Sexual and natural selection on morphological traits in a marine amphipod, Pontogammarus maeoticus (Sowinsky, 1894)

References

• Adams , J and Greenwood , PJ . 1983 . Why are males bigger than females in pre-copula pairs of Gammarus pulex? . Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology , 13 : 239 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams , J and Greenwood , PJ . 1987 . Loading constrains, sexual selection and assortative mating in peracarid crustacean . Zoology , 211 : 35 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , M . 1994 . Sexual Selection , 624 pages Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barnard , JL . 1971 . Keys to the Hawaiian Gammaridea, 0–30 meters . Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology , 58 : 1 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Barnes RSK . 1994 . The brackish-water fauna of northwestern Europe: A guide to brackish-water habitats, ecology, and macrofauna for field workers, naturalists, and students . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . 303 pages .
   Google Scholar
• Bertin , A and Cezilly , F . 2005 . Density-dependent influence of male characters on mate-locating efficiency and pairing success in the waterlouse Asellus aquaticus: An experimental study . Journal of Zoology , 265 : 333 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkhead , TR and Clarkson , K . 1980 . Mate selection and precopulatory guarding in Gammarus pulex . Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie , 52 : 365 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Borowsky , B . 1984 . The use of the males’ gnathopods during precopulation in some gammarid amphipods . Crustaceana , 47 : 245 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borowsky , B . 1988 . Delaying copulation in the amphipod crustacean Gammarus palustris: Effects on female fecundity and consequences for the frequency of amplexus . Marine Behavior & Physiology , 13 : 359 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borowsky B . 1990 . Patterns of reproduction of some amphipod crustaceans and insights into the nature of their stimuli . In: Bauer ET , Martin JW . Crustacean Sexual Biology . New York : Columbia University Press , p 34 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Caine , EA . 1979 . Functions of swimming setae within Caprellid Amphipods (Crustacea) . Biological Bulletin , 156 : 169 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conlan , KE . 1991 . Precopulatory mating behaviour and sexual dimorphisim in the amphipod crustacea . Hydrobiologia , 223 : 255 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cothran , RD . 2008 . Direct and indirect fitness consequences of female choice in a crustacean . Evolution , 62 : 1666 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl , E . 1977 . The amphipod functional model and its bearing upon systematics and phylogeny . Zoologica Scripta , 6 : 221 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl , E , Emanuelsson , H and Mecklenburg , C . 1970 . Pheromone transport and reception in an amphipod . Science , 170 : 739 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darwin , C . 1871 . The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex , 432 pages London : John Murray .
   Google Scholar
• Dick , JTA , Bailey , RJE and Elwood , RW . 2002 . Maternal care in the rockpool amphipod Apherusa jurinei: Developmental and environmental cues . Animal Behaviour , 63 : 707 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dick , JTA and Elwood , RW . 1996 . Effects of natural variation in sex ratio and habitat structure on mate-guarding decisions in amphipods (Crustacean) . Behaviour , 133 : 985 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dick , JTA and Elwood , RW . 2006 . Parent–offspring conflict and motivational control of brooding in an amphipod (Crustacea) . Biology Letters , 2 : 501 – 04 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dick , JTA , Faloon , SE and Elwood , RW . 1998 . Active brood care in an amphipod: Influences of embryonic development, temperature and oxygen . Animal Behaviour , 56 : 663 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinning , B , Debutts , H , Marshall , A and Spittel , A . 2003 . Sexual selection in freshwater amphipods (Gammarus minus) . Ecological Research , 5 : 7 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Dunn , AM , Dick , JTA and Hatcher , MJ . 2008 . The less amorous Gammarus: Predation risk affects mating decisions in Gammarus duebeni . Animal Behaviour , 76 : 1289 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn , AM , Mccabez , J and Adams , J . 1996 . Populations with environmental sex determination? . Crustaceana , 69 : 313 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford , AT , Fernandes , TF , Rider , SA and Read , PA . 2004 . Endocrine disruption in a marine amphipod? Field observations of intersexuality and de-masculinisation . Marine Environmental Research , 58 : 169 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford , AT , Read , PA , Jones , TL , Michino , F , Pang , Y and Fernandes , TF . 2007 . An investigation into intersex amphipods and a possible association with aquaculture . Marine Environmental Research , 64 : 443 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garanina , SN . 1984 . Effect of heavy metal of some aspects of carbohydrate metabolism in Caspian Sea gammarids . Hydrobiological Journal , 20 : 69 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Glazier DS . 2009 . Amphipoda . In: Likens GE . Encyclopedia of Inland Waters 2 : 89 115 . Millbrook , New York : The Institute of Ecosystem Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Hartnoll , RG and Smith , SM . 1978 . Pair information and the reproductive cycle in Gammarus duebeni . Journal of Natural History , 12 : 501 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatcher , MJ and Dunn , AM . 1997 . Size and pairing success in Gammarus duebeni: Can females be too big? . Animal Behaviour , 54 : 1301 – 08 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilton , CS , Walde , J and Leonard , ML . 2002 . Intense episodic predation by shorebirds may influence life history strategy of an intertidal amphipod . Oikos , 99 : 368 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hume , KD , Elwood , RW , Dick , JTA and Morrison , J . 2005 . Sexual dimorphism in amphipods: The role of male posterior gnathopods revealed in Gammarus pulex . Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology , 58 : 264 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iribarne , O , Fernandez , M and Armstrong , D . 1995 . Precopulatory guarding-time of the male amphipod Eogammarus oclairi: Effect of population structure . Marine Biology , 124 : 219 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyengar , VK and Starks , BD . 2008 . Sexual selection in harems: Male competition plays a larger role than female choice in an amphipod . Behavioral Ecology , 19 : 642 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karino , K and Haijima , Y . 2001 . Heritability of male secondary sexual traits in feral guppies in Japan . Journal of Ethology , 19 : 33 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , A , Hatcher , M and Dunn , A . 2004 . Intersexuality in the amphipod Gammarus duebeni results from incomplete feminisation by the vertically transmitted parasitic sex ratio distorter Nosema granulosis . Evolutionary Ecology , 18 : 121 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klages , M and Gutt , J . 1990 . Comparative studies on the feeding behaviour of high Antarctic amphipods (crustacean) in laboratory . Polar Biology , 11 : 73 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krang , AS . 2007 . Naphthalene disrupts pheromone induced mate search in the amphipod Corophium volutator (Pallas) . Aquatic Toxicology , 85 : 9 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larimer , JK and Kennedy , D . 1969 . The central nervous control of complex movements in the uropods of crayfish . Journal of Experimental Biology , 51 : 135 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewbel , GS . 1978 . Sexual dimorphisim and intraspecific aggression, and their relationship to sex ratios in Caprella gorgonia (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Caprellidae) . Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 3 : 131 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Mank , JE , Hall , DW , Kirkpatrick , M and Avise , JC . 2006 . Sex chromosomes and male ornaments: A comparative evaluation in ray-finned fishes . Proceedings of the Royal Society London: Biological Sciences , 273 : 233 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirzajani , AR . 2003 . A study on the population biology of Pontogammarus maeoticus (Sowinsky 1894) in Bandar Anzali, Southwest Caspian Sea . Zoology in the Middle East , 30 : 61 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Mirzajani , AR , Mosavi L , Hosseinian . 2000 . Frequency of Pontogammarus maeoticus in two substrates, sandy and shell-sandy, and different depths . Fisheries Research Center of Bandar e Anzavi Science News 5 : 5 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , PG . 1983 . On the shape and posterior ornamentation of the third epimeral plates of gammaridean Amphipods (Crustacea): Decorative flamboyance or plain adaptation? . Sarsia , 68 : 221 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , PG and Wong , YM . 1996 . Observations on the life history of Orchomene nanus (amphipoda: Lysianassoidea) at Millport, Scotland as deduced from baited trapping . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 195 : 53 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman , RM and Waters , TF . 1984 . Size-selective predation on Gammarus pseudolimnaeus by trout and sculpins . Ecology , 65 : 1535 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pastorinho , MR , Telfer , TC and Soares , AM . 2009 . Amphipod intersex, metals and latitude: A perspective . Marine Pollution Bulletin , 58 : 812 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , BW and Doyle , RW . 1985 . Trade-off between male reproduction (amplexus) and growth in the amphipod Gammarus lawrencianus . Biological Bulletin , 168 : 482 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sars , GO . 1896 . Crustacea Caspia, Amphipoda. Bulletin de la Academie imperiate des science de St . Petersbourgh , 4 : 421 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Scapini , F , Campacci , F and Audoglio , M . 1999 . Variation among natural populations of Talitrus saltator (Amphipoda): Morphometric analysis . Crustaceana , 72 : 659 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheader , M . 1983 . The reproductive biology and ecology of Gammarus duebeni (Crustacea: Amphipoda) . Journal of Marine Biology , 63 : 517 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele , DH . 1985 . What is the amphipod life style? . Crustaceana , 13 : 134 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Stock , JH , Mirzajani , AR , Vonk , R , Naderi , S and Kiabi , B . 1998 . Limnic and brackish water Amphipoda (Crustacea) from Iran . Beaufortia , 48 : 163 – 224 .
   Google Scholar
• Strong , DR . 1973 . Amphipod amplexus, the significance of ecotypic variation . Ecology , 54 : 1383 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahata , M , Yoshino , M and Hisada , M . 1981 . The association of uropod steering with postural movement of the abdomen in crayfish . Journal of Experimental Biology , 92 : 341 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsoi , KH and Chu , KH . 2005 . Sexual dimorphism and reproduction of the amphipod Hyale crassicornis Haswell (Gammaridea: Hyalidae) . Zoological Studies , 44 : 382 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward , PI . 1984 . Gammarus pulex control their moult timing to secure mates . Animal Behaviour , 32 : 927 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward , PI and Porter , AH . 1993 . The relative roles of habitat structure and male–male competition in the mating system of Gammarus pulex (Crustacea; Amphipoda): A simulation study . Animal Behaviour , 45 : 119 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellborn , GA . 1995 . Determinants of reproductive success in freshwater amphipod species that experience different mortality regimes . Animal Behaviour , 50 : 353 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , DD . 2007 . Size-assortative pairing in lotic amphipod Gammarus zaddachi, an examination of hypotheses and the influence of current speed . Aquatic Ecology , 41 : 309 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar