Zooplankton-mediated carbon export: A seasonal study in a northern Norwegian fjord

References

• Aksnes , DL , Aure , J , Kaartvedt , S , Magnesen , T and Richard , J. 1989 . Significance of advection for the carrying capacities of fjord populations . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 50 : 263 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson , A , Siegel , V , Pakhomov , E and Rothery , P. 2004 . Long-term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the Southern Ocean . Nature , 432 : 100 – 03 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauerfeind , E , Bodungen , Bv , Arndt , K and Koeve , W. 1994 . Particle flux and composition of sedimented matter in the Greenland Sea . Journal of Marine Systems , 5 : 411 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buesseler , KO. 1998 . The decoupling of production and particulate export in the surface ocean . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 12 : 297 – 310 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll , ML , Miquel , J-C and Fowler , SW. 1998 . Seasonal patterns and depth-specific trends of zooplankton fecal pellets in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea . Deep-Sea Research , 45 : 1303 – 08 .
   Google Scholar
• Coppola , L , Roy-Barman , M , Wassmann , P , Mulsow , S and Jeandel , C. 2002 . Calibration of sediment traps and particulate organic carbon export using 234Th in the Barents Sea . Marine Chemistry , 80 : 11 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalpadado , P , Ellertsen , B and Johannessen , S. 2008 . Inter-specific variations in distribution, abundance and reproduction strategies of krill and amphipods in the Marginal Ice Zone of the Barents Sea . Deep-Sea Research Part II – Topical Studies in Oceanography , 55 : 2257 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eilertsen , HC , Schei , B and Taasen , JP. 1981 . Investigations on the plankton community of Balsfjorden, northern Norway: The phytoplankton 1976–1978. Abundance, species composition and succession . Sarsia , 66 : 129 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkenhaug , T , Nordby , E , Svendsen , H and Tande , K. 1995 . “ Impact of advective processes on displacement of zooplankton biomass in a North Norwegian fjord system: A comparison between spring and autumn ” . In Ecology of Fjords and Coastal Waters , Edited by: Skjoldal , HR , Hopkins , CCE , Erikstad , KE and Leinaas , HP . 195 – 217 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Falk-Petersen , S. 1981 . Ecological investigations on the zooplankton community of Balsfjorden, northern Norway: Seasonal changes in body weight and the main biochemical composition of Thyssanoessa inermis (Krøyer), T. raschii (M. Sars), and Meganyctiphanes norvegica (M. Sars) in relation to environmental factors . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 49 : 103 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falk-Petersen , S and Kristensen , Å. 1985 . Acoustic assessment of krill stocks in Ullsfjorden, north Norway . Sarsia , 70 : 83 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floderus , S. 1988 . “ Estimates of resuspension and nitrogen fluxes in the Kattegat ” . In Sediment Trap Studies in the Nordic Countries 1 , Edited by: Wassmann , P and Heiskanen , A-S . 118 – 27 . Helsinki : Ylipistopaino .
   Google Scholar
• Forest , A , Sampei , M , Hattori , H , Makabe , R , Sasaki , H Fukuchi , M . 2007 . Particulate organic carbon fluxes on the slope of the Mackenzie Shelf (Beaufort Sea): Physical and biological forcing of shelf-basin exchanges . Journal of Marine Systems , 68 : 39 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler , SW , Small , LF and La Rosa , J. 1991 . Seasonal particulate carbon flux in the coastal Northwestern Mediterranean Sea, and the role of zooplankton fecal matter . Oceanologica Acta , 14 : 77 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Gonzáles , HE , Gonzáles , SR and Brummer , GJA. 1994 . Short-term sedimentation pattern of zooplankton, faeces and microplankton at a permanent station in the Bjørnafjorden (Norway) during April–May 1992 . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 105 : 31 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González , HE and Smetacek , V. 1994 . The possible role of the cyclopoid copepod Oithona in retarding vertical flux of zooplankton faecal material . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 113 : 233 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halvorsen , E and Tande , KS. 1999 . Physical and biological factors influencing the seasonal variation in distribution of zooplankton across the shelf at Nordvestbanken, northern Norway, 1994 . Sarsia , 84 : 279 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamm , C , Reigstad , M , Wexels Riser , C , Mühlebach , A and Wassmann , P. 2001 . On the trophic fate of Phaeocystis pouchetii: VII. Sterols and fatty acids reveal sedimentation of Phaeocystis-derived organic matter via krill fecal strings . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 209 : 55 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargrave , BT and Taguchi , S. 1978 . Origin of deposited material sedimented in a marine bay . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 35 : 1604 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilton , J. 1985 . A conceptual framework for predicting the occurrence of sediment focusing and sediment redistribution in small lakes . Limnology and Oceanography , 30 : 1131 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juul-Pedersen , T , Nielsen , TG , Michel , C , Møller , EF , Tiselius , P Thor , P . 2006 . Sedimentation following the spring bloom in Disko Bay, West Greenland, with special emphasis on the role of copepods . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 314 : 239 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koski , M. 2007 . High reproduction of Calanus finmarchicus during a diatom-dominated spring bloom . Marine Biology , 151 : 1785 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalande , C , Grebmeier , JM , Wassmann , P , Cooper , LW , Flint , M and Sergeeva , VM. 2007 . Export fluxes of biogenic matter in the presence and absence of seasonal ice cover in the Chukchi Sea . Continental Shelf Research , 27 : 2051 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalande , C , Moran , SB , Wassmann , P , Grebmeier , JM and Cooper , LW. 2008 . Th234-derived particulate organic carbon fluxes in the northern Barents Sea with comparison to drifting sediment trap fluxes . Journal of Marine Systems , 73 : 103 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane , PVZ , Smith , SL , Urban , JL and Biscaye , PE. 1994 . Carbon flux and recycling associated with zooplanktonic fecal pellets on the shelf of the middle Atlantic bight . Deep-Sea Research Part II , 41 : 437 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martens P. 1978 . Faecal pellets. Fiches d'Indentification du Zooplancton 162:4 pages .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , HB. 1931 . The specific identification of fæcal pellets . Journal of the Marine Biological Association UK , 17 : 359 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Noji , TT , Noji , CI-M and Barthel , K-G. 1993 . Pelagic-benthic coupling during the onset of winter in a northern Norwegian fjord. Carbon flow and fate of suspended particulate matter . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 93 : 89 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olli , K , Wexels Riser , C , Wassmann , P , Ratkova , TN , Arashkevich , E and Pasternak , A. 2002 . Seasonal variation in vertical flux of biogenic matter in the marginal ice zone and the central Barents Sea . Journal of Marine Systems , 38 : 189 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasternak , A , Arashkevich , E , Wexels Riser , C , Ratkova , T and Wassmann , P. 2000 . Seasonal variation in zooplankton and suspended faecal pellets in the subarctic fjord Balsfjorden, northern Norway, in 1996 . Sarsia , 85 : 439 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratkova , TN , Wassmann , P , Verity , PG and Andreassen , IJ. 1999 . Abundance and biomass of pico-, nano- and microplankton on a transect across Nordvestbanken, north Norwegian shelf, in 1994 . Sarsia , 84 : 213 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reigstad M. 2000 Plankton community and vertical flux of biogenic matter in north Norwegian fjords: Regulating factors, temporal and spatial variations . PhD thesis, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Tromsø, 226 pages
   Google Scholar
• Reigstad , M and Wassmann , P. 1996 . Importance of advection for the pelagic–benthic coupling in north Norwegian fjords . Sarsia , 80 : 245 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reigstad , M , Wassmann , P , Ratkova , T , Arashkevich , E , Pasternak , A and Øygarden , S. 2000 . Comparison of the springtime vertical export of biogenic matter in three northern Norwegian fjords . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 201 : 73 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reigstad , M , Wexels Riser , C and Svensen , C. 2005 . Fate of copepod faecal pellets and the role of Oithona spp . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 304 : 265 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reigstad , M , Wexels Riser , C , Wassmann , P and Ratkova , T. 2008 . Vertical export of particulate organic carbon: Attenuation, composition and loss rates in the northern Barents Sea . Deep-Sea Research Part II , 55 : 2308 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riebesell , U , Reigstad , M , Wassmann , P , Noji , T and Passow , U. 1995 . On the trophic fate of Phaeocystis pouchetii (Hariot): VI. Significance of Phaeocystis-derived mucus for vertical flux . Netherlands Journal of Sea Research , 33 : 193 – 203 .
   Google Scholar
• Roy , S , Silverberg , N , Romero , N , Deibel , D , Klein , B Savenkoff , C . 2000 . Importance of zooplankton feeding for the downward flux of biogenic carbon in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada) . Deep-Sea Research II , 47 : 519 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampei , M , Sasaki , H , Hattori , H , Fukuchi , M and Hargrave , BT. 2004 . Fate of sinking particles, especially fecal pellets, within the epipelagic zone in the North Water (NOW) polynya of northern Baffin Bay . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 278 : 17 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver , MW and Bruland , KW. 1981 . Differential feeding and fecal pellet composition of salps and pteropods, and the possible origin of the deep-water flora and olive-green cells . Marine Biology , 62 : 263 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smetacek , V. 1980 . Annual cycle of sedimentation in relation to plankton ecology in western Kiel Bight . Ophelia Suppl. , 1 : 65 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki , H , Sasaki , H and Fukuchi , M. 2003 . Loss processes of sinking fecal pellets of zooplankton in the mesopelagic layers of the Antarctic marginal ice zone . Journal of Oceanography , 59 : 809 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svendsen , H. 1995 . “ Physical oceanography of coupled fjord–coast systems in northern Norway with special focus on frontal dynamics and tides ” . In Mare Nor Symposium on the Ecology of Fjords and Coastal Waters , Edited by: Skjoldal , HR , Hopkins , CCE , Erikstad , KE and Leinaas , HP . 149 – 64 . Amsterdam : Elsevier Science .
   Google Scholar
• Tande , KS. 1991 . “ Calanus in north Norwegian fjords and in the Barents Sea ” . In Proceedings of the Pro Mare Symposium on Polar Marine Ecology , Edited by: Sakshaug , E , Hopkins , CCE and Øritsland , NA . 389 – 407 . Trondheim : Polar Research .
   Google Scholar
• Urban-Rich , J , Nordby , E , Andreassen , IJ and Wassmann , P. 1999 . Contribution by mesozooplankton fecal pellets to the carbon flux on Nordvestbanken, north Norwegian shelf 1994 . Sarsia , 84 : 253 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verity , PG , Wassmann , P , Ratkova , TN , Andreassen , IJ and Nordby , E. 1999 . Seasonal patterns in composition and biomass of autotrophic and heterotrophic nano- and microplankton communities on the north Norwegian shelf . Sarsia , 84 : 265 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viitasalo , M , Rosenberg , M , Heiskanen , A-S and Koski , M. 1999 . Sedimentation of copepod fecal material in the coastal northern Baltic Sea: Where did all the pellets go? . Limnology and Oceanography , 44 : 1388 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wassmann , P. 1998 . Retention versus export food chains: Processes controlling sinking loss from marine pelagic systems . Hydrobiologia , 363 : 29 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wassmann , P , Andreassen , IJ and Rey , F. 1999a . Seasonal variation of nutrients and suspended biomass on a transect across Nordvestbanken, north Norwegian shelf, in 1994 . Sarsia , 84 : 199 – 212 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wassmann , P , Hansen , L , Andreassen , I , Wexels Riser , C and Urban-Rich , J. 1999b . Distribution and sedimentation of faecal pellets on Nordvestbanken shelf, northern Norway, in 1994 . Sarsia , 84 : 239 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wassmann , P , Olli , K , Wexels Riser , C and Svensen , C. 2003 . “ Ecosystem function, biodiversity and vertical flux regulation in the twilight zone ” . In Marine Science Frontiers for Europe , Edited by: Wefer , G , Lamy , F and Mantoura , F . 279 – 87 . Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Wassmann , P , Reigstad , M , Øygarden , S and Rey , F. 2000a . Seasonal variation in hydrography, nutrients and suspended biomass in a subarctic fjord: Applying hydrographic features and biological markers to trace watermasses and circulation significant for phytoplankton production . Sarsia , 85 : 237 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wassmann , P , Ypma , JE and Tselepides , A. 2000b . Vertical flux of faecal pellets and microplankton on the shelf of the oligotrophic Cretan Sea (NE Mediterranean Sea) . Progress in Oceanography , 46 : 241 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wexels Riser , C , Reigstad , M , Wassmann , P , Arashkevich , E and Falk-Petersen , S. 2007 . Export or retention? Copepod abundance, faecal pellet production and vertical flux in the marginal ice zone through snap shots from the northern Barents Sea . Polar Biology , 30 : 719 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Wexels Riser , C , Wassmann , P , Olli , K and Arashkevich , E. 2001 . Production, retention and export of zooplankton faecal pellets on and off the Iberian shelf, north-west Spain . Progress in Oceanography , 51 : 423 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wexels Riser , C , Wassmann , P , Olli , K , Pasternak , A and Arashkevich , E. 2002 . Seasonal variation in production, retention and export of zooplankton faecal pellets in the marginal ice zone and the central Barents Sea . Journal of Marine Systems , 38 : 175 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wexels Riser , C , Wassmann , P , Reigstad , M and Seuthe , L. 2008 . Vertical flux regulation by zooplankton in the northern Barents Sea during Arctic spring . Deep-Sea Research Part II , 55 : 2320 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou , M , Zhu , YW and Tande , KS. 2005 . Circulation and behavior of euphausiids in two Norwegian sub-Arctic fjords . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 300 : 159 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar