Indifference or Indignation? Explaining Purposive Vote Spoiling in Elections

References

• Aarts, K., and B. Wessels. 2005. “Electoral Turnout.” In The European Voter: A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies, edited by J. Thomassen, 64–83. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Australian Electoral Commission. 2003. “Informal Vote Survey: House of Representatives 2001 Election.” Research Report Number 1.
   Google Scholar
• Australian Electoral Commission. 2011. “Analysis of Informal Voting: House of Representatives, 2010 Federal Election.” Research Report Number 12.
   Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. 1988. Citizen Politics in Western Democracies. Chatham: Chatham House.
   Google Scholar
• Driscoll, A., and M. J. Nelson. 2014. “Ignorance or Opposition? Blank and Spoiled Votes in Low-Information, Highly Politicized Environments.” Political Research Quarterly 67 (3): 547–561. doi: 10.1177/1065912914524634
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franklin, M. 2003. “The Dynamics of Electoral Participation.” In Comparing Democracies 2: New Challenges in the Study of Elections and Voting, edited by L. LeDuc, R. Niemi, and P. Norris, 148–168. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Franklin, M. 2004. Voter Turnout and the Dynamics of Electoral Competition in Established Democracies Since 1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Franklin, M., C. van der Eijk, and E. Oppenhuis. 1996. “The Institutional Context: Turnout.” In Choosing Europe? The European Electorate and National politics in the Face of the Union, edited by C. van der Eijk, M. Franklin, 306–331. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Galatas, S. 2008. ““None of the Above?” Casting Blank Ballots in Ontario Provincial Elections.” Politics & Policy 36 (3): 448–473. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-1346.2008.00116.x
   Google Scholar
• Gronke, Paul. 1992. “Overreporting the Vote in the 1988 Senate Election Study: A Response to Wright.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 17 (1): 113–129. doi: 10.2307/440084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirczy, W. 1994. “The Impact of Mandatory Voting Laws on Turnout: A Quasi-Experimental Approach.” Electoral Studies 13 (1): 64–76. doi: 10.1016/0261-3794(94)90009-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschman, Albert O. 1970. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hix, S., and M. Marsh. 2007. “Punishment or Protest? Understanding European Parliament Elections.” Journal of Politics 69 (2): 495–510. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00546.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, G., and L. Zeng. 2001. “Explaining Rare Events in International Relations.” International Organization 55 (3): 693–715. doi: 10.1162/00208180152507597
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klinkner, P. 2001. “Whose Votes Don't Count? An Analysis of Spoiled Ballots in the 2000 Florida Election.” Working Paper. Hamilton College.
   Google Scholar
• Kimball, D., and M. Kropf. 2005. “Ballot Design and Unrecorded Votes on Paper-based Ballots.” Public Opinion Quarterly 69 (4): 508–529. doi: 10.1093/poq/nfi054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koepke, J., and N. Ringe. 2006. “The Second-order Election Model in an Enlarged Europe.” European Union Politics 7 (3): 321–346. doi: 10.1177/1465116506066259
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh, M. 1998. “Testing the Second-order Election Model after Four European Parliament Elections.” British Journal for Political Science 28 (4): 591–607. doi: 10.1017/S000712349800026X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackerras, M., and I. McAllister. 1999. “Compulsory Voting, Party Stability and Electoral Advantage in Australia.” Electoral Studies 18 (2): 217–233. doi: 10.1016/S0261-3794(98)00047-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAllister, I., and T. Makkai. 1993. “Institutions, Society or Protest? Explaining Invalid Votes in Australian Elections.” Electoral Studies 12 (1): 23–40. doi: 10.1016/0261-3794(93)90004-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power, T. J., and J. C. Garand. 2007. “Determinants of Invalid Voting in Latin-America.” Electoral Studies 26 (2): 432–444. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2006.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power, T. J., and J. T. Roberts. 1995. “Compulsory Voting, Invalid Ballots, and Abstention in Brazil.” Political Research Quarterly 48 (4): 795–826. doi: 10.1177/106591299504800407
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reif, K., and H. Schmitt. 1980. “Nine Second Order National Elections: A Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of European Election Results.” European Journal of Political Research 8 (1): 3–44. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.1980.tb00737.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomz, M., and R. P. Van Houweling. 2003. “How Does Voting Equipment Affect the Racial Gap in Voided Ballots?” American Journal of Political Science 47 (1): 46–60. doi: 10.1111/1540-5907.00004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uggla, F. 2008. “Incompetence, Alienation, or Calculation? Explaining Levels of Invalid Ballots and Extra-Parliamentary Votes.” Comparative Political Studies 41 (8): 1141–1164. doi: 10.1177/0010414007301702
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wessels, B., and M. Franklin. 2010. “Turning Out or Turning Off: Do Mobilization and Attitudes Account for Turnout Differences between New and Established Member States at the 2004 EP Elections?” In European Parliament Elections after Eastern Enlargement, edited by H. Schmitt, 82–99. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, Gerald C. 1990. “Misreports of Vote Choice in the 1988 NES Senate Election Study.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 15 (4): 543–563. doi: 10.2307/439896
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, Gerald C. 1993. “Errors in Measuring Vote Choice in the National Election Studies, 1952–88.” American Journal of Political Science 37 (1): 291–316. doi: 10.2307/2111533
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar