12,656
Views
586
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
INVITED REVIEW

Oxygen dynamics of marine sediments

Pages 243-289 | Received 31 Aug 2008, Published online: 22 Aug 2008

References

  • Aller , JY and Aller , RC. 1986 . Evidence for localized enhancement of biological activity associated with tube and burrow structures in deep-sea sediments at the HEBBLE site, western North Atlantic . Deep-Sea Research I , 33 : 755 – 90 .
  • Aller , RC. 1990 . Bioturbation and manganese cycling in hemipelagic sediments . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A , 331 : 51 – 8 .
  • Aller , RC. 1994 . Bioturbation and remineralization of sedimentary organic matter: effects of redox oscillation . Chemical Geology , 114 : 331 – 45 .
  • Aller , RC. 2001 . “ Transport and reactions in the bioirrigated zone ” . In The Benthic Boundary Layer , Edited by: Boudreau , B and Jørgensen , BB . 269 – 301 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Aller , RC. 2004 . Conceptual models of early diagenetic processes: the muddy seafloor as an unsteady, batch reactor . Journal of Marine Research I , 62 : 815 – 35 .
  • Aller , RC and Aller , JY. 1992 . Meiofauna and solute transport in marine muds . Limnology and Oceanography , 37 : 1018 – 33 .
  • Aller , RC , Hall , POJ , Rude , PD and Aller , JY. 1998 . Biogeochemical heterogeneity and suboxic diagenesis in hemipelagic sediments of the Panama Basin . Deep-Sea Research I , 45 : 133 – 65 .
  • Aller , RC and Yingst , JY. 1985 . Effects of the marine deposit feeders Heteromastus filiformis (Polychaeta), Macoma baltica (Bivalvia), and Tellina texana (Bivalvia) on averaged sedimentary solute transport, reaction rates, and microbial distributions . Journal of Marine Research I , 43 : 615 – 45 .
  • Ambrose , WG , Clough , LM , Tilney , PR and Beer , L. 2001 . Role of echinoderms in benthic remineralization in the Chukchi Sea . Marine Biology , 139 : 937 – 49 .
  • Anderson , LG , Hall , POJ , Iverfeldt , Å , Rutgers van der Loeff , MM , Sundby , B and Westerlund , SFG. 1986 . Benthic respiration measured by total carbonate production . Limnology and Oceanography , 31 : 319 – 29 .
  • Andersson , HJ , Wijsman , JWM , Herman , PMJ , Middelburg , JJ , Soetaert , K and Heip , C. 2004 . Respiration patterns in the deep Ocean . Geophysical Research Letters , 31 : L03304
  • Andersson , LA and Sarmiento , JL. 1994 . Redfield ratios of remineralizaton determined by nutrient data-analysis . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 8 : 65 – 80 .
  • Andrews , D and Bennett , A. 1981 . Measurements of diffusivity near the sediment–water interface with a fine-scale resistivity probe . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 45 : 2169 – 75 .
  • Archer , D and Devol , A. 1992 . Benthic oxygen fluxes on the Washington shelf and slope: a comparison of in situ microelectrode and chamber flux measurements . Limnology and Oceanography , 37 : 614 – 29 .
  • Archer , D , Emerson , S and Smith , CR. 1989 . Direct measurement of the diffusive sublayer at the deep sea floor using oxygen microelectrodes . Nature , 340 : 623 – 6 .
  • Archer , D and Meier-Reimer , E. 1994 . Effect of deep-sea sedimentary calcite preservation on atmospheric CO2 concentration . Nature , 367 : 260 – 3 .
  • Arnosti , C and Jørgensen , BB. 2003 . High activity and low temperature optima of extracellular enzymes in Arctic sediments: implications for carbon cycling by heterotrophic microbial communities . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 249 : 15 – 24 .
  • Banta , GT , Holmer , M , Jensen , MH and Kristensen , E. 1999 . Effects of two polychaete worms, Nereis diversicolor and Arinicola marina, on aerobic and anaerobic decomposition in a sandy marine sediment . Aquatic Microbial Ecology , 19 : 189 – 204 .
  • Barranguet , C and Kromkamp , J. 2000 . Estimating production rates from photosynthetic electron transport in estuarine microphytobenthos . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 204 : 39 – 52 .
  • Bateson , MM and Ward , DM. 1988 . Photoexcretion and fate of glycolate in a hot spring cyanobacterial mat . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 54 : 1738 – 43 .
  • Behrenfeld , MJ and Falkowski , PG. 1997 . Photosynthesis rates derived from satellite-based chlorophyll concentration . Limnology and Oceanography , 42 : 1 – 20 .
  • Behrens , JW , Stahl , HJ , Steffensen , JF and Glud , RN. 2007 . Oxygen dynamics around buried lesser sandeel, Ammodytes tobiannus (Linnaeus, 1785); mode of ventilation and metabolic requirements . Journal of Experimental Biology , 210 : 1006 – 14 .
  • Bender , M and Heggie , DT. 1984 . Fate of organic carbon reaching the sea floor: a status report . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 48 : 977 – 86 .
  • Bender , M , Jahnke , R , Weiss , R , Martin , W , Heggie , DT , Orchardo , J and Sowers , T. 1989 . Organic carbon oxidation and benthic nitrogen and silica dynamics in San Clemente Basin, a continental borderland site . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 53 : 685 – 97 .
  • Berelson , WM. 2002 . Particle sinking rates increase with depth in the ocean . Deep-Sea Research I , 49 : 237 – 51 .
  • Berelson , WM , Hammond , DE and Johnson , KS. 1987 . In situ benthic flux measurement devices: bottom lander technology . Marine Technology Society Journal , 21 : 26 – 32 .
  • Berelson , WM , Hammond , DE , O'Neill , D , Xu , X-M , Chin , C and Zukin , J. 1990 . Benthic fluxes and pore water studies from sediments of the central equatorial north Pacific: nutrient diagenesis . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 54 : 3001 – 12 .
  • Berelson , WM , McManus , J , Coale , KH , Johnson , KS , Kilgore , T , Burdige , D and Pilskaln , C. 1996 . Biogenic matter diagenesis on the sea floor: a comparison between two continental margin transects . Journal of Marine Research I , 54 : 731 – 62 .
  • Berg , P , Risgaard-Petersen , N and Rysgaard , S. 1998 . Interpretation of measured concentration profiles in sediment pore water . Limnology and Oceanography , 43 : 1500 – 10 .
  • Berg , P , Røy , H , Janssen , F , Meyer , V and Jørgensen , BB. 2003a . Oxygen uptake by aquatic sediments measured with a novel non-invasive eddy-correlation technique . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 261 : 75 – 83 .
  • Berg , P , Røy , H and Wiberg , PL. 2007 . Eddy correlation flux measurements: the sediment surface area that contributes to the flux . Limnology and Oceanography , 52 : 1672 – 84 .
  • Berg , P , Rysgaard , S , Funch , P and Sejr , M. 2001 . Effects of bioturbation on solute and solids in marine sediments . Aquatic Microbial Ecology , 26 : 81 – 94 .
  • Berg , P , Rysgaard , S and Thamdrup , B. 2003b . Dynamic modeling of early diagenesis and nutrient cycling. A case study in an arctic marine sediment . American Journal of Science , 303 : 905 – 55 .
  • Berger , WH , Fisher , K , Lai , C and Wu , G. 1988 . “ Ocean carbon flux: global maps of primary production and export production ” . In Biogeochemical Cycling and Fluxes Between the Deep Euphotic Zone and Other Realms , Edited by: Agegian , CR . 131 – 76 . Silver Spring, MD : NOAA Undersea Research Program .
  • Berner , RA. 1980 . Early Diagenesis: A Theoretical Approach , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press. 241 p .
  • Berner , RA. 1987 . Models for carbon and sulfur cycles and atmospheric oxygen – application to paleozoic geologic history . American Journal of Science , 287 : 177 – 96 .
  • Berner , RA and Canfield , DE. 1989 . A new model for atmospheric oxygen over phanerozoic time . American Journal of Science , 289 : 333 – 61 .
  • Billett , DSM , Lampitt , RS , Rice , AL and Mantoura , RFC. 1983 . Seasonal sedimentation of phytoplankton to the deep-sea benthos . Nature , 302 : 520 – 2 .
  • Boucher , G , Clavier , J and Garrigue , C. 1994 . Oxygen and carbon dioxide fluxes at the water–sediment interface of a tropical lagoon . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 107 : 185 – 93 .
  • Boudreau , BP. 2001 . “ Solute transport above the sediment–water interface ” . In The Benthic Boundary Layer , Edited by: Boudreau , B and Jørgensen , BB . 104 – 23 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Boudreau , BP and Guinasso , NL . 1982 . “ The influence of a diffusive sublayer on aggregation, dissolution and diagenesis at the sea floor ” . In The Dynamic Environment of the Seafloor , Edited by: Fanning , KA and Manheim , M . 115 – 45 . Lexington, MA : Lexington Books .
  • Boudreau , BP and Meysman , FJR. 2006 . Predicted tortuosity of muds . Geology , 34 : 693 – 6 .
  • Boudreau , BP and Scott , MR. 1978 . A model for the diffusion controlled growth of deep-sea manganese nodules . American Journal of Science , 278 : 903 – 29 .
  • Bouldin , DR. 1968 . Models for describing the diffusion of oxygen and other mobile constituents across the mud–water interface . Journal of Ecology , 56 : 77 – 87 .
  • Brand , A , Muller , B , Wuest , A , Dinkel , C , Revsbech , NP Nielsen , LP . 2007 . Microsensor for in situ flow measurements in benthic boundary layers at submillimeter resolution with extremely slow flow . Limnology and Oceanography Methods , 5 : 185 – 91 .
  • Brandes , JA and Devol , AH. 1995 . Simultaneous nitrate and oxygen respiration in coastal sediments: evidence for discrete diagenesis . Journal of Marine Research I , 53 : 771 – 97 .
  • Buchholtz-ten Brink , MR , Gust , G and Chavis , C. 1989 . Calibration and performance of a stirred benthic chamber . Deep-Sea Research I , 36 : 1083 – 101 .
