Multi-objective optimisation of process parameters for laser-based directed energy deposition of a mixture of H13 and M2 steel powders on 4Cr5Mo2SiV1 steel

References

• Markežič R, Naglič I, Mole N, et al. Experimental and numerical analysis of failures on a die insert for high pressure die casting. Eng Fail Anal. 2019;95(January):171–180. doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2018.09.010
   Google Scholar
• Braga V, Siqueira RHM, Atilio I, et al. Microstructural and mechanical aspects of laser metal deposited H13 powder for die repair. Mater Today Commun. 2021;29(December):102945. doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102945
   Google Scholar
• Lee JC, Kang HJ, Chu WS, et al. Repair of damaged mold surface by cold-spray method. CIRP Ann. 2007;56(1):577–580. doi:10.1016/j.cirp.2007.05.138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu C-W, Wang H-S, Chen H-G, et al. Effects of heat treatment and Nd: YAG laser repair welding parameters on the microstructure and properties of a Cu–Ni–Si–Cr mold alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2021a;799(January):140342. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2020.140342
   Google Scholar
• Cong D, Zhou H, Ren Z, et al. The thermal fatigue resistance of H13 steel repaired by a biomimetic laser remelting process. Mater Des. 2014;55(March):597–604. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2013.09.076
   Google Scholar
• Chen H, Lu Y, Sun Y, et al. Coarse TiC particles reinforced H13 steel matrix composites produced by laser cladding. Surf Coat Technol. 2020;395(August):125867. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.125867
   Google Scholar
• Lu H, Cai J, Luo K, et al. Thermal fatigue life and improvement mechanism of Fe-based coatings on H13 extrusion die by laser additive remanufacturing. Surf Coat Technol. 2021b;408(February):126808. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126808
   Google Scholar
• Jhavar S, Paul CP, Jain NK. Causes of failure and repairing options for dies and molds: a review. Eng Fail Anal. 2013;34(December):519–535. doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.09.006
   Google Scholar
• Preciado WT, Niño Bohorquez CE. Repair welding of polymer injection molds manufactured in AISI P20 and VP50IM steels. J Mater Process Technol. 2006;179(1–3):244–250. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.03.101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu H, Liu S, Xie X, et al. A framework for a knowledge based cold spray repairing system. J Intell Manuf. 2022;33(6):1639–1647. doi:10.1007/s10845-021-01770-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabiey M, Schiesser P, Maerchy P. Direct metal deposition (DMD) for tooling repair of DIN 1.2343 steel. Procedia CIRP. 2020;95:23–28. doi:10.1016/j.procir.2020.01.151
   Google Scholar
• Zhan X, Lin X, Gao Z, et al. Modeling and simulation of the columnar-to-equiaxed transition during laser melting deposition of invar alloy. J Alloys Compd. 2018;755(July):123–134. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.04.313
   Google Scholar
• Samei J, Asgari H, Pelligra C, et al. A hybrid additively manufactured martensitic-maraging stainless steel with superior strength and corrosion resistance for plastic injection molding dies. Addit Manuf. 2021;45(September):102068. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2021.102068
   Google Scholar
• Franz M, Bliedtner J, Haupt C. Laser metal deposition welding in the field of tool and mould making. Procedia Eng. 2014;69:237–240. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2014.02.227
   Google Scholar
• Shah M, Patel DR, Pande S. Additive manufacturing integrated casting- A review. Mater Today Proc. 2022;62:7199–7203. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.413
   Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Sun C, Pan T, et al. Additive manufacturing of copper – H13 tool steel Bi-metallic structures via Ni-based multi-interlayer. Addit Manuf. 2020;36(December):101474. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2020.101474.
