Original Papers

References

• Allen B A, Waddell G. Low-back Pain and Disability. Acta Orthop Scand 1989; 60(suppl 234)
   Google Scholar
• Andersson G BJ. Epidemiological features of chronic low back pain. Lancet 1999; 354: 581–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson I H, Ejlertsson G, Leden I, Rosenberg C. Chronic Pain in a Geographically Defined General Population: Studies on Differences in Age, Sex, Social Class, and Pain Localization. Clin J Pain 1993; 9: 174–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aprill C, Dwyer A, Bugduk N. Cervical zygapophyseal joint pain patterns A study in normal volunteers. Spine 1990; 15(6)453–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aronowitz RA. When do symptoms become a disease. Ann Inter 2001; 1(134)803–8n
   Google Scholar
• Bair M J, Robinson R L, Katon W, Kroenke K. Depression and pain comorbidity: a literature review. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163(20)2433–45, Review
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banic B, Petersen-Felix S, Andersen O, Radanov B, Villiger P M, Arendt-Nielsen L, Curatolo M. Evidence for spinal cord hypersensitivity in chronic pain after whiplash injury in fibromyalgia. Pain 2004; 107: 7–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnsley L, Lord S, Bogduk N. Clinical Review, Whiplash injury. Pain 1994; 58: 283–307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnsley L, Lord S M, Wallis B J, Bogduk N. The prevalence of chronic cervical zygapophysial joint pain after whiplash. Spine 1995; 20(1)20–5, discussion 26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman S, Herrstöm P, Hogstrom K, Pettersson I, Svensson B, Jacobsson L T. Chronic musculoskeletal pain, prevalence rates, and sociodemographic associations in a Swedish population study. J Rheumatol Jun, 2001; 28(6)1369–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry H. Chronic Whiplash Syndrome as a Functional Disorder. Arch neurology 2000; 57(4)592–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biderman A, Yeheskel A, Herman J. Somatic fixation: the harm of healing. Soc Sci Med 2003; 56(5)1135–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blauth M, Richter M, Kiesewetter B, Lange U. Operative versus non operative treatment of odontoid non unions How dangerous is it not to stabilize a non union of the dens. Chirurg 1999; 70(11)1225–38, Review
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boden S D, McCowin P R, Davis D O, Dina T S, Mark A S, Wiesel S. Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the cervical spine in asymptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990; 72(8)1178–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogduk N, Teasell R. Whiplash: the evidence for an organic etiology. Arch Neurol 2000; 57: 590–1, Review
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bosma F K, Kessels R PC. Cognitive Impairments, Psychological Dysfunction, and Coping Styles in Patients With Chronic Whiplash Syndrome. Neuropshyciatry, Neuropsychology Behav Neurol 2002; 15: 56–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongers P M, de Winter C R, Kompier M A, Hildebrandt V H. Psychosocial factors at work and musculoskeletal disease. Scand J Work Environ Health 1993; 19(5)297–312, Review
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bovim G, Schrader H, Sand T. Neck pain in the general population. Spine 1994; 19: 1307–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley L A, McDonald-Haile J, Jaworski T M. Assessment of psychological status using interviews and self-report instruments. D C Turk, R Melzack. Guilford Press, New York 1992; 193–213, Handbook of pain assessment
   Google Scholar
• Braehler E, Schumacher J, Braehler C. First standardization of the short version of the Giessen Subjective Complaints List GBB-24 in re-unified Germany. Psychotherapie-Psy-chosomatik-Medizinische-Psychologie 2000; 50: 14–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brattberg G, Thorslund M, Wikman A. The prevalence of pain in a general population. The results of a postal survey in a county of Sweden. Pain 1989; 37: 215–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brisby H, Olmarker K, Larsson K, Nutu M, Rydevik B. Proinflammatory cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in patients with disc herniation and sciatica. Eur Spine J 2002; 11(1)62–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brismar H, Vucetic N, Svensson O. Pain patterns in lumbar disc hernia. Acta Orthop Scand 1996; 67(5)470–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogduk N, Windsor M. Inglis A: The innervation of the cervical intervertebral discs. Spine 1988; 13: 2–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butcher J N, Williams C L. Essentials of MMPI-2 and MMPI-A Interpretation. University of Minnesota Press. 1996
   Google Scholar
• Butcher J N, Arbisi P A, Atlis M M, McNulty J L. The construct validity of the Lees-Haley Fake Bad Scale. Does this scale measure somatic malingering and feigned emotional distress. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2003; 18(5)473–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter K, Dickenson A. NmDA receptors and pain-hopes for novel analgesics. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1999; 24(6)506–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cassidy J D, Carroll L J, Cote P, Lemstra M, Berglund A, Nygren Å. Effect of Eliminating Compensation for Pain and Suffering on the Outcome of Insurance Claims for Whiplash Injury. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1179–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clauw D J, Crofford L J. Chronic widespread pain and fibromyalgia: what we know, and what we need to know. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2003; 17(4)685–701, Review
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloninger C R. A unified biosocial theory of personality and its role in the development of anxiety states. Psychiatr Dev 1986; 4: 167–226
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Costigan M, Woolf C J. No DREAM, No pain Closing the spinal gate. Cell 2002; 108(3)297–300, Review
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Côté P, Cassidy J D, Caroll L, Kristman V. The annual incidence and course of neck pain in the general population: a population-based cohort study. Pain 2004; 112: 267–273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coté P, Hogg-Johnson S, Cassidy J D, Carroll L, Frank W J. The association between neck pain intensity, physical functioning, depressive symtomatology and time-to-clo-sure after whiplash. J Clin Epidem 2001; 54: 275–286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Côté P, Cassidy J D, Caroll L. Is a lifetime history of neck injury in a traffic collision associated with prevalent neck pain, headache and depressive symptomatology?. Accident Analysis & Prevention 2000; 32: 151–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croft R P, Lewis M, Papageorgio A C, Thomas E, Jayson M, IV, Macfarlane G J, Silman A J. Risk factors for neck pain: a longitudinal study in the general population. Pain 2001; 93: 317–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croft P. The epidemiology of pain: the more you have the more you get. Ann Rheum Dis 1996; 55(12)859–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis S J, Teresi L M, Bradley W G, Jr, Ziemba M A, Bloze A E. Cervical spine hyperextension injuries: MR findings. Radiology 1991; 180(1)245–51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delgado PL. Commeon Pathways of Depression and Pain. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65(suppl 12)16–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derbyshire S W, Nichols T E, Firestone L, Townsend D W, Jones A K. Sex differences in patterns of cerebral activation during equal experience of painful laser stimulation. J Pain 2002; 3: 401–11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dush D M, Simons L E, Platt M, Nation P C. Psychological profiles distinguishing litigation and non litigation pain patients subtle and non subtle. J Pers Assess 1994; 62: 299–313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer A, Aprill C, Bogduk N. Cervical zygapophyseal joint pain patterns II: A clinical evaluation. Spine 1990; 15(6)458–61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elliott A M, Smith B H, Smith W G, Chambers W A. The epidemiology of chronic pain in the community. Lancet Oct 9, 1999; 354(9186)1248–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott T E, Renier C M, Palcher J A. Chronic pain, depressive, and Quality of life: Correlations and predictive value or the SF-36. Pain Medicine 2003; 4(4)331–340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson M, Stegmayr B, Lundberg V. MONICA quality assessment. Scand J Public Health 2003; 31(suppl. 61)25–30
   Google Scholar
• Evans R W. Whiplash around the world. Headache 1995; 35(5)262–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Falla D, Bilenkij G, Jull G. Patients with chronic neck pain demonstrate altered patterns of muscle activation during performance of a functional upper limb task. Spine 2004; 29(13)1436–40, 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fast A, Sosner J, Begeman P, Thomas M A, Chiu T. Lumbar spinal strains asociated with whiplash injury: a cadavric study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2002; 81(9)645–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferrari R, Russell A S. Regional musculoskeletal conditions: neck pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2003; 17(1)57–70, Review