  • Caffrey , JM and Kemp , WM. 1991 . Seasonal and spatial patterns of oxygen production, respiration and root rhizome release in Potamogeton perfoliatus L. and Zostera marina L . Aquatic Botany , 40 : 109 – 28 .
  • Cahoon , LB. 1999 . The role of benthic microalgae in neritic ecosystems . Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review , 37 : 47 – 86 .
  • Cai , WJ and Sayles , FL. 1996 . Oxygen penetration depths and fluxes in marine sediments . Marine Chemistry , 52 : 123 – 31 .
  • Canfield , DE. 1993 . “ Organic matter oxidation in marine sediments ” . In Interactions of C, N, P and S Biogeochemical Cycles and Global Change , Edited by: Wollast , R , Mackenzie , FT and Chou , L . 333 – 63 . Berlin : Springer .
  • Canfield , DE. 1994 . Factors influencing organic carbon preservation in marine sediments . Chemical Geology , 114 : 315 – 29 .
  • Canfield , DE and Des Marais , DJ. 1993 . Biogeochemical cycles of carbon, sulfur, and free oxygen in a microbial mat . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 58 : 3971 – 84 .
  • Canfield , DE , Jørgensen , BB , Fossing , H , Glud , RN , Gundersen , JK Ramsing , NB . 1993 . Pathways of organic carbon oxidation in three continental margin sediments . Marine Geology , 113 : 2740
  • Canfield DE , Kristensen E , Thamdrup B . 2005 . Aquatic Geomicrobiology . London : Elsevier . 640 p. (Advances in Marine Biology; 48) .
  • Castenholz , RW. 1984 . “ Composition of hot spring microbial mats: a summary ” . In Microbial Mats: Stromatolites , Edited by: Cohen , Y , Castenholz , RW and Halvorsen , HO . 101 – 19 . New York : Liss .
  • Christensen , JP. 2000 . A relationship between deep-sea benthic oxygen demand and oceanic primary production . Oceanologica Acta , 23 : 65 – 82 .
  • Christensen , PB , Glud , RN , Dalsgaard , T and Gillespie , P. 2003 . Implication of long line mussel farming on benthos, oxygen and nitrogen dynamics in coastal sediments . Aquaculture , 218 : 567 – 88 .
  • Christensen , B , Vedel , A and Kristensen , E. 2000 . Carbon and nitrogen fluxes in sediment inhabited by suspension-feeding (Nereis diversicolor) and non-suspension-feeding (N. virens) polychaetes . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 192 : 203 – 217 .
  • Connell , EL , Colmer , TD and Walker , DI. 1999 . Radial oxygen loss from intact roots of Halophila ovalis as a function of distance behind the root tip and shoot illumination . Aquatic Botany , 63 : 219 – 28 .
  • Cook , PLM and Røy , H. 2006 . Advective relief of CO2 limitation in microphytobenthos in highly productive sandy sediments . Limnology and Oceanography , 51 : 1594 – 601 .
  • Cook , PLM , Wenzhöfer , F , Glud , RN and Huettel , M. 2007a . Benthic solute exchange and carbon mineralization in two shallow subtidal sandy sediments: impact of advective porewater exchange . Limnology and Oceanography , 52 : 1943 – 63 .
  • Cook , PLM , Wenzhöfer , F , Rysgaard , S , Galaktionov , OS , Meysman , FJR Eyre , BD . 2007b . Quantification of denitrification in permeable sediments: insights from a 2-dimensional simulation analysis and experimental data . Limnology and Oceanography Methods , 4 : 294 – 307 .
  • Cowan , JLW , Pennock , JR and Boynton , WR. 1996 . Seasonal and interannual patterns of sediment–water nutrient and oxygen fluxes in Mobile Bay, Alabama (USA): regulating factors and ecological significance . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 141 : 229 – 45 .
  • Dalsgaard , T. 2003 . Benthic primary production and nutrient cycling in sediments with benthic microalgae and transient accumulation of macroalgae . Limnology and Oceanography , 48 : 2138 – 50 .
  • de Beer , D , Wenzhöfer , F , Ferdelman , TG , Boehme , SE , Huettel , M Beusekom van , JEE . 2005 . Transport and mineralization rates in North sea sandy intertidal sediments, Sylt-Rømø Basin, Waden Sea . Limnology and Oceanography , 50 : 113 – 27 .
  • del Giorgio , PA and Williams , PJ le B. 2005 . Respiration in Aquatic Ecosystems , 315 Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Dorgan , KM , Jumars , PA , Johnson , B , Boudreau , BP and Landis , E. 2005 . Burrow extension by crack propagation . Nature , 433 : 475 – 5 .
  • Duineveld , GCA , de Wilde , PAWJ , Berghuis , EM , Kok , A and Kromkamp , J. 1997a . Benthic respiration and standing stock on two contrasting continental margins in the western Indian Ocean: the Yemen–Somali upwelling region and the margin off Kenya . Deep-Sea Research I , 44 : 1293 – 317 .
  • Duineveld , GCA , Lavaleye , MSS , Berghuis , EM , de Wilde , PAWJ , van der Weele , J Kok , A . 1997b . Patterns of benthic fauna and benthic respiration on the Celtic continental margin in relation to the distribution of phytodetritus . Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie , 82 : 395 – 424 .
  • Elberling , B and Damgaard , LR. 2001 . Microscale measurements of oxygen diffusion and consumption in subaqueous sulphide tailings . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 65 : 1897 – 905 .
  • Emery , KO. 1969 . Relict sediments on continental shelves of the world . American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin , 52 : 445 – 64 .
  • Emery , KO and Rittenberg , SC. 1956 . Early diagenesis of California Basin sediments. 1. Spatial and temporal scales . Marine Biology , 127 : 289 – 95 .
  • Epping , EHG and Helder , W. 1997 . Oxygen budgets calculated from in situ microprofiles for Northern Adriatic sediments . Continental Shelf Research I , 17 : 1737 – 64 .
  • Epping , EHG and Jørgensen , BB. 1996 . Light-enhanced oxygen respiration in benthic phototrophic communities . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 139 : 193 – 203 .
  • Epping , EHG , Khalili , A and Thar , R. 1999 . Photosynthesis and dynamics of oxygen consumption in a microbial mat as calculated from transient oxygen microprofiles . Limnology and Oceanography , 44 : 1936 – 48 .
  • Epping , E , van der Zee , C , Soetaert , K and Helder , W. 2002 . On the oxidation and burial of organic carbon in sediments of the Iberian margin and Nazare Canyon (NE Atlantic) . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 52 : 399 – 431 .
  • Eyre , BD and Balls , P. 1999 . A comparative study of nutrient behaviour along salinity gradient of tropical and temperate estuaries . Estuaries , 22 : 313 – 26 .
  • Eyre , BD and Ferguson , AJP. 2005 . Benthic metabolism and nitrogen cycling in a subtropical east Australian estuary (Brunswick): temporal variability and controlling factors . Limnology and Oceanography , 50 : 81 – 96 .
  • Eyre , B and Ferguson , AJP. 2006 . Impact of a flood event on benthic and pelagic coupling in a subtropical east Australian estuary (Brunswick) . Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , 66 : 111 – 22 .
  • Fenchel , T. 1986 . Protozoa filter feeding . Progress in Protistology , 1 : 65 – 113 .
  • Fenchel , T. 1994 . Motility and chemosensory behaviour of the sulphur bacterium Thiovulum majus . Microbiology , 140 : 3109 – 16 .
  • Fenchel , T. 1996a . Worm burrows and oxic microniches in marine sediments. 1. Spatial and temporal scales . Marine Biology , 127 : 289 – 95 .
  • Fenchel , T. 1996b . Worm burrows and oxic microniches in marine sediments. 2. Distribution patterns of ciliated protozoa . Marine Biology , 127 : 297 – 301 .
  • Fenchel , T and Glud , RN. 1998 . Veil architecture in a sulphide-oxidizing bacterium enhances countercurrent flux . Nature , 394 : 367 – 9 .
  • Fenchel , T and Glud , RN. 2000 . Benthic primary production and O2–CO2 dynamics in a shallow water sediment: spatial and temporal activity . Ophelia , 53 : 159 – 71 .
  • Fenchel , T and Jørgensen , BB. 1977 . “ Detritus food chains of aquatic systems: the role of bacteria ” . In Advances in Microbial Ecology 1 , Edited by: Alexander , M . 1 – 58 . New York : Plenum Press .
  • Fenchel , T , King , GM and Blackburn , TH. 1998 . Bacterial Biogeochemistry: The Ecophysiology of Mineral Cycling , 307 San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
  • Fischer , G , Ratmeyer , V and Wefer , G. 2000 . Organic carbon fluxes in the Atlantic and Southern Ocean: relationship to primary production compiled from satellite radiometer data . Deep-Sea Research I , 47 : 1961 – 97 .
  • Flach , E , Lavalaye , M , de Sigter , H and Thomsen , L. 1998 . Feeding types of the benthic community along the NW European continental margin: spatial and temporal variability in activity and biomass . Progress in Oceanography , 42 : 209 – 23 .
  • Forster , S , Glud , RN , Gundersen , JK and Huettel , M. 1999 . In situ study of bromide tracer and oxygen flux in coastal sediments . Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , 49 : 813 – 27 .
  • Forster , S and Graf , G. 1995 . Impact of irrigation on oxygen flux into the sediment: intermittent pumping by Callianassa subterranean and ‘piston-pumping’ by Lanice conchilega . Marine Biology , 123 : 335 – 46 .
  • Fossing H , Berg P , Thamdrup B , Rysgaard S , Sørensen HM , Nielsen K. . 2002 . Ilt- og nærringsstofflux model for Århus Bugt og Mariager Fjord. Aarhus (Denmark): Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser . Faglig Rapport fra DMU No. 416 .
  • Fossing , H , Gallardo , VA , Jørgensen , BB , Hüttel , M , Nielsen , L Schulz , H . 1995 . Concentration and transport of nitrate by the mat-forming sulphur bacterium Thioploca . Nature , 374 : 713 – 5 .
