The Enduring Effects of Competitive Elections

References

• Abramowitz, Alan I., Alexander, Brad & Gunning, Matthew (2006) Incumbency, redistricting, and the decline of competition in U.S. House elections. Journal of Politics, 68(1), pp. 75–88.
   Google Scholar
• Amy, Douglas (2002) Real Choices/New Voices: How Proportional Representation Elections Could Revitalize American Democracy, 2nd edn (New York: Columbia University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Ansolabehere, Stephen, COOPERATIVE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION STUDY, 2007: COMMON CONTENT. [Computer File] Release 1: February 13, 2008. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. [producer], available at <http://web.mit.edu/polisci/portl/cces/commoncontent.html.>
   Google Scholar
• Arnold, Douglas (1990) The Logic of Congressional Action (New Haven: Yale University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Bartels, Larry M. (1999) Panel effects in the national election studies. Political Analysis, 8(1), pp. 1–20. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pan.a029802
   Google Scholar
• Bartels, Larry M. (2008) Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Bowler, Shaun & Donovan, Todd (1994) Information and opinion change on ballot propositions. Political Behavior, 16(4), pp. 411–435. doi: 10.1007/BF01498825
   Google Scholar
• Brader, Ted (2006) Campaigning for Hearts and Minds: How Emotional Appeals in Political Ads Work (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
   Google Scholar
• Brady, David W. & Theriault, Sean M. (2001) A reassessment of who's to blame: a positive case for the public evaluation of Congress, in: John R. Hibbing & Elizabeth Theiss-Morse (eds) What Is It about Government That Americans Dislike? (New York: Cambridge University Press), pp. 175–192.
   Google Scholar
• Brunell, Thomas (2008) Redistricting and Representation: How Competitive Elections are Bad for Democracy (New York: Routledge).
   Google Scholar
• Buchler, Justin (2011) The Hiring and Firing of Public Officials: Rethinking the Purpose of Elections (New York: Oxford University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, David E. (2006) Why We Vote: How Schools and Communities Shape Our Civic Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Carmines, Edward G., COOPERATIVE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION STUDY, 2007: IU CONTENT. [Computer File] Release 2: March 15, 2009. Bloomington: Indiana University [producer], available at <http://web.mit.edu/polisci/portl/cces/teamcontent.html>.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, John J. & Manna, Paul F. (2000) Congressional campaign spending and the quality of democracy. Journal of Politics, 62(3), pp. 757–789. doi: 10.1111/0022-3816.00032
   Google Scholar
• Converse, Phillip (1964) The nature of belief systems in mass publics, in: David Apter (ed.) Ideology and Discontent (New York: Free Press), pp. 206–261.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, Gary W. & Munger, Michael C. (1989) Closeness, expenditures, and turnout in the 1982 House election. American Political Science Review, 83, pp. 217–231. doi: 10.2307/1956441
   Google Scholar
• Dahl, Robert A. (1956) A Preface to Democratic Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
   Google Scholar
• Delli Carpini, Michael & Keeter, Scott (1993) Measuring political knowledge: putting first things first. American Journal of Political Science, 37, pp. 1179–1206. doi: 10.2307/2111549
   Google Scholar
• Donovan, Todd & Tolbert, Caroline (2007) State electoral context and voter participation: who is mobilized by what? Paper presented at the 2007 State Politics and Policy Conference, Austin, TX.
   Google Scholar
• Franklin, Mark N. (2004) Voter Turnout and the Dynamics of Electoral Competition in Established Democracies (New York: Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Freedman, Paul, Franz, Michael & Goldstein, Kenneth (2004) Campaign advertising and democratic citizenship. American Journal of Political Science, 48(4), pp. 723–741. doi: 10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00098.x
   Google Scholar
• Gimpel, James G., Dyck, Joshua J. & Shaw, Daron R. (2004) Registrants, voters, and turnout variability across neighborhoods. Political Behavior, 26(4), pp. 343–368. doi: 10.1007/s11109-004-0900-4
   Google Scholar
• Gimpel, James G., Kaufmann, Karen M. & Pearson-Merkowitz, Shanna (2007) Battleground states versus blackout states: the behavioral implications of modern presidential campaigns. Journal of Politics, 69(3), pp. 786–797. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00575.x
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, Lee H. (2003) How Congress Works and Why You Should Care (Bloomington: Indiana University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Hayek, Fredrich A. (1979) Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. 3: The Political Order of a Free People (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
   Google Scholar
• Hendriks, Henriet (2009) The battleground effect: how the electoral college shapes post-election political attitudes and behavior. Ph.D. dissertation (University of Minnesota).
   Google Scholar
• Herrnson, Paul S. and Irwin L. Morris. (2007) “Presidential Campaigning in the 2002 Congressional Elections.” Legislative Studies 32(4): 629–648.
   Google Scholar
• Hibbing, John R. & Theiss-Morse, Elizabeth (1995) Congress as Public Enemy: Public Attitudes toward American Political Institutions (New York: Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Hill, Kim Quaile & Leighley, Jan E. (1993) Party ideology, organization, and competitiveness as mobilizing forces in gubernatorial elections. American Journal of Political Science, 37(4), pp. 1158–1178. doi: 10.2307/2111548
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson, Gary (2008) The Politics of Congressional Elections, 7th edn (New York: Longman).
   Google Scholar
• Kahn, Kim Fridkin & Kenney, Patrick J. (1997) A model of candidate evaluations in Senate elections: the impact of campaign intensity. Journal of Politics, 59(4), pp. 1173–1205. doi: 10.2307/2998597
   Google Scholar
• Kahn, Kim Fridkin & Kenney, Patrick J. (1999) The Spectacle of U.S. Senate Campaigns (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Kam, Cindy D. (2006) Political campaigns and open-minded thinking. Journal of Politics, 68(4), pp. 931–945. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00481.x
   Google Scholar
• Kenny, Christopher B. (1992) Political participation and effects from the social environment. American Journal of Political Science, 36(1), pp. 259–267. doi: 10.2307/2111432
   Google Scholar
• Lipsitz, Keena (2011) Competitive Elections and the American Voter (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press).
   Google Scholar
• Luskin, Robert (1990) Explaining political sophistication. Political Behavior, 12, pp. 331–361. doi: 10.1007/BF00992793
   Google Scholar
• Magleby, David B. (1989) Direct Legislation: Voting on Ballot Propositions in the United States (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Miller, Joanne M. & Krosnick, Jon A. (2004) Threat as a motivator of political activism: a field experiment. Political Psychology, 25, pp. 507–524. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00384.x
   Google Scholar
• Nie, Norman & Anderson, Kristi (1974) Mass belief system revisited: political change and attitude structure. Journal of Politics, 36, pp. 541–591. doi: 10.2307/2129245
   Google Scholar
• Nie, Norman, Verba, Sidney & Petrocik, John (1979) The Changing American Voter (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Partin, Randall W. (2001) Campaign intensity and voter information: a look at gubernatorial contests. American Politics Research, 29(2), pp. 115–140. doi: 10.1177/1532673X01029002001
   Google Scholar
• Patterson, Samuel C. & Caldeira, Gregory A. (1983) Getting out the vote: participation in gubernatorial elections. American Political Science Review, 77, pp. 675–689. doi: 10.2307/1957267
   Google Scholar
• Plutzer, Eric (2002) Becoming a habitual voter: inertia, resources, and growth in young adulthood. American Political Science Review, 96(1), pp. 41–56. doi: 10.1017/S0003055402004227
   Google Scholar
• Popkin, Samuel L. (1991) The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
   Google Scholar
• Rosenstone, Steven J. & Hansen, John Mark (1993) Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America (New York: Macmillan).
   Google Scholar
• Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1976) Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York: Harper Perennial).
   Google Scholar
• Stratmann, Thomas (2009) How prices matter in politics: the returns to campaign advertising. Public Choice, 140(3), pp. 357–377. doi: 10.1007/s11127-009-9425-z
   Google Scholar
• Sulkin, Tracy (2001) Explaining campaign intensity. American Politics Research, 29(6), pp. 608–624. doi: 10.1177/1532673X01029006004
   Google Scholar
• Zaller, John (1992) The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion (New York: Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar