AB. 2021b. Jellyfish fisheries in India: status and trends. In: Mariottini GL, Killi N, Xiao L, editors. The Cnidaria: only a problem or also a resource? New York: Nova Science Publishers.
  • Riyas A, Kumar AB, Vakani B. 2019. First Record of Rhizostome Jellyfish Catostylus perezi Ranson 1945 (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) from the Indian coast. Thalassas: An International Journal of Marine Sciences. 35:519–524. doi:10.1007/s41208-019-00157-z
  • Rizal S, Damm P, Wahid MA, Sundermann J, Ilhamsyah Y, Iskandar T. 2012. General circulation in the Malacca Strait and Andaman Sea: A numerical model study. American Journal of Environmental Sciences. 8:479–488. doi:10.3844/ajessp.2012.479.488
  • Roul SK, Behera PR, Pradhan RK, Saravanan R, Ghosh S, Rohit P. 2021a. Jellyfish as a human food and their fisheries: Odisha Perspective. International conference on Plant Science in Post Genomics Era, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India; p. 31.
  • Roul SK, Behera PR, Pradhan RK, Saravanan R, Ghosh S, Rohit P, Joshi KK. 2019. Diversity and distribution of jellyfish along the Odisha coast – First aid measures of jellyfish stings. The Director, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Institute, Kochi, Kerala, India.
  • Roul SK, Behera PR, Saravanan R, Rohit P. 2021b. Jellyfish fishery along Odisha coast: an overview. Marine Fisheries Information Service, Technical and Extension Series. 249:29–32.
  • Saki N, Ghanavaty YN, Moghadam AT, Ghanemi K. 2016. The effect of changes in temperature on the toxicity of jellyfish, Crambionella orsini. Journal of Marine Science and Technology. 15:143–166. [in Persian].
  • Saki N, Ghanavaty YN, Moghadam AT, Ghanemi K. 2017. Extraction and neutralization nematocyst venom of Crambionella orsini jellyfish [whit] using of chelating Na-EDTA. Journal of Marine Science and Technology. 16:301–313. [in Persian].
  • Saravanan R. 2018. Jellyfishes-diversity, biology-importance in conservation in: ICAR sponsored winter school on recent advances in fishery biology techniques for biodiversity evaluation and conservation, 1–21 December, Kochi.
  • Saravanan R, Ranjith L, Joshi KK, Jasmine S, Nazar AKA, Sadiq IS, Kingsly HJ. 2016. Scyphozoan Jelly fish Diversity in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk bay with an account on the Invasive Jelly fish Phyllorhiza punctata. 1st International Agrobiodiversity Congress 2016, New Delhi, India.
  • Sarkar J, Talukdar S, Dutta A. 2002. Occurrence of Crambionella annandalei Rao, A scyphozoan Jellyfish (Rhizostomae: Catostylidae) from Digha Coast, Midnapore, West Bengal. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. 100:31–33. doi:10.26515/rzsi/v100/i1-2/2002/159610
  • Schott FA, McCreary JP. 2001. The monsoon circulation of the Indian ocean. Progress in Oceanography. 51:1–123. doi:10.1016/S0079-6611(01)00083-0
  • Schott FA, Xie SP, McCreary JP. 2009. Indian ocean circulation and climate variability. Reviews of Geophysics. 47:RG1002. doi:10.1029/2007RG000245
  • Schott G. 1918. Oceanography and climatology of the Persian gulf and the gulf of Oman. Annalen der Hydrographic und Maritimen Meteorologie. 46:1–50.
  • Schott G. 1935. Geographie des Indischen und Stillen Ozeans. C. Boysen, Hamburg. 413 p.
  • Sharifuzzaman SM, Hossain MS, Chowdhury SR, Fuad MTI. 2019. Country summaries: 2.1 Bangladesh. In: Harmful Jellyfish: Country Report in Western Pacific (Hwai ATS, Peng CTC, Nilamani N, Yasin Z). Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang; p. 4–7.
  • Soumya KR, Riyas A, Mithun S, Kumar AB. 2021. Ethological Studies on the Jellyfish, Crambionella orsini (Vanhöffen, 1888) (Scyphozoa: Catostylidae) in Captivity. Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries. 9:24–134.
  • Sreeram MP, Ranjith L, Jasmine S, Kuriakose S, Salim SS, Aju KR, Sreekumar KM, Paulose JP, Retheesh T, Augustine S, Kingsly J, Treasa Augustina AXT, Saravanan R, Joshi KK. 2021. Emergent fishery of the catostylid jellyfish Crambionella orsini along the southern coast of India. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India. 63:12–20. doi:10.6024/jmbai.2021.63.2.2304-02
  • Stiasny G. 1922. Ergebnisse der nachuntersuchung einiger Rhizostomeen-Typen Haeckel’s und Chun’s aus dem zoologischen museum in Hamburg. Zoologische Mededelingen. 7:41–60.
  • Stiasny G. 1937. Scyphomedusae. John Murray Expedition 1933–34: Scientific Reports. 4(7):203–242.
  • Stiasny G. 1938. Die Scyphomedusen des Roten Meeres. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Afdeeling Natuurkunde. Tweede sectie. 37(2):1–35.
  • Suganthi K, Bragadeeswaran S, Sri Kumaran N, Thangaraj S, Balasubramanian T. 2011. Biological and pharmacological activities of jellyfish Crambionella stuhalmanni (Chun, 1896) and Chrysaora quinquecirrha (Desor, 1848). International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 3:230–236.
  • Valinassab T, Dehghani R, Daryanabard GR. 2003. Stock assessment of demersal resources in the gulf of Oman. Iranian Fisheries Research Organization Press; p. 55. [in Persian].
  • Vanhöffen E. 1888. Untersuchungen über semäostome und rhizostome Medusen. Bibliotheca Zoologica. 1:1–52.
  • Venkataraman K, Raghunathan C, Sreeraj CR, Raghuraman R. 2012. Guide to the dangerous and venomous marine animals of India, 1–98. Kolkata: Zoological Survey of India.
  • Vignesh SM, Badhul HM, Selva PA. 2012. Pilot study and first report on the Jelly fish (Crambionella stuhlmanni) associated bacteria and its amylase producing properties. International Journal of PharmTech Research. 4:427–431.
  • Warrell DA. 2014. Venomous and poisonous animals of the Arabian peninsula. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal. 14:264–265.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.