A new form of anti-government resentment? Making sense of mass support for the Yellow-Vest Movement in France

References

• Akkerman, A., C. Mudde, and A. S. Zaslove. 2014. “How Populist Are the People? Measuring Populist Attitudes in Voters.” Comparative Political Studies 47 (9): 1324–1353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Algan, Y., E. Beasley, D. Cohen, and M. Foucault. 2019. Les Origines du Populisme. Paris: Le Seuil.
   Google Scholar
• Algan, Y., S. Guriev, E. Papaioannou, and E. Passari. 2017. “The European Trust Crisis and the Rise of Populism.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2017 (2): 309–400.
   Google Scholar
• Amossé, T., and O. Chardon. 2006. “Les Travailleurs non Qualifiés: Une Nouvelle Classe Sociale ?” Economie et Statistique 393–394: 203–229.
   Google Scholar
• Armano, E., A. Bove, and A. Murgia, eds. 2017. Mapping Precariousness, Labour Insecurity and Uncertain Livelihoods. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Aslanidis, P. 2017. “Populism and Social Movements.” In The Oxford Handbook of Populism, edited by C. R. Kaltwasser, P. Taggart, P. Espejo, and P. Ostiguy, 305–325. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barbier, J. C. 2005. “La précarité, une catégorie française à l'épreuve de la comparaison internationale.” Revue française de sociologie 46 (2): 351–371.
   Google Scholar
• Baron, R. M., and D. A. Kenny. 1986. “The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (6): 1173–1182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bermeo, N., and L. Bartels, eds. 2014. Mass Politics in Tough Times: Opinions, Votes and Protest in the Great Recession. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boscan, G., I. LIamazares, and N. Wiesehomeier. 2018. “Populist Attitudes, Policy Preferences, and Party Systems in Spain, France, and Italy.” Revista Internacional de Sociologia 76 (4): 1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braconnier, C., and N. Mayer. 2015. Les Inaudibles: Sociologie Politique des Précaires. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.
   Google Scholar
• Bremer, B., S. Hutter, and H. Kriesi. 2020. “Dynamics of Protest and Electoral Politics in the Great Recession.” European Journal of Political Research 59 (4): 842–866.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castanho Silva, B., S. Jungkunz, M. Helbling, and L. & Littvay. 2020. “An Empirical Comparison of Seven Populist Attitudes Scales.” Political Research Quarterly 73 (2): 409–424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castel, R. 2000. “The Roads to Disaffiliation: Insecure Work and Vulnerable Relationships.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 24 (3): 519–535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castel, R. 2005. Quelle insécurite sociale? [Lettre no. 37]. Politique Autrement. https://www.politique-autrement.org/lettre-n-37-quelle-insecurite-sociale/.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke, N., W. Jennings, J. Moss, and G. Stoker. 2018. The Good Politician: Folk Theories, Political Interaction, and the Rise of Anti-Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• De Vries, C. E. 2007. “Sleeping Giant: Fact or Fairytale?” How European Integration Affects National Elections. European Union Politics 8 (3): 363–385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmenegger, P. 2009. “Specificity Versus Replaceability: The Relationship Between Skills and Preferences for job Security Regulations.” Socio-Economic Review 7 (3): 407–430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmenegger, P., S. Häusermann, B. Palier, and M. Seeleib-Kaiser, eds. 2012. The Age of Dualization: The Changing Face of Inequality in Deindustrializing Societies. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, G., eds. 1999. The End of Class Politics? Class Voting in Comparative Context. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, G., and J. Tilley. 2017. The New Politics of Class: The Political Exclusion of the British Working Class. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gidron, N., and P. A. Hall. 2020. “Populism as a Problem of Social Integration.” Comparative Political Studies 53 (7): 1027–1059.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman, E. 2019. “France’s Yellow Vests-Symptom of a Chronic Disease.” Political Insight 10 (1): 30–34.
   Google Scholar
• Guerra, T., S. Abrial, and C. Alexandre. 2021. “Enquêter sur les Gilets Jaunes. Sociologie Politique D’un Mouvement Social à Partir D’une Enquête Diffusée sur les Réseaux Sociaux.” Statistiques et Société 9 (1-2): 21–37.
   Google Scholar
• Guerra, T., C. Alexandre, and F. Gonthier. 2019. “Populist Attitudes Among the French Yellow Vests.” Populism 1: 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Hamdaoui, S. 2021. “Anti-populism During the Yellow Vest Protests: From Combatting the Rassemblement National to Dealing with Street Populists.” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 24 (3): 493–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Häusermann, S., and H. Schwander. 2012. “Varieties of Dualization? Labor Market Segmentation and Insider-Outsider Divides Across Regimes.” In The Age of Dualization: The Changing Face of Inequality in Deindustrializing Societies, edited by P. Emmenegger, S. Häussermann, B. Palier, and M. Seeleib-Keiser, 27–51. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hernández, E., and H. Kriesi. 2016. “The Electoral Consequences of the Financial and Economic Crisis in Europe.” European Journal of Political Research 55 (2): 203–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeanpierre, L. 2019. girum: Les Leçons Politiques des Ronds-Points. Paris: La Découverte.
   Google Scholar
• Jetten, J., F. Mols, and H. P. Selvanathan. 2020. “How Economic Inequality Fuels the Rise and Persistence of the Yellow Vest Movement.” International Review of Social Psychology 33 (1): 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jungkunz, S., R. A. Fahey, and A. Hino. 2021. “How Populist Attitudes Scales Fail to Capture Support for Populists in Power.” Plos One 16 (12): 1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knutsen, O. 2007. “The Decline of Social Class?” In Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior, edited by R. Dalton and H.-D. Klingemann, 457–480. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Labbe, E., M. Blanquet, L. Gerbaud, G. Poirier, C. Sass, F. Vendittelli, and J.-J. Moulin. 2015. “A new Reliable Index to Measure Individual Deprivation: The EPICES Score.” The European Journal of Public Health 25 (4): 604–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindvall, J. 2011. “The Political Foundations of Trust and Distrust: Reforms and Protests in France.” West European Politics 34 (2): 296–316. doi:10.1080/01402382.2011.546575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer, N. 2013. “The Contentious French Revisited.” In The Future of Social Movement Research, edited by B. Klandermans, C. Roggeband and J. Van Stekelenburg, 426–448. University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, N. 2019. “The Political Impact of Social Insecurity in France.” Partecipazione e conflittto 11 (3): 647–691.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudde, C., and C. Rovira Kaltwasser. 2018. “Studying Populism in Comparative Perspective: Reflections on the Contemporary and Future Research Agenda.” Comparative Political Studies 51 (13): 1667–1693.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuner, F. G., and C. Wratil. 2020. “The Populist Marketplace: Unpacking the Role of “Thin” and “Thick” Ideology.” Political Behavior, Early View 44: 551–574.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oesch, D. 2006. Redrawing the Class map: Stratification and Institutions in Britain, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Pleyers, G., and M. Glasius. 2013. “La résonance des «mouvements des places»: connexions, émotions, valeurs.” Socio 2: 59–80.
   Google Scholar
• Rehm, P. 2009. “Risks and Redistribution. An Individual-Level Analysis.” Comparative Political Studies 42 (7): 855–881.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouban, L. 2019. La Matière Noire de la Démocratie. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.
   Google Scholar
• Rovny, A. E., and J. Rovny. 2017. “Outsiders at the Ballot box: Operationalizations and Political Consequences of the Insider–Outsider Dualism.” Socio-Economic Review 15 (1): 161–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rueda, D. 2005. “Insider–Outsider Politics in Industrialized Democracies: The Challenge to Social Democratic Parties.” American Political Science Review 99 (01): 61–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauger, N., S. Brouard, and E. Grossman. 2007. Les Français Contre L'Europe? Les Sens du Référendum du 29 mai 2005. Paris: Presses de Sciences-Po.
   Google Scholar
• Savage, M. 2015. Social Class in the 21st Century. London: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Savage, M. 2016. “The Fall and Rise of Class Analysis in British Sociology, 1950–2016.” Tempo Social 28 (2): 57–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage, M. 2021. The Return of Inequality. Social Change and the Weight of the Past. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Savage, M., F. Devine, N. Cunningham, M. Taylor, Y. Li, J. Hjellbrekke, B. Le Roux, S. Friedman, and A. Miles. 2013. “A new Model of Social Class? Findings from the BBC’s Great British Class Survey Experiment.” Sociology 47 (2): 219–250.
   Google Scholar
• Schulz, A., P. Müller, C. Schemer, D. S. Wirz, M. Wettstein, and W. Wirth. 2018. “Measuring Populist Attitudes on Three Dimensions.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 30 (2): 316–326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwander, H. 2019. “Labor Market Dualization and Insider–Outsider Divides: Why This new Conflict Matters.” Political Studies Review 17 (1): 14–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwander, H., and S. Häusermann. 2013. “Who is in and who is out? A Risk-Based Conceptualization of Insiders and Outsiders.” Journal of European Social Policy 23 (3): 248–269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standing, G. 2014. “The Precariat-The new Dangerous Class.” Amalgam 6 (6–7): 115–119.
   Google Scholar
• Tilly, C. 2004. Contention and Democracy in Europe 1650-2000. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tingley, D., T. Yamamoto, K. Hirose, L. Keele, and K. Imai. 2014. Mediation: R Package for Causal Mediation Analysis.
   Google Scholar
• van der Eijk, C., and M. Franklin. 2004. “Potential for Contestation on European Matters at National Elections in Europe.” In European Integration and Political Conflict, edited by G. Marks, and M. Steenbergen, 32–50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Van Hauwaert, S. M., C. H. Schimpf, and F. Azevedo. 2020. “The Measurement of Populist Attitudes: Testing Cross-National Scales Using Item Response Theory.” Politics 40 (1): 3–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar