A bistatic Doppler technique to measure forward scattering at large angles of incidence

References

• Erricolo , D. , D'Elia , G. and Uslenghi , P. L. E. 2002 . Measurements on scaled models of urban environments and comparisons with ray-tracing propagation simulation . IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation , 50 : 727 – 735 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erricolo , D. , Crovella , U. G. and Uslenghi , P. L. E. 2002 . Time-domain analysis of measurements on scaled urban models with comparisons to ray-tracing propagation simulation . IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagaion , 50 : 736 – 741 .
   Google Scholar
• Janaswamy , R. 2003 . Path loss predictions in the presence of buildings on flat terrain: A 3-D vector parabolic equation approach . IEEE Transacations on Antennas and Propagation , 51 : 1716 – 1728 .
   Google Scholar
• Gans , M. J. , Amitay , N. , Yeh , Y. S. , Damen , T. C. , Valenzuela , R. A. , Choelhang , C. and Lee , J. 2002 . Propagation measurements for fixed wireless loops (FWL) in a suburban region with foliage and terrain blockages . IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communication , 1 : 302 – 310 .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , B. A. and Brown , G. S. 2002 . Diffraction by a randomly rough knife edge . IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation , 50 : 1769 – 1778 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , G. S. , ed. 1998 . “ Special issue on low-grazing-angle-backscatter from rough surfaces ” . In IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 46
   Google Scholar
• Ward , K. D. , Baker , C. J. and Watts , S. 1990 . Maritime surveillance radar; Parts I and II . IEE Proceedings , F51 : 137 – 141 .
   Google Scholar
• Beckmann , P. and Spizzichino , A. 1987 . The Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from Rough Surfaces , Norwood, M. A : Artech House . (originally published as Electromagnetic Waves, Vol. 4, 1963, Pergamon)
   Google Scholar
• Rice , S. O. 1954 . “ Mathematical analysis of random noise ” . In Selected Papers on Noise and Stochastic Processes , Edited by: Wax , N. 133 – 194 . New York : Dover Press .
   Google Scholar
• DeSanto , J. A. and Wombell , R. J. 1991 . Rough surface scattering . Waves in Random and Complex Media , 1 : S41 – S56 .
   Google Scholar
• Jordan , D. L. 1995 . Experimental measurements of optical backscattering from surfaces of roughness comparable to the wavelength and their application to radar sea scattering . Waves in Random and Complex Media , 5 : 41 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Dainty , J. C. , ed. 1984 . Topics in Applied Physics (Vol. 9): Laser Speckle and Related Phenomena , New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Stanton , T. K. 1984 . Sonar estimates of sea floor microroughness . Journal of Acoustic Society of America , 75 : 809 – 818 .
   Google Scholar
• Stanton , T. K. , Jezek , K. C. and Gow , A. J. 1986 . Acoustical reflection and scattering from the underside of laboratory grown sea ice: measurements and prediction . Journal of Acoustic Society of America , 80 : 1486 – 1494 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jezek , K. , Arcone , S. and Wills , R. H. . Impulse radar studies of interface roughness . Proceedings of International Workshop on Ground Penetrating Radar . May 24–26 1988 , Ottawa, Ont.. (published as Geological Survey of Canada Paper 90-4, 1992)
   Google Scholar
• Fuks , I. M. 2002 . Effective probability density function of rough surface slopes when strong shadowing is present . Waves in Random and Complex Media , 12 : 401 – 416 .
   Google Scholar
• Barrick , D. E. 1998 . Grazing behavior of scatter and propagation above any rough surface . IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation , 46 : 73 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayanan , R. M. and McIntosh , R. E. 1990 . Millimeter-wave backscatter characteristics of multilayered snow surfaces . IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation , 38 : 693 – 703 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulaby , F. T. , Nashashibi , A. , E-Rouby , A. , Li , E. W. , DeRoo , R. D. , Sarabandi , K. , Wellman , R. J. and Wallace , H. B. 1998 . 95-GHz scattering by terrain at near-grazing angles . IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation , 46 : 3 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , J. R. , Russell , S. J. , Brown , B. E. , Haldeman , P. M. , Hayden , D. D. , Morgan , D. G. , Pierce , R. D. , Shan , J. W. , Stephens , W. T. and Mirotznik , M. S. 2004 . Electromagnetic forward-scattering measurements over a known, controlled sea surface at grazing . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 42 : 1197 – 1207 .
   Google Scholar
• Ishimaru , A. , Chen , J. S. , Phu , P. and Yoshitomi , Y. 1991 . Numerical, analytical, and experimental studies of scattering from very rough surfaces and backscattering enhancement . Waves in Random and Complex Media , 1 : 91 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• Arcone , S. A. and Yankielun , N. E. 2000 . 1.4-GHz radar penetration, and evidence of drainage structures in temperate ice, Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A . Journal Glaciology , 46 : 477 – 489 .
   Google Scholar
• Arcone , S. A. , Yankielun , N. E. and Chacho , E. F. Jr. 1997 . Reflection profiling of arctic lake ice using microwave FM-CW radar . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 35 : 436 – 443 .
   Google Scholar
• Koh , Y. G. , Yankielun , N. E. and Baptista , A. I. 1996 . Snow cover characterization using multiband FMCW radars . Hydrological Processes , 10 : 1609 – 1617 .
   Google Scholar
• Shutko , A. M. and Reutov , E. M. 1982 . Mixture formulas applied in estimation of dielectric and radiative characteristics of soils and ground at microwave frequencies . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , GE-20 : 29 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Green , H. E. 1988 . The current state of the electromagnetic rough surface problem . Journal of Electrical and Electronics in England and Australia , 6 : 81 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Skolnik , M. I. 1980 . Introduction to Radar Systems, , 2nd edition , New York : McGraw Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Radovic , A. 2003 . Frequency shift that is caused by observer movement . Journal of Theoretics , 5 : 8 – 13 .
   Google Scholar