  • Franke , U. 2005 . Application of planar optodes in biological aquatic systems [PhD thesis] , [Bremen (Germany)] : University of Bremen, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie .
  • Franke , U , Polerecky , L , Precht , E and Huettel , M. 2006 . Wave tank study of particulate organic matter degradation in permeable sediments . Limnology and Oceanography , 51 : 1084 – 96 .
  • Frederiksen , M and Glud , RN. 2006 . Oxygen dynamics in the rhizosphere of Zostera marina: a two-dimensional planar optode study . Limnology and Oceanography , 51 : 1072 – 83 .
  • Froelich , PN , Klinkenhammer , GP , Bender , ML , Luedtke , NA , Heath , GR Cullen , D . 1979 . Early oxidation of organic matter in pelagic sediments of the eastern equatorial Atlantic: suboxic diagenesis . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 43 : 1075 – 90 .
  • Garcia-Pichel , F. 1989 . Rapid bacterial swimming measured in swarming cells of Thiovulum majus . Journal of Bacteriology , 171 : 3560 – 3 .
  • Garcia-Pichel , F , Kühl , M , Nübel , U and Muyzer , G. 1999 . Salinity-dependent limitation of photosynthesis and oxygen exchange in microbial mats . Journal of Phycology , 35 : 227 – 38 .
  • Gattuso , JP , Gentilli , B , Duarte , C , Kleypass , J , Middelburg , JF and Antoine , D. 2006 . Light availability in the coastal ocean: impact on the distribution of benthic photosynthetic organism and contribution to primary production . Biogeoscience , 3 : 489 – 513 .
  • Gerlach , SA , Hahn , A and Schrage , M. 1985 . Size spectra of benthic biomass and metabolism . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 26 : 161 – 73 .
  • Gilbert , F , Hulth , S , Strömberg , N , Ringdahl , K and Poggiale , J-C. 2003 . 2D optical quantification of particle reworking activities in marine surface sediments . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 285 : 251 – 63 .
  • Glud , RN. 2006 . “ Microscale techniques to measure photosynthesis: a mini-review ” . In Functioning of Microphytobenthos. Amsterdam: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Edited by: Kromkamp , JC , de Brouwer , JFC , Blanchard , GF , Forster , RM and Creach , V . 31 – 42 .
  • Glud , RN , Berg , P , Fossing , H and Jørgesen , BB. 2007 . Effect of the diffusive boundary layer (DBL) on the benthic mineralization and O2 distribution: a theoretical modelling exercise . Limnology and Oceanography , 52 : 547 – 57 .
  • Glud , RN and Blackburn , N. 2002 . The effect of chamber size on benthic oxygen uptake measurements: a simulation study . Ophelia , 56 : 23 – 31 .
  • Glud , RN , Eyre , B and Patten , N. 2008 . Biogeochemical responses to coral mass spawning at the Great Barrier Reef: effects on respiration and primary production . Limnology and Oceanography , 53 : 1014 – 24 .
  • Glud , RN and Fenchel , T. 1999 . The importance of ciliates for interstitial solute transport in benthic communities . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 186 : 87 – 93 .
  • Glud , RN , Forster , S and Huettel , M. 1996a . Influence of radial pressure gradients on solute exchange in stirred benthic chambers . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 141 : 303 – 11 .
  • Glud , RN and Gundersen , JK. 2002 . “ Exchange and microdistribution of solutes at the benthic interface: an in situ study in Aarhus Bight, Denmark ” . In Environmental Electrochemistry: Analyses of Trace Element Biogeochemistry , Edited by: Taillefert , M . 144 – 61 . Washington, DC : American Chemical Society .
  • Glud , RN , Gundersen , JK and Holby , O. 1999a . Benthic in situ respiration in the upwelling area off central Chile . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 180 : 7 – 21 .
  • Glud , RN , Gundersen , JK , Jørgensen , BB , Revsbech , NP and Schulz , HD. 1994a . Diffusive and total oxygen uptake of deep-sea sediments in the eastern South Atlantic Ocean: in situ and laboratory measurements . Deep-Sea Research I , 41 : 1767 – 88 .
  • Glud RN , Gundersen JK , Ramsing NB . 2000a . Electrochemical and optical oxygen microsensors for in situ measurements . In: Buffle J , Horvai G In Situ Monitoring of Aquatic Systems: Chemical Analysis and Speciation . Chichester, , UK : John Wiley & Sons . p 19 – 74 . ( IUPAC Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems; 6 ).
  • Glud , RN , Gundersen , JK , Revsbech , NP and Jørgensen , BB. 1994b . Effects on the benthic diffusive boundary layer imposed by microelectrodes . Limnology and Oceanography , 39 : 462 – 7 .
  • Glud , RN , Gundersen , JK , Revsbech , NP , Jørgensen , BB and Huttel , M. 1995a . Calibration and performance of the stirred flux chamber from the benthic lander Elinor . Deep-Sea Research I , 42 : 1029 – 42 .
  • Glud , RN , Gundersen , JK , Røy , H and Jørgensen , BB. 2003 . Seasonal dynamics of benthic O2 uptake in a semi-enclosed bay: importance of diffusion and fauna activity . Limnology and Oceanography , 48 : 1265 – 76 .
  • Glud , RN , Holby , O , Hofmann , F and Canfield , DE. 1998a . Benthic mineralization in Arctic sediments (Svalbard) . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 173 : 237 – 51 .
  • Glud , RN , Jensen , K and Revsbech , NP. 1995b . Diffusivity in surficial sediments and benthic mats determined by use of a combined N2O–O2 microsensor . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 59 : 231 – 7 .
  • Glud , RN , Klimant , I , Holst , G , Kohls , O , Meyer , V Kühl , M . 1999b . Adaptation, test and in situ measurements with O2 microoptodes on benthic landers . Deep-Sea Research I , 26 : 171 – 83 .
  • Glud , RN , Kühl , M , Khols , O and Ramsing , NB. 1999c . Heterogenity of oxygen production and consumption in a photosynthetic microbial mat as studied by planar optodes . Journal of Phycology , 35 : 270 – 9 .
  • Glud , RN , Kühl , M , Wenzhöfer , F and Rysgaard , S. 2002 . Benthic diatoms of a high Arctic fjord (Young Sound, NE Greenland): importance for ecosystem primary production . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 238 : 15 – 29 .
  • Glud , RN , Ramsing , NB , Gundersen , JK and Klimant , I. 1996b . Planar optodes, a new tool for fine scale measurements of two-dimensional O2 distribution in benthic communities . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 140 : 217 – 26 .
  • Glud , RN , Ramsing , NB and Revsbech , NP. 1992 . Photosynthesis and photosynthesis-coupled respiration in natural biofilms quantified with microsensors . Journal of Phycology , 28 : 51 – 60 .
  • Glud , RN , Riisgaard-Petersen , N , Thamdrup , B , Fossing , H and Rysgaard , S. 2000b . Benthic carbon mineralization in a high-Arctic sound (Young Sound, NE Greenland) . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 206 : 59 – 71 .
  • Glud , RN , Rysgaard , S , Fenchel , T and Nielsen , PH. 2004 . A conspiuous H2S oxidizing microbial mat from a high-latitude Arctic fjord (Young Sound, NE Greenland) . Marine Biology , 145 : 51 – 60 .
  • Glud , RN , Santegoeds , CM , de Beer , D , Kohls , O and Ramsing , NB. 1998b . Oxygen dynamics at the base of a biofilm studied with planar optodes . Aquatic Microbial Ecology , 14 : 223 – 33 .
  • Glud , RN , Tengberg , A , Kühl , M , Hall , POJ , Klimant , I and Holst , G. 2001 . An in situ instrument for planar O2 optode measurements at benthic interfaces . Limnology and Oceanography , 46 : 2073 – 80 .
  • Glud , RN , Wenzhöfer , F , Tengberg , A , Middelboe , M , Oguri , K and Kitasato , H. 2005 . Distribution of oxygen in surface sediments from central Sagami Bay, Japan: in situ measurements by microelectrodes and planar optodes . Deep-Sea Research I , 52 : 1974 – 87 .
  • Graf , G. 1989 . Benthic–pelagic coupling in a deep-sea community . Nature , 341 : 437 – 9 .
  • Green , MA , Aller , RC and Aller , JY. 1993 . Carbonate dissolution and temporal abundances of foraminifera in Long Island Sound sediments . Limnology and Oceanography , 38 : 331 – 45 .
  • Grunwald , B and Kühl , M. 2004 . A system for imaging variable chlorophyll fluorescence of aquatic phototrophs . Ophelia , 58 : 79 – 89 .
  • Gundersen JK , Glud RN , Jørgensen BB . 1995 . Havbundens iltomsætning. Copenhagen: Environmental Protection Agency . Havforskning fra Miljøstyrelsen, Hav-90 Faglig Rapport No. 57 .
  • Gundersen , JK and Jørgensen , BB. 1990 . Microstructure of diffusive boundary layers and the oxygen uptake of the sea floor . Nature , 345 : 604 – 7 .
  • Gundersen , JK , Jørgensen , BB , Larsen , E and Jannasch , HW. 1992 . Mats of giant sulphur bacteria on deep-sea sediments due to fluctuating hydrothermal flow . Nature , 360 : 454 – 5 .
  • Hales , B and Emerson , S. 1997 . Calcite dissolution in sediments of the Ceara rise: in situ measurements of porewater O2, pH, and CO2(aq) . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 61 : 501 – 14 .
  • Hales , B , Emerson , S and Archer , D. 1994 . Respiration and dissolution in the sediments of the western North Atlantic: estimates from models of in situ microelectrode measurements of porewater oxygen and pH . Deep-Sea Research I , 41 : 695 – 719 .
  • Hall , POJ , Anderson , LG , Rutgers van der Loeff , MM , Sundby , B and Westerlund , SFG. 1989 . Oxygen uptake kinetics in the benthic boundary layer . Limnology and Oceanography , 34 : 734 – 46 .
  • Hall , POJ , Brunnegård , J , Hulthe , G , Martin , WR , Stahl , H and Tengberg , A. 2007 . Dissolved organic matter in abyssal sediments; core recovery artifacts . Limnology and Oceanography , 52 : 19 – 31 .
  • Hammond , DE , Cummins , KM , McManus , J , Berelson , WM , Smith , G and Spagnoli , F. 2004 . Methods for measuring benthic nutrient flux on the California margin: comparing shipboard core incubations to in situ lander results . Limnology and Oceanography Methods , 2 : 146 – 59 .
  • Hammond , DE , McManus , J , Berelson , WM , Kilgore , TE and Pope , RH. 1996 . Early diagenesis of organic material in equatorial Pacific sediments: stoichiometry and kinetics . Deep-Sea Research I , 43 : 1365 – 412 .
  • Hancke , K and Glud , RN. 2004 . Temperature effects on respiration and photosynthesis in three diatom dominated benthic communities . Aquatic Microbial Ecology , 37 : 265 – 81 .
  • Hansen , K and Kristensen , E. 1997 . Impact of macrofaunal recolonization on benthic metabolism and nutrient fluxes in a shallow marine sediment previously overgrown with macroalgal mats . Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , 45 : 613 – 28 .
  • Hansen , LS and Blackburn , TH. 1992 . Effect of algal bloom deposition on sediment respiration and fluxes . Marine Biology , 112 : 147 – 52 .
  • Hartig , P , Wolfstein , K , Lippemeier , S and Colijn , F. 1998 . Photosynthetic activity of natural microphytobenthos populations measured by fluorescence (PAM) and 14C-tracer methods: a comparison . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 166 : 53 – 62 .
  • Hecker , B. 1990 . Photographic evidence for the rapid flux of particles to the sea floor and their transport down the continental slope . Deep-Sea Research I , 37 : 1773 – 82 .
  • Heil , CA , Chaston , K , Jones , A , Bird , P , Longstaff , B Costanzo , S . 2004 . Benthic microalgae in coral reef sediments of the southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia . Coral Reefs , 23 : 336 – 43 .
  • Heip , CHR , Duineveld , GA , Flach , E , Graf , G , Helder , W Herman , PMJ . 2001 . The role of the benthic biota in sedimentary metabolism and sediment–water exchange processes in the Goban Spur area (NE Atlantic) . Deep-Sea Research I , 48 : 3223 – 43 .
  • Hinga , KR , Sieburth , JM and Heath , GR. 1979 . Supply and use of organic material at the deep-sea floor . Journal of Marine Research I , 37 : 581 – 600 .
  • Høines , ÅS and Bergstad , OA. 2001 . Density of wintering sand eel in the sand recorded by grab catchers . Fisheries Research I , 49 : 295 – 301 .
  • Holst , G , Glud , RN , Kühl , M and Klimant , I. 1997 . A microoptode array for fine scale measurements of oxygen distribution . Sensors and Actuators B , 38/39 : 122 – 9 .
  • Holst , G and Grünwald , B. 2001 . Luminescence lifetime imaging with transparent oxygen optodes . Sensors and Actuators B , 75 : 78 – 90 .
  • Holst , G , Kohls , O , Klimant , I , König , B , Kühl , M and Richter , T. 1998 . A modular luminescence lifetime imaging system for mapping oxygen distribution in biological samples . Sensors and Actuators B , 51 : 163 – 70 .
  • Hondzo , M , Feyaerts , T , Donovan , R and O'Conner , BL. 2005 . Universal scaling of dissolved oxygen distribution at the sediment–water interface: a power law . Limnology and Oceanography , 50 : 1667 – 76 .
  • Huettel , M and Webster , IT. 2001 . “ Porewater flow in permeable sediments ” . In The Benthic Boundary Layer , Edited by: Boudreau , B and Jørgensen , BB . 144 – 79 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Huettel , M , Ziebis , W and Forster , S. 1996 . Flow-induced uptake of particulate matter in permeable sediments . Limnology and Oceanography , 41 : 309 – 22 .
  • Hulth , S , Aller , RC , Engström , P and Selander , E. 2002 . A pH plate fluorosensor optode for early diagenetic studies of marine sediments . Limnology and Oceanography , 47 : 212 – 20 .
  • Hulth , S , Blackburn , TH and Hall , POJ. 1994 . Arctic sediments (Svalbard): consumption and microdistribution of oxygen . Marine Chemistry , 46 : 293 – 316 .
  • Hulth , S , Tengberg , A , Landén , A and Hall , POJ. 1997 . Mineralization and burial of organic carbon in sediments of the Southern Weddell Sea . Deep-Sea Research I , 44 : 955 – 81 .
  • Hulthe , G , Hulth , S and Hall , POJ. 1998 . Effect of oxygen on degradation rate of refractory and labile organic matter in continental margin sediments . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 62 : 1319 – 28 .
  • Hüttel , M and Gust , G. 1992a . Solute release mechanisms from confined cores in stirred benthic chambers and flume flows . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 82 : 187 – 97 .
  • Hüttel , M and Gust , G. 1992b . Impact of bioroughness on the interfacial solute exchange in permeable sediments . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 89 : 253 – 67 .
  • Iversen , N and Jørgensen , BB. 1993 . Diffusion coefficients of sulphate and methane in marine sediments: influence of porosity . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 57 : 571 – 8 .
  • Jahnke , RA. 1985 . A model of microenvironments in deep-sea sediments: formation and effects on porewater profiles . Limnology and Oceanography , 30 : 956 – 65 .
  • Jahnke , RA. 1990 . Early diagenesis and recycling of biogenetic debris at the seafloor, Santa Monica Basin, California . Journal of Marine Research I , 48 : 413 – 36 .
  • Jahnke , RA. 1996 . The global ocean flux of particulate organic carbon: areal distribution and magnitude . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 10 : 71 – 88 .
  • Jahnke , RA. 2001 . “ Constraining organic matter cycling with benthic fluxes ” . In The Benthic Boundary Layer , Edited by: Boudreau , B and Jørgensen , BB . 302 – 11 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Jahnke , RA and Christensen , MB. 1989 . A free vehicle benthic chamber instrument for sea-floor studies . Deep-Sea Research I , 36 : 625 – 37 .
  • Jahnke , RA , Craven , DB and Gaillard , JF. 1994 . The influence of organic matter diagenesis on CaCO3 dissolution at the deep-sea floor . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 58 : 2799 – 809 .
  • Jahnke , RA , Nelson , JR , Marinelli , RL and Eckman , JE. 2000 . Benthic flux of biogenic elements on the southeastern US continental shelf: influence of pore water advective transport and benthic microalgae . Continental Shelf Research I , 20 : 109 – 27 .
  • Jahnke , RA , Reimers , C and Craven , DB. 1990 . Intensification of recyling of organic matter at the sea floor near ocean margins . Nature , 348 : 50 – 54 .
  • Janssen , F , Faerber , P , Huettel , M , Meyer , V and Witte , U. 2005 . Pore-water advection and solute fluxes in permeable marine sediments (I): calibration and performance of a novel benthic chamber system Sandy . Limnology and Oceanography , 50 : 768 – 78 .
  • Jensen , SI , Kühl , M , Glud , RN , Jørgensen , LB and Primé , A. 2005 . Oxygen microzones and radial oxygen loss from roots of Zostera marina . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 293 : 49 – 58 .
  • Jørgensen , BB. 1977 . Bacterial sulfate reduction within reduced microniches of oxidized marine sediments . Marine Biology , 41 : 7 – 17 .
  • Jørgensen , BB. 1982 . Ecology of the bacteria of the sulphur cycle with special reference to anoxic–oxic interface environments . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B , 298 : 543 – 61 .
  • Jørgensen BB . 1996a . Material flux in the sediment . In: Jørgensen BB , Richardson K Eutrophication in Coastal Marine Ecosystems . Washington, DC : American Geophysical Union . p 115 – 36 . ( Coastal and Estuarine Studies; 52 ).
  • Jørgensen BB . 1996b . Case study – Aarhus Bay . In: Jørgensen BB , Richardson K Eutrophication in Coastal Marine Ecosystems . Washington, DC : American Geophysical Union . p 137 – 54 . ( Coastal and Estuarine Studies; 52 ).
  • Jørgensen , BB. 2000 . “ Bacteria and marine biogeochemistry ” . In Marine Geochemistry , Edited by: Schulz , HD and Zabel , M . 169 – 201 . Berlin : Spinger .
  • Jørgensen , BB. 2001 . “ Life in the diffusive boundary layer ” . In The Benthic Boundary Layer , Edited by: Boudreau , B and Jørgensen , BB . 348 – 73 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Jørgensen , BB and Boudreau , B. 2001 . “ Diagenesis and sediment water exchange ” . In The Benthic Boundary Layer , Edited by: Boudreau , B and Jørgensen , BB . 211 – 38 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Jørgensen , BB and Des Marais , D. 1990 . The diffusive boundary layer of sediments: oxygen microgradients over a microbial mat . Limnology and Oceanography , 35 : 1343 – 55 .
  • Jørgensen , BB , Glud , RN and Holby , O. 2005 . Oxygen distribution and bioirrigation in Arctic fjord sediments (Svalbard, Barents Sea) . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 292 : 85 – 95 .
  • Jørgensen , BB and Revsbech , NP. 1983 . Colorless sulphur bacteria, Beggiatoa spp. and Thiovulum spp. in O2 and H2S microgradients . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 45 : 1261 – 70 .
  • Jørgensen , BB and Revsbech , NP. 1985 . Diffusive boundary layers and the oxygen uptake of sediment and detritus . Limnology and Oceanography , 30 : 111 – 22 .
  • Jørgensen , BB , Revsbech , NP and Cohen , Y. 1983 . Photosynthesis and structure of benthic microbial mats: microelectrode and SEM studies of four cyanobacterial communities . Limnology and Oceanography , 28 : 1075 – 93 .
  • Katsev , S , Sundby , B and Mucci , A. 2006 . Modelling vertical migration of the redox boundary in sediments: application to deep basins of the Arctic Ocean . Limnology and Oceanography , 51 : 1581 – 93 .
  • Khalili , A , Basu , AJ and Huettel , M. 1997 . A non-Darcy model for recirculating flow through a fluid–sediment interface in a cylindrical container . Acta Mechanica , 123 : 75 – 87 .
  • Klimant , I , Holst , G and Kühl , M. 1997a . A simple fiberoptic sensor to detect the penetration of microsensors into sediments and other biogeochemical systems . Limnology and Oceanography , 42 : 1638 – 43 .
  • Klimant , I , Kühl , M , Glud , RN and Holst , G. 1997b . Optical measurements of oxygen and other environmental parameters in microscale: strategies and biological applications . Sensors and Actuators B , 38/39 : 29 – 37 .
  • Klimant , I , Meyer , V and Kühl , M. 1995 . Fiber-optic oxygen microsensors, a new tool in aquatic biology . Limnology and Oceanography , 40 : 1159 – 65 .
  • Klinkenberg , LJ. 1951 . Analogy between diffusion and electrical conductivity in porous rocks . Geological Society of America Bulletin , 62 : 559 – 64 .
  • König , B , Kohls , O , Glud , RN and Kühl , M. 2005 . Fabrication and test of sol-gel based planar optodes for use in aquatic systems . Marine Chemistry , 97 : 262 – 76 .
  • Kostka , JE , Thamdrup , B , Glud , RN and Canfield , DE. 1999 . Rates and parthways of carbon oxidation in permanently cold Arctic sediments . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 180 : 7 – 21 .
  • Krause-Jensen , D , Kuhl , M , Christensen , PB and Borum , J. 2007 . “ Benthic primary production in Young Sound, Northeast Greenland ” . In Carbon Cycling in Arctic Marine Ecosystems: Case Study – Young Sound. Meddelelser om Grønland, Bioscience 58 Edited by: Rysgaard , S and Glud , RN . 159 – 73 .
  • Kristensen , E. 1988 . “ Benthic fauna and biogeochemical processes in marine sediments: microbial activities and fluxes ” . In Nitrogen Cycling in Coastal Marine Environments , Edited by: Blackburn , TH and Sørensen , J . 275 – 99 . New York : John Wiley .
  • Kristensen , E. 2000 . Organic matter diagenesis at the oxic/anoxic interface in coastal marine sediments, with emphasis on the role of burrowing animals . Hydrobiology , 426 : 1 – 24 .
  • Kristensen , E and Holmer , M. 2001 . Decomposition of plant materials in marine sediments exposed to different electron acceptors O2, NO3 −, SO4 2 − , with emphasis on substrate origin, degradation kinetics, and the role of bioturbation . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 65 : 419 – 33 .
  • Kühl , M , Glud , RN , Borum , J , Roberts , R and Rysgaard , S. 2001 . Photosynthetic performance of surface associated algae below sea ice as measured with a pulse-amplitude-modulated (PAM) fluorometer and O2 microsensors . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 223 : 1 – 14 .
  • Kühl , M , Glud , RN , Plough , H , Ramsing , NB and Revsbech , NP. 1996 . Microenvironmental control of photosnthesis and photosynthesis-coupled respiration in an epilithic cyanobacterial biofilm . Journal of Phycology , 32 : 799 – 812 .
  • Kühl , M and Jørgensen , BB. 1992 . Spectral light measurements in microbenthic phototrophic communities with a fiber-optic microprobe coupled to a sensitive diode array detector . Limnology and Oceanography , 37 : 1813 – 23 .
  • Kuwae , T , Kamio , K , Inoue , T , Miyoshi , E and Uchiyama , Y. 2006 . Oxygen exchange flux between sediment and water in an intertidal sandflat, measured in situ by the eddy-correlation method . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 307 : 59 – 68 .
  • Lansard , B , Rabouille , C and Massias , D. 2003 . Variability in benthic fluxes during the winter–spring transition in coastal sediments: an estimation by in situ microelectrodes and laboratory mini-electrodes . Oceanographica Acta , 26 : 269 – 79 .
  • Larkum , ADW , Koch , E-M and Kühl , M. 2003 . Diffusive boundary layers and photosynthesis of epilithic algal community of coral reefs . Marine Biology , 142 : 1073 – 82 .
  • Larkum , AWD , Orth , EJ and Duarte , CM. 2006 . Seagrass, Biology, Ecology and Conservation , 691 Dordrecht, , Netherlands : Springer .
  • Lassen , C , Glud , RN , Ramsing , NB and Revsbech , NP. 1998 . A method to improve the spatial resolution of photosynthetic rates obtained by oxygen microsensors . Journal of Phycology , 34 : 89 – 93 .
  • Libelo , EL , MacIntyre , WG , Seitz , RD and Libelo , LF. 1994 . Cycling of water through the sediment–water interface by passive ventilation of relict biological structures . Marine Geology , 120 : 1 – 12 .
  • Lohse , L , Helder , W , Epping , EHG and Balzer , W. 1998 . Recycling of organic matter along a shelf-slope transect across the NW European Continental Margin (Goban Spur) . Progress in Oceanography , 42 : 77 – 110 .
  • Lomstein BAa Blackburn TH 1992 . Nitrogen cycling in the seafloor of Aarhus Bay . Copenhagen : Environmental Protection Agency . 74 p. Havforskning fra Miljøstyrelsen, Rapport No. 16 .
  • Lorke , A , Müller , B , Maerki , M and Wüest , A. 2003 . Breathing sediments: the control of diffusive transport across the sediment–water interface by periodic boundary-layer turbulence . Limnology and Oceanography , 48 : 2077 – 85 .
  • Mahaut , M-L , Sibuet , M and Shirayama , Y. 1995 . Weight-dependent respiration rates in deep-sea organisms . Deep-Sea Research I , 42 : 1575 – 82 .
  • Meile , C and van Cappellen , P. 2003 . Global estimates of enhanced solute transport in marine sediments . Limnology and Oceanography , 48 : 777 – 86 .
  • Meile , C and van Cappellen , P. 2005 . Particle age distribution and O2 exposure times: timescales in bioturbated sediments . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 19 : GB3013
  • Meysman , FJR , Galaktinov , O and Middelburg , JJ. 2005 . Irrigation patterns in permeable sediments induced by burrow ventilation: a case study of Arinicola marina . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 303 : 195 – 212 .
  • Middelburg , JJ , Barranguet , C , Bushker , HTS , Herman , PMJ and Moens , T. 2000 . The fate of intertidal microphytobenthos carbon: an in situ 13C labelling study . Limnology and Oceanography , 45 : 1224 – 34 .
  • Middelburg , JJ , Duarte , CM and Gattuso , J-P. 2005 . “ Respiration in coastal benthic communities ” . In Respiration in Aquatic Ecosystems , Edited by: del Giorgio , PA , Williams , PJ and le , B . 206 – 25 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Miller-Way , T , Boland , GS and Twilley , RR. 1994 . Sediment oxygen consumption and benthic nutrient fluxes on the Louisiana continental shelf: a methodological comparison . Estuaries , 17 : 809 – 15 .
  • Mincks , SL , Smith , CR and DeMaster , DJ. 2005 . Persistence of labile organic matter and microbial biomass in Antarctic shelf sediments: evidence of a sediment ‘food bank’ . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 300 : 3 – 19 .
  • Møller , MM , Nielsen , LP and Jørgensen , BB. 1985 . Oxygen responses and mat formation by Beggiatoa spp . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 50 : 373 – 82 .
  • Moodley , L , Heip , CHR and Middelburg , JJ. 1998 . Benthic activity in sediments of the northwestern Adriatic Sea: sediment oxygen consumption, macrofauna and meiofauna dynamics . Journal of Sea Research I , 40 : 263 – 80 .
  • Moodley , L , Middelburg , JJ , Soetaert , K , Boschker , HTS , Herman , PMJ and Heip , CHR. 2005 . Similar rapid response to phytodetritus deposistion in shallow and deep-sea sediments . Journal of Marine Research I , 63 : 457 – 69 .
  • Munksby , N , Benthien , M and Glud , RN. 2002 . Flow-induced flushing of relict tube structures in the central Skagerak (Norway) . Marine Biology , 141 : 939 – 45 .
  • Nair , RR , Ittekot , V , Manganini , SJ , Ramaswamy , V , Haake , B Degens , ET . 1989 . Increased particle flux to the deep ocean related to monsoons . Nature , 338 : 749 – 51 .
  • Nelson , DC. 1992 . “ The genus Beggiatoa ” . In The Prokaryotes , 2nd ed , Edited by: Balows , A , Truperü , HG , Dworkin , M , Harder , W and Schleifer , KH . Vol. 6 , New York : Springer .
  • Nielsen , LP , Christensen , PB , Revsbech , NP and Sørensen , J. 1990 . Denitrification and oxygen respiration in biofilms studied with a microsensor for nitrous oxide and oxygen . Microbial Ecology , 19 : 63 – 72 .
  • Nielsen , LP and Glud , RN. 1996 . Denitrification in coastal sediment measured in situ by nitrogen isotope pairing technique applied to a benthic flux chamber . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 137 : 181 – 6 .
  • Nishihara , GN and Ackerman , JD . 2007 . On the determination of mass transfer in concentration boundary layers . Limnology and Oceanography Methods , 5 : 88 – 96 .
  • Oguri , K , Kitazato , H and Glud , RN. 2006 . Platinum octaetylporphyrin based planar optodes combined with UV-LED excitation light source: an ideal tool for high resolution O2 imaging in O2 depleted environments . Marine Chemistry , 100 : 95 – 107 .
  • Olesen , M and Lundsgaard , C. 1995 . Sedimentation of autochthonous material from the euphotic zone of a coastal system . Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science , 41 : 475 – 90 .
  • Pamatmat , MM. 1971 . Oxygen consumption by the seabed IV. Shipboad and laboratory experiments . Limnology and Oceanography , 16 : 536 – 50 .
  • Pamatmat , MM and Banse , K. 1969 . Oxygen consumption by the seabed. II. In situ measurements to a depth of 180 m . Limnology and Oceanography , 14 : 250 – 9 .
  • Pamatmat , MM and Fenton , D. 1968 . An instrument for measuring subtidal benthic metabolism in situ . Limnology and Oceanography , 13 : 537 – 40 .
  • Parker , WR , Doyle , K , Parker , ER , Kershaw , PJ , Malcom , SJ and Lomas , P. 2002 . Benthic interface studies with landers. Consideration of lander/interface interactions and their design . Progress in Oceanography , 285 : 190 – 7 .
  • Peterson , WT , Arcos , DF , McManus , GB , Dam , H , Bellantoni , D Johnson , T . 1988 . The nearshore zone during coastal upwelling: daily variability between primary and secondary production off central Chile . Progress in Oceanography , 20 : 1 – 40 .
  • Pfannkuche , O. 1993 . Benthic response to sedimentation of particulate organic matter at the BIOTRANS station, 47°N, 20°W . Deep-Sea Research I , 40 : 135 – 149 .
  • Pfannkuche , O. 2005 . “ Allothonous deep-sea benthic communities: functioning and forcing ” . In Interactions Between Macro- and Microorganisms in Marine Sediments , Edited by: Kristensen , E , Haese , RR and Kostka , JE . Washington, DC : American Geophysical Union. (Coastal and Estuarine Studies; 60) .
  • Pfannkuche O , Boetius A , Lochte K . Lundgreen, Thiel H . 1999 . Responses of deep-sea benthos to sedimentation patterns in the North-east Atlantic in 1992 . Deep-Sea Research I 46 : 573 – 96 .
  • Pfannkuche , O and Linke , P. 2003 . GEOMAR landers as long-term deep-sea observatories . Sea Technology , 44 : 50
  • Pfannkuche , O and Soltwedel , T. 1998 . Small benthic size classes along the European continental margin: spatial and temporal variability in activity and biomass . Progress in Oceanography , 42 : 189 – 207 .
  • Piepenburg , D , Blackburn , TH , von Dorrien , CF , Gutt , J , Hall , POJ Hulth , S . 1995 . Partitioning of benthic community respiration in the Arctic (northwest Barents Sea) . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 118 : 199 – 213 .
  • Ploug , H and Grossart , HP. 1999 . Bacterial production and respiration in suspended aggregates – a matter of incubation method . Aquatic Microbial Ecology , 20 : 21 – 9 .
  • Ploug , H , Kühl , M , Buchholz-Cleven , B and Jørgensen , BB. 1997 . Anoxic aggregates an ephemeral phenomenon in the pelagic environment . Aquatic Microbial Ecology , 13 : 285 – 94 .
  • Polerecky , L , Franke , U , Werner , U , Grunwald , B and de Beer , D. 2005 . High spatial resolution measurements of oxygen consumption rates in permeable sediments . Limnology and Oceanography Methods , 3 : 75 – 85 .
  • Polerecky , L , Volkenborn , N and Stief , P. 2006 . High temporal resolution oxygen imaging in bioirrigated sediments . Environmental Science & Technology , 40 : 5763 – 9 .
  • Pomeroy , LR , Wiebe , WJ , Deibel , D , Thompson , RJ , Rowe , GT and Pakulsik , JD. 1991 . Bacterial response to temperature and substrate concentration during the Newfoundland spring bloom . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 75 : 143 – 59 .
  • Precht , E , Franke , U , Polerecky , L and Huettel , M. 2004 . Oxygen dynamics in permeable sediments with a wave-driven pore water exchange . Limnology and Oceanography , 49 : 693 – 705 .
  • Queric , NV , Soltwedel , T and Arntz , WE. 2004 . Application of a rapid direct viable count method to deep-sea sediment bacteria . Journal of Microbial Methodology , 57 : 351 – 67 .
  • Rabouille , C , Denis , L , Dedieu , K , Stora , G , Lansard , B and Grenz , C. 2003 . Oxygen demand in coastal marine sediments: comparing in situ microelectrodes and laboratory core incubations . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 285 : 49 – 69 .
  • Rao , DVS and Platt , T. 1984 . Primary production of Arctic waters . Polar Biology , 3 : 191 – 201 .
  • Rasmussen , H and Jørgensen , BB. 1992 . Microelectrode studies of seasonal oxygen uptake in a coastal sediment: role of molecular diffusion . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 81 : 289 – 303 .
  • Ray , AJ and Aller , RC. 1985 . Physical irrigation of relict burrows: implications for sediment chemistry . Marine Geology , 62 : 371 – 9 .
  • Reimers , CE. 1987 . An in situ microprofiling instrument for measuring interfacial pore water. Gradients: methods and oxygen profiles from the North Pacific Ocean . Deep-Sea Research I , 34 : 2019 – 35 .
  • Reimers , CE , Fischer , KM , Merewether , R , Smith , KL and Jahnke , RA. 1986 . Oxygen microprofiles measured in situ in deep ocean sediments . Nature , 320 : 741 – 4 .
  • Reimers , CE and Glud , RN. 2000 . “ In situ chemical sensor measurements at the sediment–water interface ” . In Chemical Sensors in Oceanography , Edited by: Varney , M . 249 – 82 . Amsterdam : Gordon and Breach Science Publishers .
  • Reimers , CE , Jahnke , RA and McCorkle , DC. 1992 . Carbon fluxes and burial rates over the continental slope and rise off central California with implications for the global carbon cycle . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 6 : 199 – 224 .
  • Reimers , CE , Jahnke , RA and Thomsen , L. 2001 . “ In situ sampling in the benthic boundary layer ” . In The Benthic Boundary Layer , Edited by: Boudreau , B and Jørgensen , BB . 245 – 63 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Revsbech , NP. 1989a . An oxygen microelectrode with a guard cathode . Limnology and Oceanography , 34 : 474 – 8 .
  • Revsbech , NP. 1989b . Diffusion characteristics of microbial communities determined by use of oxygen microsensors . Journal of Microbiological Methods , 9 : 111 – 22 .
  • Revsbech , NP and Jørgensen , BB. 1983 . Photosynthesis of benthic microflora measured with high spatial resolution by the oxygen microprofile method: capabilities and limitations of the method . Limnology and Oceanography , 28 : 749 – 56 .
  • Revsbech , NP and Jørgensen , BB. 1986 . “ Microelectrodes: their use in microbial ecology ” . In Advances in Microbial Ecology , Edited by: Marshall , M . Vol. 9 , 293 – 352 . New York : Plenum .
  • Revsbech , NP , Jørgensen , BB and Blackburn , TH. 1980 . Oxygen in the sea bottom measured with a microelectrode . Science , 207 : 1355 – 6 .
  • Revsbech , NP , Jørgensen , BB and Brix , O. 1981 . Primary production of microalgae in sediments measured by oxygen microprofile, H14CO3 − fixation and oxygen exchange methods . Limnology and Oceanography , 26 : 717 – 30 .
  • Revsbech , NP , Nielsen , LP and Ramsing , NB. 1998 . A novel microsensor for determination of apparent diffusivity in sediments . Limnology and Oceanography , 43 : 986 – 92 .
  • Rex , MA , Etter , RJ , Morris , JS , Crouse , J , McClain , CR , Johnson , NA , Stuart , CT , Deming , JW , Thies , R and Avera , R. 2006 . Global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep-sea benthos . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 317 : 1 – 8 .
  • Rhoads , DC and Germano , JD. 1982 . Characterization of organism–sediment relations using sediment profile imaging: an efficient method of remote ecological monitoring of the seafloor Remots™ systems . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 35 : 253 – 94 .
  • Riisgård , HU and Banta , GT. 1998 . Irrigation and deposit feeding by the lugworm Arenicola marina, characteristics and secondary effects on the environment. A review of our current knowledge . Vie et Milieu , 48 : 243 – 57 .
  • Risgaard-Petersen , N , Dalsgaard , T , Rysgaard , S , Christensen , PB , Borum , J McGlathery , K . 1998 . Nitrogen balance of a temperate eelgrass Zostera marina bed . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 174 : 281 – 91 .
  • Roberts , J. and McMinn , A. 2004 . Marine diffusive boundary layers at high latitude . Limnology and Oceanography , 49 : 934 – 9 .
  • Roden , EE and Wetzel , RG. 1996 . Organic carbon oxidation and suppression of methane production by microbial Fe(III) oxide reduction in vegetated and unvegetated freshwater wetland sediments . Limnology and Oceanography , 41 : 1733 – 48 .
  • Rosenberg , R , Hellman , B and Lundberg , A. 1996 . Benthic macrofaunal community structure in the Norwegian trench, deep Skagerak . Journal of Sea Research I , 35 : 181 – 8 .
  • Rosenberg , R and Lundberg , L. 2004 . Photoperiodic activity pattern in the brittle star Amphiura filiformis . Marine Biology , 145 : 651 – 6 .
  • Rowe , GT and Gardner , WD. 1979 . Sedimentation-rates in the slope water of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean measured directly with sediment traps . Journal of Marine Research I , 37 : 557 – 79 .
  • Røy H Hüttel , Jørgensen BB . 2002 . The role of small-scale sediment topography for oxygen flux across the diffusive boundary layer . Limnology and Oceanography 47 : 837 – 47 .
  • Røy H Huettel , Jørgensen BB . 2004 . Transmission of oxygen concentration fluctuations through the diffusive boundary layer overlying aquatic sediments . Limnology and Oceanography 49 : 686 – 92 .
  • Røy H Hüttel , Jørgensen BB . 2005 . The influence of topography on the functional exchange surface of marine soft sediments, assessed from sediment topography measured in situ . Limnology and Oceanography 50 : 106 – 12 .
  • Ruhl , HA and Smith , KL. 2004 . Shifts in deep-sea community structure linked to climate and food supply . Science , 305 : 513 – 5 .
  • Rysggard , S , Christensen , PB and Nielsen , LP. 1995 . Seasonal variation in nitrification and denitrification in estuarine sediment colonized by benthic microalgae and bioturbating infauna . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 126 : 111 – 21 .
  • Rysgaard , S , Christensen , PB , Sørensen , MV , Funch , P and Berg , P. 2000 . Marine meiofauna, carbon and nitrogen mineralization in sandy and soft sediments of Disko Bay, West Greenland . Aquatic Microbial Ecology , 21 : 59 – 71 .
  • Rysgaard , S , Nielsen , TG and Hansen , B. 1999 . Seasonal variation in nutrients, pelagic primary production and grazing in a high-arctic coastal marine ecosystem, Young Sound, northeast Greenland . Marine Ecology Progress , 179 : 13 – 25 .
  • Rysgaard S , Sejr MK . 2007 . Vertical flux of particulate organic matter in a high-arctic fjord: relative importance of terrestrial and marine sources . In: Rysgaard S, Glud RN, editors. Carbon Cycling in Arctic Marine Ecosystems: Case Study – Young Sound. Meddelelser om Grønland, Bioscience 58 : 109 – 19 .
  • Rysgaard , S , Thamdrup , B , Riisgaard-Petersen , N , Fossing , H , Berg , P Christensen , BP . 1998 . Seasonal carbon and nutrient mineralization in a high-Arctic coastal marine sediment, Young Sound, Northeast Greenland . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 175 : 261 – 76 .
  • Sachs O , Sauter EJ , Schluter M , Rutgers van der Loeff , M , Jerosch K , Holby O. . Benthic organic carbon flux and oxygen penetration reflect different plankton provinces in the Southern Ocean . Deep-Sea Research I . Forthcoming .
  • Sakita , S and Kusda , T. 2000 . Modeling and simulation of microsites on vertical concentration profiles in sediments of aquatic zones . Water Science and Technology , 42 : 409 – 15 .
  • Sand-Jensen , K , Prahl , C and Stokholm , H. 1982 . Oxygen release from roots of submerged aquatic macrophytes . Oikos , 38 : 349 – 54 .
  • Santschi , PH , Anderson , RF , Fleisher , MQ and Bowles , W. 1991 . Measurements of diffusive sublayer thicknesses in the ocean by alabaster dissolution, and their implications for the measurements of benthic fluxes . Journal of Geophysical Research I , 96 : 10641 – 57 .
  • Santschi , PH , Bower , P , Nyffeler , UP , Azevedo , A and Broecker , WS. 1983 . Estimates of the resistance to chemical transport posed by the deep sea boundary layer . Limnology and Oceanography , 28 : 899 – 912 .
  • Sauter , EJ , Schlüter , M and Suess , E. 2001 . Organic carbon flux and remineralization in surface sediments from the northern North Atlantic derived from pore-water oxygen microprofiles . Deep-Sea Research I , 48 : 529 – 53 .
  • Sayles , FL , Martin , WR and Deuser , WG. 1994 . Response of benthic oxygen demand to particulate organic carbon supply in the deep sea near Bermuda . Nature , 371 : 686 – 9 .
  • Schink , DR and Guinasso , NL. 1977 . “ Modelling the influence of bioturbation and other processes on calcium carbonate dissolution at the sea floor ” . In The Fate of Fossil Fuel CO2 in the Oceans , Edited by: Andersen , NR and Malahoff , A . 375 – 99 . New York : Plenum .
  • Schreiber U , Bilger W , Neubauer C . 1994 . Chlorophyll fluorescence as a non-intrusive indicator for rapid assessment of in vivo photosynthesis . In: Schulze HD , Caldwell MM Ecophysiology of Photosynthesis . Berlin : Springer . p 149 – 70 . ( Ecological Studies; 100 ).
  • Schreiber , U , Schliwa , U and Bilger , W. 1986 . Continuous recording of photochemical and non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching with a new type of modulation fluorometer . Photosynthesis Research I , 10 : 51 – 62 .
  • Schröder , CR , Polerecky , L and Klimant , I. 2007 . Time-resolved pH/pO2 mapping with luminescent hybrid sensors . Analytical Chemistry , 79 : 60 – 70 .
  • Schulz , HN , Brinkhoff , T , Ferdelman , TG , Hernandez-Marine , M , Teske , A and Jørgensen , BB. 1999 . Dense populations of a giant sulphur bacterium in Namibia shelf sediments . Science , 284 : 493 – 5 .
  • Schulz , H and Jørgensen , BB. 2001 . Big bacteria . Annual Review of Microbiology , 55 : 105 – 37 .
  • Seiter , K , Hensen , C and Zabel , M. 2005 . Benthic carbon mineralization on a global scale . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 19 : GB1010
  • Sejr MK Christensen PB . 2007 . Growth, production and carbon demand of macrofauna in Young Sound, with special emphasis on the bivalve Hiatella arctica and Mya truncate . In: Rysgaard S, Glud RN, editors. Carbon Cycling in Arctic Marine Ecosystems: Case Study – Young Sound. Meddelelser om Grønland, Bioscience 58 : 121 – 36 .
  • Shaw , DA and Hanratty , TJ. 1977 . Turbulent mass transfer rates to a wall for large Schmidt numbers . American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal , 23 : 28 – 37 .
  • Simon , M , Grossart , HP , Schweitzer , B and Ploug , H. 2002 . Microbial ecology of organic aggregates in aquatic ecosystems . Aquatic Microbial Ecology , 28 : 175 – 211 .
  • Smith , KL. 1978 . Bentic community respiration in the N.W. Atlantic Ocean: in situ measurements from 40 to 5200 m . Marine Biology , 47 : 337 – 47 .
  • Smith , KL. 1987 . Food energy supply and demand: a discrepancy between particulate organic carbon flux and sediment community oxygen consumption in the deep ocean . Limnology and Oceanography , 32 : 201 – 20 .
  • Smith , KL. 1989 . Short time-series measurements of particulate organic carbon flux and sediment community consumption in the North Pacific . Deep-Sea Research I , 36 : 1111 – 9 .
  • Smith , KL and Baldwin , RJ. 1984 . Seasonal fluctuations in deep-sea sediment community oxygen consumption: central and eastern North Pacific . Nature , 307 : 624 – 5 .
  • Smith , KL , Clifford , CH , Eliason , AH , Walden , R , Rowe , GT and Teal , JM. 1976 . A free vehicle for measuring benthic community metabolism . Limnology and Oceanography , 21 : 164 – 70 .
  • Smith , KL , Glatts , RRC , Baldwin , RJ , Beaulieu , SE , Uhlman , AH Horn , RC . 1997 . An autonomous, bottom-transecting vehicle for making long time-series measurements of sediment community oxygen consumption to abyssal depth . Limnology and Oceanography , 42 : 1601 – 12 .
  • Smith KL , Kaufman RS . 1999 . Long-term discrepancy between food supply and demand in the deep eastern North Pacific . Science 1174 – 7 .
  • Smith , KL , Kaufmann , RS and Baldwin , RJ. 1994 . Coupling of near-bottom pelagic and benthic processes at abyssal depths in the eastern North Pacific Ocean . Limnology and Oceanography , 39 : 1101 – 18 .
  • Smith , KL , Kaufmann , RS , Baldwin , RJ and Carlucci , AF. 2001 . Pelagic–benthic coupling in the abyssal eastern North Pacific: an 8-year time-series study of food supply and demand . Limnology and Oceanography , 46 : 543 – 56 .
  • Smith , KL , White , GA and Laver , MB. 1978 . Oxygen uptake and nutrient exchange of sediments measured in situ using a free vehicle grab respirometer . Deep-Sea Research I , 26 : 337 – 46 .
  • Solan , M , Wigham , BD , Hudson , IR , Kennedy , R , Coulon , CH Norling , K . 2004 . In situ quantification of bioturbation using time-lapse fluorescent sediment profile imaging (f-SPI), luminophore tracers and model simulation . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 271 : 1 – 12 .
  • Ståhl H , Glud A , Schröder CR , Klimant I , Tengberg , Glud RN . 2007 . Time-resolved pH imaging in marine sediments with a luminescent planar optode . Limnology and Oceanography Methods 4 : 336 – 45 .
  • Ståhl , H , Hall , POJ , Tengberg , A , Josefson , AB , Streftaris , N Zenetos , A . 2004a . Respiration and sequestering of organic carbon in shelf sediments of the oligotrophic northern Aegean Sea . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 269 : 33 – 48 .
  • Ståhl , H , Tengberg , A , Brunnegaard , J , Bjørnholm , E , Forbes , TL Josefson , AB . 2004b . Factors influencing organic carbon recycling and burial in Skagerak sediments . Journal of Marine Research I , 62 : 867 – 907 .
  • Ståhl , H , Tengberg , A , Brunnegård , J and Hall , POJ. 2004c . Recycling and burial of organic carbon in sediments of the Porcupine Abyssal plain, NE Atlantic . Deep-Sea Research I , 51 : 777 – 91 .
  • Steinberger , N and Hondzo , M. 1999 . Diffusional mass transfer at sediment–water interface . Journal of Environmental Engineering , 2 : 192 – 200 .
  • Sten-Knudsen , O. 2002 . Biological Membranes, Theory of Transport, Potentials and Electric Impulses , 671 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Steneck , RS. 1986 . The ecology of corraline algal crusts: convergent patterns and adaptive strategies . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , 17 : 273 – 303 .
  • Stief , P , Altmann , D , de Beer , D , Bieg , R and Kureck , A. 2004 . Microbial activities in the burrow environment of the potamal mayfly Ephoron virgo . Freshwater Biology , 49 : 1152 – 63 .
  • Strömberg , N and Hulth , S. 2005 . Assessing an imaging ammonium sensor using time correlated pixel-by-pixel calibration . Analytica Chimica Acta , 550 : 61 – 8 .
  • Tahey , TM , Duineveld , GCA , de Wilde , AWJ , Berghuis , EM and Kok , A. 1996 . Sediment O2 demand, density and biomass of the benthos and phytopigments along the northwestern Adriatic coast: the extent of Po enrichment . Oceanologica Acta , 19 : 117 – 30 .
  • Tang , M and Kristensen , E. 2007 . Impact of microphytobenthis and macrofauna on temporal variation of benthic metabolism in shallow coastal sediments . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 349 : 99 – 112 .
  • Tengberg , A , Almroth , E and Hall , POJ. 2003 . Resuspension and its effects on organic carbon recycling and nutrient exchange in coastal sediments: in situ measurements using new experimental technology . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 285 : 119 – 42 .
  • Tengberg A , De Bovee F , Hall P , Berelson E , Cicceri G , Crassous P , et al. 1995 . Benthic chamber and profile landers in oceanography – a review of design, technical solutions and functioning . Progress in Oceanography 35 : 253 – 94 .
  • Tengberg , A , Hall , POJ , Andersson , U , Lindén , B , Styrenius , O Boland , G . 2005 . Intercalibration of benthic flux chambers II. Hydrodynamic characterization and flux comparisons in 14 different designs . Marine Chemistry , 94 : 147 – 73 .
  • Tengberg , A , Hovdenes , J , Andersson , HJ , Brocandel , O , Diaz , R Herbert , D . 2006 . Evaluation of a life-time based optode to measure oxygen in aquatic systems . Limnology and Oceanography Methods , 4 : 7 – 17 .
  • Tengberg , A , Stahl , H , Gust , G , Muller , V , Arning , U , Andersson , H and Hall , POJ. 2004 . Intercalibration of benthic flux chambers I. Accuracy of flux determinations and influence of chamber hydrodynamics . Progress in Oceanography , 60 : 1 – 28 .
  • Thamdrup , B. 2000 . Bacterial manganese and iron reduction in aquatic sediments . Advances in Microbial Ecology , 16 : 41 – 94 .
  • Thamdrup , B and Canfield , DE. 2000 . “ Benthic respiration in aquatic sediments ” . In Methods in Ecosystem Science , Edited by: Sala , O , Mooney , H , Jackson , R and Howarth , R . 86 – 103 . New York : Springer .
  • Thamdrup , B and Fleischer , S. 1998 . Temperature dependence of oxygen respiration, nitrogen mineralization, and nitrification in Arctic sediments . Aquatic Microbial Ecology , 15 : 191 – 9 .
  • Thamdrup , B , Glud , RN and Hansen , JW. 1994 . Manganese oxidation and in situ manganese fluxes from a coastal sediment . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 58 : 2563 – 70 .
  • Thamdrup , B , Glud , RN and Hansen , JW. 2007 . Benthic carbon cycling in Young Sound, Northeast Greenland. In: Rysgaard S, Glud RN, editors. Carbon Cycling in Arctic Marine Ecosystems: Case Study – Young Sound. Meddelelser om Grønland . Bioscience , 58 : 138 – 57 .
  • Thar , R and Kühl , M. 2002 . Conspicuous veils formed by vibrioid bacteria on sulfidic marine sediments . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 68 : 6310 – 20 .
  • Therkildsen , MS and Lomstein , B. 1993 . Seasonal variation in net benthic C-mineralization in a shallow estuary . FEMS Microbiology Ecology , 12 : 131 – 42 .
  • Thibodeaux , LJ and Boyle , JD. 1987 . Bedform-generated convective transport in bottom sediment . Nature , 325 : 341 – 3 .
  • Thibodeaux , LJ , Chang , LK and Lewis , DJ. 1980 . “ Dissolution rates of organic contaminants located at the sediments water interface of rivers, streams and tidal zones ” . In Contaminants and Sediments , Edited by: Baker , RA . Vol. 1 , Ann Arbor, MI : Ann Arbor Science .
  • Thiel , H , Kirstein , KO , Luth , C , Luth , U , Luther , G Meyerreil , LA . 1994 . Scientific requirements for an abyssal benthic laboratory . Journal of Marine Systems , 4 : 421 – 39 .
  • Timmerman , K , Banta , GT and Glud , RN. 2007 . Linking Arinicola marina irrigation behavior to oxygen transport and dynamics in sandy sediments . Journal of Marine Research I , 64 : 915 – 38 .
  • Ullman , WJ and Aller , RC. 1982 . Diffusion coefficients in nearshore marine sediments . Limnology and Oceanography , 27 : 552 – 6 .
  • Viollier , E , Rabouille , C , Apitz , SE , Breuer , E , Chaillou , G Dedieu , K . 2003 . Benthic biogeochemistry: state of the art technologies and guidelines for the future of in situ survey . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 285/286 : 5 – 31 .
  • Vogel , S and Bretz , WL. 1971 . Interfacial organisms: passive ventilation in the velocity gradient near surfaces . Nature , 175 : 210 – 11 .
  • Volkenborn , N and Reise , K. 2006 . Lugworm exclusion experiment: responses by deposit feeding worms to biogenic habitat transformations . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 330 : 169 – 79 .
  • Vopel , K and Hawes , I. 2006 . Photosynthetic performance of benthic microbial mats in Lake Hoare, Antarctica . Limnology and Oceanography , 51 : 1801 – 12 .
  • Vopel , K , Reick , CH , Arlt , G , Pöhn , M and Ott , JA. 2002 . Flow microenvironment of two marine peritrich ciliates with ectobiotic chemoautotrophic bacteria . Aquatic Microbial Ecology , 29 : 19 – 28 .
  • Vopel , K , Thistle , D and Rosenberg , R. 2003 . Effect of the brittle star Amphiura filiformis (Amphiuridae, Echinodermata) on oxygen flux into the sediment . Limnology and Oceanography , 48 : 2034 – 45 .
  • Weaver , PPE and Schultheiss , PJ. 1983 . Vertical open burrows in deep-sea sediments 2 m in length . Nature , 301 : 329 – 31 .
  • Webb , AP and Eyre , BD. 2004a . The effects of two benthic chamber stirring systems on the diffusive boundary layer, oxygen flux, and passive flow through model macrofauna burrows . Estuaries , 27 : 352 – 61 .
  • Webb , AP and Eyre , BD. 2004b . Effect of natural populations of burrowing thalassinidean shrimp on sediment irrigation, benthic metabolism, nutrient fluxes and denitrification . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 268 : 205 – 20 .
  • Weiss , MS , Abele , U , Weckesser , J , Welte , W and Schulz , GE. 1991 . Molecular architecture and electrostatic properties of a bacterial porin . Science , 254 : 1627 – 30 .
  • Wenzhöfer , F , Adler , M , Kohls , O , Hensen , C , Strotmann , B Boehme , S . 2001a . Calcite dissolution driven by benthic mineralization in the deep-sea: in situ measurements of Ca2+, pH, pCO2 and O2 . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 65 : 2677 – 90 .
  • Wenzhöfer , F and Glud , RN. 2002 . Benthic carbon mineralization in the Atlantic: a synthesis based on in situ data from the last decade . Deep-Sea Research I , 49 : 1255 – 79 .
  • Wenzhöfer , F and Glud , RN. 2004 . Small-scale spatial and temporal variability in benthic O2 dynamics of coastal sediments: impact of fauna activity . Limnology and Oceanography , 49 : 1471 – 81 .
  • Wenzhöfer , F , Holby , O , Glud , RN , Nielsen , HK and Gundersen , JK. 2000 . In situ microsensor studies of a shallow water hydrothermal vent at Milos, Greece . Marine Chemistry , 69 : 43 – 54 .
  • Wenzhöfer , F , Holby , O and Kohls , O. 2001b . Deep penetrating benthic oxygen profiles measured in situ by oxygen optodes . Deep-Sea Research I , 48 : 1741 – 55 .
  • Wenzhöfer , F , Riess , W and Luth , U. 2002 . In situ macrofaunal respiration rates and their importance for benthic carbon mineralization on the northwestern Black Sea shelf . Ophelia , 56 : 87 – 100 .
  • Wieland , A , Beer de , B , Damgaard , LR , Kühl , M , Dusschoten van , D and van As , H. 2001 . Fine-scale measurement of diffusivity in a microbial mat with nuclear magnetic resonance imaging . Limnology and Oceanography , 46 : 248 – 59 .
  • Wieland , A and Kühl , M. 2000 . Irradiance and temperature regulation of oxygenic photosynthesis and O2 consumption in a hypersaline cyanobacterial mat, Solar Lake, Egypt . Marine Biology , 137 : 71 – 85 .
  • Witte , U , Aberle , N , Sand , M and Wenzhöfer , F. 2003a . Rapid response of a deep-sea benthic community to POM enrichment: an in situ experimental study . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 251 : 27 – 36 .
  • Witte , U and Pfannkuche , O. 2000 . High rates of benthic carbon remineralization in the abyssal Arabian sea . Deep-Sea Research I , 47 : 2785 – 804 .
  • Witte , U , Wenzhöfer , F , Sommer , S , Boetius , A , Heinz , P Aberle , N . 2003b . In situ evidence of the fate of a phytodetritus pulse at the abyssal sea floor . Nature , 424 : 763 – 6 .
  • Wollast , R. 1998 . “ Evaluation and comparison of the global carbon cycle in the coastal zone and in the open ocean ” . In The Sea: The Global Coastal Ocean: Processes and Methods , Edited by: Brink , KH and Robinson , AR . 213 – 52 . New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Wyngaard , JC. 1990 . Scalar fluxes in the planetary boundary layer – theory, modelling and measurements . Boundary Layer Meteorology , 50 : 49 – 75 .
  • Zenkevitch , LA. 1963 . Biology of the Seas of USSR , London : George Allan & Unwin .
  • Zhu , QZ , Aller , RC and Fan , YZ. 2005 . High performance planar pH fluorosensor for two-dimensional pH measurements in marine sediment and water . Environmental Science & Technology , 39 : 8906 – 11 .
  • Zhu , QZ , Aller , RC and Fan , YZ. 2006a . A new ratiometric, planar fluorosensor for measuring high resolution, two dimensional pCO2 distribution in marine sediments . Marine Chemistry , 101 : 40 – 53 .
  • Zhu , QZ , Aller , RC and Fan , YZ. 2006b . Two dimensional pH distributions and dynamics in bioturbated marine sediments . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 70 : 4933 – 49 .
  • Ziebis , W , Huettel , M and Forster , S. 1996 . Impact of biogenic sediment topography on oxygen fluxes in permeable seabeds . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 140 : 22

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.