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fichground J S. Neck Pain. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Monograph Series 2004; 27
   Google Scholar
• Fields H. Depression and pain. A neurobiological model. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychology Behav Neurol 1991; 4: 83–92
   Google Scholar
• Fisher C G, Dvorak M F, Leith J, Wing P C. Comparison of outcomes for unstable lower cervical flexion teardrop fractures managed with halo thoracic vest versus anterior corpectomy and plating. Spine 2002; 27(2)160–6, 15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Folkhälsointitutet. 2005, ISBN/ISSN: 91–7257–335–7
   Google Scholar
• Freemont A J, Peacock T E, Groupille P, Hoyland J A, O'Brien J, Jayson M I. Nerv ingrowth into diseased intervertebral disc in chronic back pain. Lancet 1997; 350: 178–181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fordyce W E. A behavioural perspective of chronic pain. Br J Clin Psychol 1982; 21: 313–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gargan M, Bannister G, Main C, Hollis S. The behavioural response to whiplash injury. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1997; 79(4)523–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gargan M F. Psychological Aspects of Whiplash Injuries;. 2005, Symposium 18 EFFORT
   Google Scholar
• Gatchel R J, Garofalo J P, Ellis E, Holt C. Major psychological disorders in acute and chronic TMD: an initial examination. Am Dent Assoc 1996; 127(9)1365–70, 1372, 1374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gran J T. The epidemiology of chronic generalized musculo skeletal pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2003; 17: 547–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregersen N P, Berg H Y. Lifestyle and accidents among young drivers. Accid Anal Prev 1994; 26: 297–303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greiffenstein M F, Baker W J. Comparison of premorbid and postinjury MMPI-2 profiles in late postcontussion claimants. Clin Neuropsychol 2001; 15: 162–170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guez M, Hildingsson C, Rosengren L, Karlsson K, Toolanen G. Nervous Tissue Damage Markers in Cerebrospinal Fluid after Cervical Spine Injuries and Whiplashtrauma. J Neurotrauma 2003; 20(9)853–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Göthe C J, Molin C, Nilsson C G. The environmental somatization syndrome. Psychosomatics 1995; 36(1)1–11, Review
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagen K, Vatten L, Stovner L J, Zwart J A, Krokstad S, Bovim G. Low socio-economic status is associated with increased risk of frequent headache: a prospective study of 22718 adults in Norway. Cephalalgia 2002; 22(8)672–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartwig E, Kettler A, Schultheiss M, Kinzl L, Claes L, Wilke H J. In vitro low-speed side collisions cause injury to the lower cervical spine but do not damage alar ligaments. Eur Spine J 2004; 13(7)590–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hathaway S R, McKinley J C. MMPI-2 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Manual for administrering och utvärdering. Psykologiförlaget AB, Stockholm 2000, Svensk version
   Google Scholar
• Hee H T, Whitecloud T S, Myers L, Roesch W, Ricciardi J E. Do worker's compensation patients with neck pain have lower SF-36 scores. Eur Spine J 2002; 11: 375–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heliovaara M, Makela M, Knekt P, Impivaara O, Aromaa A. Determinants of sciatica and low-back pain. Spine 1991; 16(6)608–14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hill J, Lewis M, Papageorgiou A, Dziedzic K, Croft P. Predicting persistant Neck pain: A 1year follow-up of a population cohort. Spine 2004; 29(15)1648–1654
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hildingsson C, Wenngren B-I, Toolanen G. Eye motility dysfunction after soft-tissue injury of the cervical spine. Acta Orthop Scand 1993; 64: 129–132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildingsson C, Toolanen G. Outcome after soft-tissue injury of the cervical spine. A prospective study of 93 car accident victims. Acta Orthop Scand 1990; 61(4)357–359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartwig E, Kettler A, Schultheiss M, Kinzl L, Claes L, Wilke H J. In vitro low-speed side collisions cause injury to the lower cervical spine but do not damage alar ligaments. Eur Spine J 2004; 13(7)590–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heikkilä H, Åstöm P G. Cervicocephalic Kinesthetic Senasibility in Patients with Whiplash Injury. Scand J Rehab Med 1996; 28: 133–138
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Honeyman P T, Jacobs E A. Effects of culture on back pain in Australian aboriginals. Spine 1996; 21: 841–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hseih J C, Meyerson B A, Ingvar M. PET study on central processing of pain in trigeminal neuropathy. Eur J Pain 1999; 3: 51–65
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huppe A, Brockow T, Raspe H. [Chronic widespread pain and tender points in low-back pain: a population-based study]. Z Rheumatol 2004; 63(1)76–83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ide M, Ide J, Yamaga M, Takagi K. Symptoms and signs of irritation of the brachial plexus in whiplash injuries. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2001; 83(2)226–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• International Association for the Study of Pain. Classification of chronic pain. Merskey, Bogduk. IASP press, Seattle 1994
   Google Scholar
• Ivancic P C, Pearson A M, Panjabi M M, Ito S. Injury of the anterior longitudinal ligament during whiplash simulation. Eur Spine J 2004; 1: 61–8
   Google Scholar
• Johnson M, Zigler J. Whiplash: Diagnosis and treatment. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2004, Neck Pain
   Google Scholar
• Karasek R, Theorell T. Healthy work: stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. Basic Books, New York, NY 1990
   Google Scholar
• Kay T, Newman B, Cavallo M, Ezrachi O. Toward a neuropsychological model of functional disability after mild traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology 1992; 6: 371–384
   Google Scholar
• Kessel R PC, Aleman A, Verhagen W IM, Van Luijtelaar L JM. Cognitive functioning after whiplash injury A metanalysis. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2000; 6: 271–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kivioja J. Patient-related aspects on WAD. 2004, Thesis. ISBN 91–7349-956–0
   Google Scholar
• Kivioja J, Sjalin M, Lindgren U. Psychiatric morbidity in patients with chronic whiplash-associated disorder. Spine 2004; 1(11)1235–9
   Google Scholar
• Klobas L, Tegelberg A, Axelsson S. Symptoms and signs of temporomandibular disorders in individuals with chronic whiplash-associated disorders. Swed Dent J 2004; 28(1)29–36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kohlmann T. Musculoskeletal pain in the population] Schmerz. 2003; 17(6)405–11, Review
   Google Scholar
• Kosek E, Ekholm J, Hansson P. Increased pressure sensibility in fibromyalgia patients is located deep to the skin but not restricted to muscle tissue. Pain 1995; 63: 335–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krakenes J, Kaale B R, Nordli H, Moen G, Rorvik J, Gilhus NE. MR analysis of the transverse ligament in the late stage of whiplash injury. Acta Radiol 2003; 44(6)637–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwan O, Friel J. Critical appraisal of facet joints injections for chronic whiplash. Med Sci Monit 2002; 8(8)RA191–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kwan O, Friel J. MRI of the posterior tectorial and atlantoocciptal membranes in the late stage of whiplash injury. Neuroradiology 2002; 46: 165–6
   Google Scholar
• Kwiatek R, Barnden L, Tedman R, Jarrett R, Chew J, Rowe C, et al. Regional cerebral blood flow in fibromyalgia: single-photon-emission computed tomography evidencea of reduction in the pontine tegmentum and thalami. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43: 2823–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau E MC, Sham A, Wong KC. The prevalence of and risk factors for neck pain in Hong Kong Chinese. J Public Health Med 1996; 18(4)396–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leclerc A, Niedhammer I, Landre M F, Ozguler A, Etore P, Pietri-Taleb F. One-year predictive factors for various aspects of neck disorders. Spine 1999; 24: 1455–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linton S J. Psychosocial Risk Factors for Neck and Back Pain. (57–78) In neck and Back Pain: The Scientific Evidence of Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment. Alf Nachemson, Egon Jonsson. Pub by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2000
   Google Scholar
• Liotti M, Mayberg H S, Brannan S K, McGinnis S, Jerabek P, Fox P T. Differential limbic--cortical correlates of sadness and anxiety in healthy subjects: implications for affective disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 48: 30–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord S M, Barnsley L, Wallis B J, Bogduk N. Chronic cervical zygapophysial joint pain after whiplash. A placebocontrolled prevalence study. Spine 1996; 1(15)1737–44, discussion 1744–5
   Google Scholar
• Magni G, Moreschi C, Rigatti-Luchini S, Merskey H. Prospective study on the relationship between depressive symptoms and chronic musculoskeletal pain. Pain 1994; 56(3)289–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnússon T. Extracervical symptoms after whiplash trauma. Cephalalgia 1994; 14: 223–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik H, Lovell M. Soft tissue neck symptoms following high-energy road traffic accidents. Spine Aug 1, 2004; 29(15)E315–7
   Google Scholar
• Marshall P D, O'Conner M, Hodgkinson J P. The perceived relationship between neck symptoms and precedent injury. Injury 1995; 26: 17–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marhold C, Linton S J, Melin. Identification of obstacles for chronic pain patients to return to work: evaluation of a questionnaire. J Occup Rehabil 2002; 12(2)65–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchand F, Perretti M, McMahon S. Role of the immune system in chronic pain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005; 6(7)521–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto M, Fujimura Y, Suzuki N, Toyama Y, Shiga H. Cervical curvature in acute whiplash injuries: prospective comparative study with asymptomatic subjects. Injury 1998; 29(10)775–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayou R, Bryant B. Psychiatry of whiplash neck injury. Brit J Psychiatry 2002; 180: 441–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MONICA, Manual revised ed 1990 (http://www. ktl. fi/pub-lications/monica 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Mulhall K J, Moloney M, Burke T E, Masterson E. Chronic neck pain following road traffic accidents in an Irish setting and it's relationship to seat belt use and low-back pain. Ir Med J 2003; 96(2)53–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mäkelä M, Heliovaara M, Sievers K, Impivaara O, Knekt P, Aromaa A. Prevalence, determinants and consequences of chronic neck pain in Finland. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 134: 1356–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosimann U P, Muri R M, Felblinger J, Radanov B P. Saccadic eye movement disturbances in whiplash patients with persistent complaints. Brain 2000; 123(4)828–35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nachemson A. Introduction and general principles in: Neck and Back Pain: the Scientific Evidence of Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Alf Nachemson, Egon Jonsson. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2000
   Google Scholar
• Nakabeppu Y, Nakajo M, Gushiken T, Tsuchimochi S, Tani A, Kanmura Y. Decreased perfusion of the bilateral thalami in patients with chronic pain detected by Tc-99m-ECD SPECT with statistical parametric mapping. Ann Nucl Med 2001; 15: 459–463
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Newberg A B, Lariccia P J, Lee B Y, Farrar J T, Lee L, Alavi A. Cerebral blood flow effects of pain and acupuncture: a preliminary single-photon emission computed tomography imaging study. J Neuroimaging 2005; 15: 43–49
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nederhand M J, Ijzerman M J, Hermens H J, Baten C T, Zilvold G. Cervical mucle dysfunction in the chronic whiplash associated disorder grade II (WAD-II). Spine 2000; 25: 1938–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nederhand M J, Ijzerman M J, Hermens H J, Turk D C, Zilvold G. Cervical muscle dysfunction in the chronic whiplash associated disorder grade II: the relevance of trauma. Spine 2002; 27: 1056–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nie N H, Hadlai H C, Jenkins J G, Steinbrenner K, Bent D H. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. New York, McCraw-Hill. 1970
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson L-G, Bäckman L, Erngrund K, Nyberg L, Adolfsson R, Bucht G, et al. The Betula prospective cohort study: Memory, health and aging. Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition 1997; 1–37
   Google Scholar
• Olsnes B T. Neurobehavioural findings in whiplash patients with long-lasting symtoms. Acta Neurol Scand 1989; 80: 584–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otte A, Ettlin T M, Nitzsche E U, Wachter K, Hoegerle S, Simon G H, Fierz L, Moser E, Mueller-Brand J. PET and SPECT in whiplash syndrome: a New approach to a forgotten brain. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997; 63: 368–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson A M, Ivancic P C, Ito S, Panjabi M M. Facet joint kinematics and injury mechanisms during simulated whiplash. Spine 2004; 29(4)390–7, 15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panjabi M M, Pearson A M, Ito S, Ivancic P C, Gimenez S E, Tominaga Y. Cervical spine ligament injury during simulated frontal impact. Spine 2004; 29(21)2395–403, 1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pearson A M, Ivancic P C, Ito S, Panjabi M M. Facet joint kinematics and injury mechanisms during simulated whiplash. Spine 2004; 29(4)390–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penning L. Acceleration injury of the cervical spine by hypertranslation of the head. Pat II Effect of hypertranslation of the head on cervical spine motion: discussion of literature data. Eur Spine J 1992; 1: 13–19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pertovaara A. Plasticity in descending pain modulatory systems. Prog Brain Res 2000; 129: 231–42, Review
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petrovic P, Ingvar M, Stone-Elander S, Petersson K M, Hansson P. APET activation study of ynamic mechanical allodynia in patients with mononeuropathy. Pain 1999; 83: 459–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peyron R, Laurent B, Garcia-Larrea L. Functional imaging of brain response to pain. Neurophysiol Clin 2000; 30(5)263–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson C RN, Bolton J, Wood A R, Humphreys B K. A cross sectional study rvical Spine With Disability and Pain in United Kingdom Patients. Spine 2003; 28(2)129–33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pettersson K, Hildingsson C, Toolanen G, Fagerlund M, Björnebrink L. MRI and neurology in acute whiplash trauma. Acta Orthop Scand 1994; 65(5)525–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfirrmann C W, Binkert C A, Zanetti M, Boos N, Hodler J. MR morphology of alar ligaments and occipitoatlantoaxial joints: study in 50 asymptomatic subjects. Radiology 2001; 218(1)133–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Philips C. Headache in general practice. Headache 1977; 16: 322–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picavet H S, Schouten J S. Musculoskeletal pain in the Netherlands: prevalences, consequences and risk groups, the DMC (3)-study. Pain 2003; 102(1–2)167–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pincus T, Burton A K, Vogel S, Field A P. A systematic review of psychological factors as predictors of chronicity/disability in prospective cohorts of low back pain. Spine 2002; 27(5)E109–20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Provinciali L, Baroni M, Illuminati L, Ceravolo M G. Multimodal treatment to prevent the late whiplash syndrome. Scand J Rehabil Med 1996; 28(2)105–11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Purves D. Neurosciencethird Edition. 2004
   Google Scholar
• Putnam S H, Millis S R. Psychosocial factors in the development and maintenance of chronic somatic and functional symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury. Advances in medical Psychotherapy 1994; 7: 1–22
   Google Scholar
• Radanov B P, Bicik I, Dvorak J, Von Schulthess G K, Buck A. Relation between neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings in patients with late whiplash syndrome. J Neurol Neurosur Psych 1999; 66: 485–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radanov B P, Sturzenegger M, Di Stefano G. Long-term outcome after whiplash injury. A 2-year follow-up considering features of injury mechanism somatic radiologic and psychosocial findings. Medicine (Baltimore) 1995; 74(5)281–97, Review
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao Raj. Epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical evaluation of neck pain in Fichground JS. Neck Pain. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2004; 27, Monograph Series
   Google Scholar
• Reiman E M, Raichle M E, Butler F K, Herscovitch P, Robins E. A focal brain abnormality in panic disorder, a severe form of anxiety. Nature 1984; 310: 683–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter M, Ferrari R, Otte D, Kuensebeck H-W, Blauth M, Krettek C. Correlation of clinical findings, collision parameters, and psychological factors in the outcome of whiplash associated disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75: 758–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romano J M, Jensen M P, Turner J A. The Chronic Pain Coping Inventory-42: reliability and validity. Pain 2003; 104(1–2)65–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronnen H R, de Korte P J, Brink P R, van der Bijl H J, Tonino A J, Franke C L. Acute whiplash injury: is there a role for MR imaging?–a prospective study of 100 patients. Radiology 1996; 201(1)93–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SBU Vol I och II. Ont i ryggen, ont i nacken: en evidensbaserad kunskapssammanställning. Stockholm. 2, ISBN 9187890658
   Google Scholar
• Sandkuhler J, Bromm B, Gebhart G F. Nervous system plasticity and chronic pain Amsterdam;. J Sandkuhler, B Bromm, G F Gebhart. Elsevier, Oxford 2000
   Google Scholar
• Schrader H, Obelieniene D, Bovim G, Surkiene D, Mickeviciene D, miseviciene I, Sand T. Natural evolution of late whiplash syndrome outside the medicolegal context. Lancet 1996; 347(9010)1207–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholz J, Woolf C J. Can we conquer pain. Nat Neurosci 2002; 5(Suppl)1062–7, Review
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schultz I Z, Crook J, Meloche G R, Berkowitz J, Milner R, Zuberbier, Meloche W. Psychosocial factors predictive of occupational low-back disability towards developement of a return to work model. Pain 2004; 107: 77–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sell P. The Pathological and Biomechanical Factors in Whiplah Injuries. 2005, Symposium 18 EFFORT
   Google Scholar
• Siegmund G P, Myers B S, Davis M B, Bohnet H F, Winkelstein B A. Mechanical evidence of cervical facet capsule injury during whiplash: a cadaveric study using combined shear, compression, and extension loading. Spine 2001; 26(19)2095–101, 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siivola S M, Levoska S, Tervonen O, Ilkko E, Vanharanta H, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S. MRI changes of cervical spine in asymptomatic and symptomatic young adults. Eur Spine J 2002; 11(4)358–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva da M C, Fassa A G, Valle H. [Chronic low-back pain in a Southern Brazilian adult population: prevalence and associated factors] Cad Saude Publica. 2004; 20(2)377–85
   Google Scholar
• Siemerink-Hermans H J. [The ‘railway spine’: alleged spinal injury caused by railway concussions as a basis for financial claims in 19th century England]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1998; 1142(15)864–8
   Google Scholar
• Schnurr R F, MacDonald M R. Memory complaints in chronic pain. Clin J Pain 1995; 11(2)103–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schofferman J. Pharmacologic management of chronic neck pain. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2004; 27, Monograph Series
   Google Scholar
• Spitzer W, Skovron M L, Salmi R, Cassidy D, Duranceau J, Suissa S, Zeiss E. Scientific monograph of the Quebec Task Force on whiplash-associated disorders: redefining “whiplash” and its management. Spine 1995; 20: 8S
   Google Scholar
• Spitzer W O, Skovron M L, Salmi L R, Cassidy J D, Duranceau J, Suissa S, Zeiss E. Scientific monograph of the Quebec Task Force on Whiplash-Associated Disorders: Redefining “whiplash” and its management. Spine 1998; 15: 1S–73S
   Google Scholar
• Stemper B D, Yoganandan N. Pintar FASex- and regiondependent local facet joint kinematics in rear impact: implications in whiplash injury. Spine 2004; 29(16)1764–71, 15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B, Kenardy J. Sensory hypersensitivity occurs soon after whiplash injury and is associated with poor recovery. Pain 2003; 104(3)509–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterner Y, Toolanen G, Gerdle B, Hildingsson C. The incidence of whiplash trauma and the effects of different factors of recovery. J Spinal Disord Tech 2003; 16: 195–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterner Y, Lofgren M, Nyberg V, Karlsson A K, Bergstrom M, Gerdle B. Early interdisciplinary rehabilitation proagramme for whiplash associated disorders. Disabil Rehabil 2001; 23(10)422–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sugiura M, Kawashima R, Nakagawa M, Okada K, Sato T, Goto R, et al. Correlation between human personality and neural activity in cerebral cortex. Neuroimage 2000; 11: 541–546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swartzman L C, Teasell R W, Shapiro A P, McDermid A J. The effect of litigation status on adjustment to whiplash injury. Spine 1996; 21(1)53–8, 1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swedish manual of MMPI-2. Psykologiförlaget 2000
   Google Scholar
• Taylor A E, Cheryl A C, Mailis A. Persistent Neuropsychological Deficits Following Whiplash: Evidence for Chronic Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996; 77: 529–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turk D C, Flor H, Rudy T E. Pain and families. I. Etiology, maintenance and psychosocial impact. Pain 1987; 30: 327
   Google Scholar
• Turk & Flor. A biobehavioral perspective. Psychosocial factors in pain: Critical Perspectives, R J gatchel, D C Turk. Guilford Press, New York 1999; 18–34
   Google Scholar
• Turk D C, Okifuji A. Prospective study on the relationship between depressive symptoms and chronic musculoskeletal pain. Pain 1994; 56(3)289–97
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Urwin M, Symmons D, Allison T, Brammmah T, Busby H, Roxby M, Simmons A, Williams G. Estimating the burden of musculoskeletal disorders in the community: the comparative prevalence of symptoms at different anatomical sites, and the relation to social deprivation. Ann Rheum Dis 1998; 57(11)649–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waddel G, Waddell H. A Rewiew of Social Influences on Neck and Back Pain and Disability. A Nachemson, E Jonsson. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2000, In neck and back pain
   Google Scholar
• Wall P D, Melzack R. Textbook of pain. Churchill Livingstone, New York 1989, Review
   Google Scholar
• Warwick J M. Imaging of brain function using SPECT. Metab Brain Dis 2004; 19(1–2)113–23, Review
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waxman S G, Rizzo M A. The whiplash (hyperextensionfiexion) syndrome: a disorder of dorsal root ganglion neurons?. J Neurotrauma 1996; 13(12)735–9, Review
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Webb R, Brammah T, Lunt M, Urwin M, Allison T. Symmons D: Prevalence and predictors of intense, chronic, and disabling neck and back pain in the UK general population. Spine 2003; 28: 1195–1202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vendrig A A. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and chronic pain: a conceptual analysis of a longstanding but complicated relationship. Clin Psychol Rev 2000; 20(5)533–59, Review
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vendrig A A, de Mey H R, Derksen J J, van, Akkerveeken PF. Assessment of chronic back pain patients characteristiscs using factor analysis of the MMPI-2: Which dimensions are actually assessed. Pain 1998; 76: 179–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisberg J N. Personality and personality disorders in chronic pain. Curr Rev Pain 2000; 4(1)60–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiser S, Cedraschi C. Psychosocial issues in the prevention of chronic low back pain--a literature review. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1992; 6(3)657–84, Review
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Versteegen G J, Dijkstra P U, Jaspers J P, Meijler W J, ten Duis H J, Klip E C. Sprain of the neck: quality of life and psychological functioning. A 4 year retrospective study. Qual Life Res 2003; 12: 335–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wessely S, Nimnuan C, Sharpe M. Functional somatic syndromes: one or many. Lancet 1999; 11(9182)936–9, Review
   Google Scholar
• Whiplashkommissionen. 2005, ISBN 91975655–0-4
   Google Scholar
• White A A, Panjabi M M. Clinical Biomechanics of the Spine. A A White, M M Panjabi. PA JB Lippincott, Philadelphia 1990; 229–235
   Google Scholar
• WHO MONICA Project. MONICA Manualrevised edition. WHO, Geneva 1990, Cardiovascular Diseases Unit
   Google Scholar
• Wik G, Fischer H, Bragee B, Kristianson M, Fredrikson M. Retrosplenial cortical activation in the fibromyalgia syndrome. Neuroreport 2003; 14: 619–621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilmink J T, Patijn J. MR imaging of alar ligament in whip-lash-associated disorders: an observer study. Neuroradiology 2001; 43(10)859–63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vingård E, Nachemson A. Work releated Influences on Neck and Low-back Pain In: The Scientific Evidence of Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment, ed 2000;. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2000
   Google Scholar
• Volle E, Montazem M. MRI video diagnosis and surgical therapy of soft tissue trauma to the craniocervical junction. Ear Nose Throat J 2001; 80(1)41–4, 46–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wright A, Mayer T G, Gatchel R J. Outcomes of disabeling cervical spine disorders in compensation injuries: A prospective comparison to tertiary rehabilitation response for chronic lumbar spinal /
   Google Scholar