   Google Scholar
• Kim RE, Kim ES, Karthik GM, et al. Heterostructured alloys with enhanced strength-ductility synergy through laser-cladding. Scr Mater. 2022;215(July):114732. doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.114732
   Google Scholar
• Dang X, Li Y, Chen K, et al. Insight into the interfacial architecture of a hybrid additively- manufactured stainless steel/Ni-based superalloy bimetal. Mater Des. 2022;216(April):110595. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110595
   Google Scholar
• Chen M, Van Petegem S, Zou Z, et al. Microstructural engineering of a dual-phase Ti-Al-V-Fe alloy via in situ alloying during laser powder bed fusion. Addit Manuf. 2022;59(November):103173. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2022.103173
   Google Scholar
• Fathi P, Rafieazad M, Mohseni-Sohi E, et al. Corrosion performance of additively manufactured bimetallic aluminum alloys. Electrochim Acta. 2021;389(September):138689. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138689
   Google Scholar
• Yuan M, Karamchedu S, Fan Y, et al. Study of defects in directed energy deposited vanadis 4 extra tool steel. J Manuf Process. 2022;76(April):419–427. doi:10.1016/j.jmapro.2022.02.014
   Google Scholar
• Fonseca EB, Gabriel AHG, Araújo LC, et al. Assessment of laser power and scan speed influence on microstructural features and consolidation of AISI H13 tool steel processed by additive manufacturing. Addit Manuf. 2020;34(August):101250. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2020.101250
   Google Scholar
• Lee J, Choe J, Park J, et al. Microstructural effects on the tensile and fracture behavior of selective laser melted H13 tool steel under varying conditions. Mater Charact. 2019;155(September):109817. doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2019.109817
   Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Yu M, Li Z, et al. The effect of laser energy density on the microstructure, residual stress and phase composition of H13 steel treated by laser surface melting. J Alloys Compd. 2021;856(March):158168. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.158168
   Google Scholar
• Fatemi SA, Zamani Ashany J, Jalali Aghchai A, et al. Experimental investigation of process parameters on layer thickness and density in direct metal laser sintering: a response surface methodology approach. Virtual Phys Prototyp. 2017;12(2):133–140. doi:10.1080/17452759.2017.1293274
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basavarajappa M, Bhatta D. Heat and mass transfer of a molten polymer conveying nanoparticles in a wire coating process with temperature-dependent fluid properties: optimization using response surface method. Int Commun Heat Mass Transfer. 2022;133(April):105941. doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2022.105941
   Google Scholar
• Gurrala PK, Regalla SP. Multi-Objective optimisation of strength and volumetric shrinkage of FDM parts. Virtual Phys Prototyp. 2014;9(2):127–138. doi:10.1080/17452759.2014.898851
   Google Scholar
• Li R, Wang G, Ding Y, et al. Optimization of the geometry for the end lateral extension path strategy to fabricate intersections using laser and cold metal transfer hybrid additive manufacturing. Addit Manuf. 2020;36(December):101546. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2020.101546
   Google Scholar
• Zhang H, Choi JP, Moon SK, et al. A hybrid multi-objective optimization of aerosol jet printing process via response surface methodology. Addit Manuf. 2020;33(May):101096. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2020.101096
   Google Scholar
• Shim D-s. Effects of process parameters on additive manufacturing of aluminum porous materials and their optimization using response surface method. J Mater Res Technol. 2021;15(November):119–134. doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.08.010
   Google Scholar
• Goodarzi DM, Pekkarinen J, Salminen A. Analysis of laser cladding process parameter influence on the clad bead geometry. Weld World. 2017;61(5):883–891. doi:10.1007/s40194-017-0495-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashby MF, Easterling KE. The transformation hardening of steel surfaces by laser beams—I. hypo-eutectoid steels. Acta Metall. 1984;32(11):1935–1948. doi:10.1016/0001-6160(84)90175-5
   Google Scholar
• Ma G, Liu X, Song C, et al. Ticp reinforced Ti6Al4V of follow-up synchronous electromagnetic induction-laser hybrid directed energy deposition: microstructure evolution and mechanical properties. Addit Manuf. 2022;59(November):103087. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2022.103087
   Google Scholar
• Hao J, Hu F, Le X, et al. Microstructure and high-temperature wear behaviour of inconel 625 multi-layer cladding prepared on H13 mould steel by a hybrid additive manufacturing method. J Mater Process Technol. 2021;291(May):117036. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.117036
   Google Scholar
• Wolff SJ, Lin S, Faierson EJ, et al. A framework to link localized cooling and properties of directed energy deposition (DED)-processed Ti-6Al-4 V. Acta Mater. 2017;132(June):106–117. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2017.04.027
   Google Scholar
• Boccalini M, Goldenstein H. Solidification of high speed steels. Int Mater Rev. 2001;46(2):92–115. doi:10.1179/095066001101528411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaus AS, Bračík M, Sahul M, et al. Microstructure and properties of M2 high-speed steel cast by the gravity and vacuum investment casting. Vacuum. 2019;162(April):183–198. doi:10.1016/j.vacuum.2019.01.041
   Google Scholar
• Xie J-y, Chen N-x, Shen J, et al. Atomistic study on the structure and thermodynamic properties of Cr7C3, Mn7C3, Fe7C3. Acta Mater. 2005;53(9):2727–2732. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2005.02.039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzweissig MJ, Taube A, Brenne F, et al. Microstructural characterization and mechanical performance of hot work tool steel processed by selective laser melting. Metall Mater Trans B. 2015;46(2):545–549. doi:10.1007/s11663-014-0267-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Šafka J, Ackermann M, Voleský L. Structural properties of H13 tool steel parts produced with use of selective laser melting technology. J Phys Conf Ser. 2016;709(April):012004. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/709/1/012004
   Google Scholar
• Tian Y, Chadha K, Kim SH, et al. Strengthening mechanisms in a heatvar hot work tool steel fabricated by laser powder bed fusion. Mater Sci Eng A. 2021;805(February):140801. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2021.140801
   Google Scholar
• Åsberg M, Fredriksson G, Hatami S, et al. Influence of post treatment on microstructure, porosity and mechanical properties of additive manufactured H13 tool steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2019;742(January):584–589. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2018.08.046
   Google Scholar
• Mertens R, Vrancken B, Holmstock N, et al. Influence of powder bed preheating on microstructure and mechanical properties of H13 tool steel SLM parts. Phys Procedia. 2016;83:882–890. doi:10.1016/j.phpro.2016.08.092
   Google Scholar
• Azizi H, Ghiaasiaan R, Prager R, et al. Metallurgical and mechanical assessment of hybrid additively-manufactured maraging tool steels via selective laser melting. Addit Manuf. 2019;27(May):389–397. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2019.03.025
   Google Scholar
• Cyr E, Asgari H, Shamsdini S, et al. Fracture behaviour of additively manufactured MS1-H13 hybrid hard steels. Mater Lett. 2018;212(February):174–177. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2017.10.097
   Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Hu J, Liu XY, et al. Post treatment of an additively manufactured composite consisting of 304L stainless steel and CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2022;831(January):142104. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2021.142104
   Google Scholar
• He H, Cheng S, Chen Y, et al. Compression performance analysis of multi-scale modified concrete based on response surface method. Case Stud Constr Mater. 2022;17(December):e01312. doi:10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01312
   Google Scholar
• Sanaei N, Fatemi A. Defects in additive manufactured metals and their effect on fatigue performance: a state-of-the-art review. Prog Mater Sci. 2021;117(April):100724. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100724
   Google Scholar
• Guo Q, Zhao C, Qu M, et al. In-Situ characterization and quantification of melt pool variation under constant input energy density in laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing process. Addit Manuf. 2019;28(August):600–609. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2019.04.021
   Google Scholar
• Mao W-w, Ning A-g, Guo H-j. Nanoscale precipitates and comprehensive strengthening mechanism in AISI H13 steel. Int J Miner Metall Mater. 2016;23(9):1056–1064. doi:10.1007/s12613-016-1323-z
   Google Scholar
• Yan J, Song H, Dong Y, et al. High strength (∼2000MPa) or highly ductile (∼11%) additively manufactured H13 by tempering at different conditions. Mater Sci Eng A. 2020;773(January):138845. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2019.138845
   Google Scholar
• Hutchinson B, Hagström J, Karlsson O, et al. Microstructures and hardness of as-quenched martensites (0.1–0.5%C). Acta Mater. 2011;59(14):5845–5858. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2011.05.061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LI Q. Modeling the microstructure–mechanical property relationship for a 12Cr–2W–V–Mo–Ni power plant steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2003;361(1–2):385–391. doi:10.1016/S0921-5093(03)00565-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazaheri Y, Kermanpur A, Najafizadeh A. Strengthening mechanisms of ultrafine grained dual phase steels developed by new thermomechanical processing. ISIJ Int. 2015;55(1):218–226. doi:10.2355/isijinternational.55.218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar