- Atkins B, Athanasou N, Deeks J, Crook D W M, Simpson H, Peto T E, McLardy-Smith P, Berendt A R. Prospective evaluation of criteria for microbiological diagnosis of prosthetic-joint infection at revision arthroplasty. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 2932–9
- Booth R E, Jr, Lotke P A. The results of spacer block technique in revision of infected total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 1989, 248: 57–60
- Calton T F, Fehring T K, Griffin W L. Bone loss associated with the use of spacer blocks in infected TKA. Clin Orthop 1997, 345: 148–54
- Cohen J C, Hozack W J, Cuckler J M, Booth R E. Two-stage reimplantation of septic total knee arthroplasty: report of three cases using an antibiotic- PMMA spacer block. J Arthroplasty 1988; 3: 369–77
- Duncan C P, Beauchamp C P, Masri B. The antibiotic loaded joint replacement system: A novel approach to the management of the infected knee replacement. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1992; 74(3)296
- Durbhakula S M, Czajka J, Fuchs M D, Uhl R L. Antibioticloaded articulating cement spacer in the 2-stage exchange of infected total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2004; 19: 768–74
- Goldstein W, Kepplin M, Well R, Berland K. Temporary articulating methylmethacrylate antibiotic spacer (TAMMAS). A new method of intraoperative manufacturing of a custom articulating spacer. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2001; 83(2)92–7
- Fehring T K, McAlister J A. Frozen histologic section as a guide to sepsis in revision joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 1994, 304: 229–37
- Ha C W. A technique for intraoperative construction of antibiotic apacers. Clin Orthop 2006, 445: 204–9
- Haddad F S, Masri B A, Campbell D, MacGraw R W, Beauchamp C P, Duncan C P. The PROSTALAC functional spacer in two-stage revision for infected knee replacements. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2000; 82: 807–12
- Haddad F, Masr B, Duncan C. Cement spacers in knee surgery. 1891–1914. “Surgery of the knee”3. Churchil Livingstone. 2001, Insall- Scott
- Haleem A A, Berry D J, Hanssen A D. Mid-term to longterm followup of two-stage reimplantation for infected total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 2004, 428: 35–9
- Hebert C K, Williams R E, Levy R S, Barrack R L. Cost of treating an infected total knee replacement. Clin Orthop 1996, 331: 140–5
- Hoffman A A, Goldberg T, Tanner A M, Kurtin S M. Treatment of infected total knee replacement arthroplasty using an articulated spacer. 2 to 12 year experience. Clin Orthop 2005, 430: 125–31
- Insall J N, Thompson F M, Brause B D. Two stage reimplantation for the salvage of infected TKA. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1983; 65(8)1087–98
- Jiranek W A, Arlen D, Hanssen A D, Greenwald A S. Antibiotic- loaded bone cement for infection prophylaxis in total joint replacement. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2006; 88: 2487–500
- Lampe F, Hille E. Failure in contraint: Too little. Total knee arthroplasty. A guide to get better performance, J Bellemans, M Ries, J Victor, 2005; 74–84
- Lonner J H, Desai P, Dicesare P E, Steiner G, Zuckerman J D. The reliability of analysis of intraoperative frozen sections for identifying active infection during revision hip or knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1996; 78: 1553–8
- MacAvoy M C, Ries M D. The ball and socket articulating spacer for infected total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2006; 20: 757–62
- McLaren A C, Spooner C E. Salvage of infected total knee components. Clin Orthop 1996, 331: 146–50
- McPherson E J, Lewonowski K, Dorr L D. Use of an articulated PMMA spacer in the infected TKA. J Arthroplasty 1995; 10: 87–9
- Mulvey T, Thornhill T. Infected total knee arthroplasty: 1875–1890. Surgery of the knee3, Insall- Scott. Churchil Livingstone. 2001
- Siebel T, Kelm J, Porsch M, Regitz T, Neumann W H. Twostage exchange of infected knee arthroplasty with an prosthesis like interim cement spacer. Acta Orthop Belg 2002; 68(2)150–6
- Villanueva M, Rios A, Pereiro J, Chana F, Fahandez-Saddi H. Hand made articulating spacers for infected total knee arthroplasty. A technical note. Acta Orthop Scand 2006; 77: 329–32
- Whiteside L A. Treatment of infected total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 1994, 299: 169–72
- Windsor R E, Insall J N, Urs W K, Miller D V, Brause B D. Two stage reimplantation for the salvage of total knee arthroplasty complicated by infection: further followup and refinement of indications. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990; 72: 272–8
Acta Orthopaedica
Volume 79, 2008 - Issue 5