Drunk, drowsy, doped: skiers' and snowboarders' injury risk perceptions regarding alcohol, fatigue and recreational drug use

References

• Barnas , C. , Miller , C. H. , Sperner , G. , Sperner-Unterweger , B. , Beck , E. , Hinterhuber , H. and Fleischhacker , W. W. 1992 . The effects of alcohol and benzodiazepines on the severity of skiing accidents . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 86 : 296
   Google Scholar
• Bouter , L. M. and Knipschild , P. G. 1991 . “ Behavioural risk factors for skiing injury: problem analysis as a basis for effective health education ” . In Skiing Trauma and Safety , Edited by: Johnson , R. J. and Mote , C. D. 257 – 264 . Philadelphia : ASTM STP .
   Google Scholar
• Brookoff , D. , Cook , C. S. , William , C. and Mann , C. S. 1994 . Testing reckless drivers for cocaine and marijuana . New England Journal of Medicine , 331 : 518 – 522 .
   Google Scholar
• Brouns , F. , Saris , W. H.M. and Hoor , F. T. 1986 . Nutrition as a factor in the prevention of injuries in recreational and competitive downhill skiing: Considerations based on the literature . Journal of Sports Medicine , 26 : 85 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Cherpitel , C. J. 1993 . Alcohol, injury and risk taking behaviour: data from a national sample . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 17 : 762 – 766 .
   Google Scholar
• Cherpitel , C. J. , Meyers , A. R. and Perrine , M. W. 1996 . Alcohol consumption, sensation seeking and ski injury: a case-control study . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 59 : 216 – 221 .
   Google Scholar
• Coren , S. 1996 . Daylight savings time and traffic accidents . New England Journal of Medicine , 334 : 924
   Google Scholar
• Davey , J. D. , Davey , T. and Obst , T. 2005 . Drug and drink driving by university students: an exploration of the influence of attitudes . Traffic Injury Prevention , 6 : 44 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Dawson , D. and Reid , K. 1997 . Fatigue, alcohol and performance impairment . Nature , 388 : 235
   Google Scholar
• Eime , R. , Owen , N. and Finch , C. 2004 . Protective eyewear promotion: applying principles of behaviour change in the design of a squash injury prevention programme . Sports Medicine , 34 : 629 – 638 .
   Google Scholar
• Falkensson , M. , Jones , W. and Sorbo , B. 1989 . Bedside diagnosis of alcohol intoxication with a pocket-size breath-alcohol device: sampling from unconscious subjects and specificity for ethanol . Clinical Chemistry , 35 : 918
   Google Scholar
• Fisher , L. D. and van Velle , G. , eds. 1996 . A Methodology for the Health Sciences , 133 – 134 . New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Gubelman , P. 1985 . Accidents de ski alpin: Etude de 7103 patients traites a l'Hopital de district de Monthey, de 1974 a 1983 . Revue Medicale Suisse Romande , 105 : 1059
   Google Scholar
• Harrison , L. D. 1995 . The validity of self-reported data on drug use . Journal of Drug Issues , 25 : 91 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• Horne , J. and Reyner , L. A. 1995 . Sleep related vehicle accidents . British Medical Journal , 310 : 565 – 567 .
   Google Scholar
• Longo , M. C. , Hunter , C. E. , Lokan , R. J. , White , J. M. and White , M. A. 2000 . The prevalence of alcohol, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines and stimulants amongst injured drivers and their role in driver culpability. Part 1: the prevalence of drug use in drivers and characteristics of the drug-positive group . Accident Analysis and Prevention , 32 : 613 – 622 .
   Google Scholar
• Midanik , L. T. 1988 . Validity of self-reported alcohol use: a literature review and assessment . British Journal of Addiction , 83 : 1019 – 1030 .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell-Tavener , P. 2002 . Community Attitudes to Road Safety: Community Attitudes Survey Wave 14, 2001 , Canberra, ACT : Australian Transport Safety Bureau .
   Google Scholar
• Modell , J. G. and Mounts , J. M. 1990 . Drinking and flying: the problem of alcohol use by pilots . New England Journal of Medicine , 323 : 455
   Google Scholar
• Moskowitz , H. and Fiorentino , D. 2000 . A Review of the Scientific Literature Regarding the Effects of Alcohol on Driving-Related Behavior at Blood Alcohol Concentrations of 80 mg/dl and Lower , Washington, DC : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration .
   Google Scholar
• National Parks and Wildlife Services, Southern New South Wales . 2002 . unpublished data
   Google Scholar
• Road Traffic Authority New South Wales . 2004 . Drug and alcohol offences Available online at: http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au/rulesregulations/penalties/serioustrafficoffences/newpenalties.html?rrlid=12 (accessed 9 March 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Sallis , J. and Owen , N. 2002 . Ecological Models of Health Behavior. Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice , 462 – 485 . San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Salminen , S. , Pohjola , J. , Saarelainen , P. , Sakki , A. and Roine , R. 1996 . Alcohol as a risk factor for downhill skiing trauma . Journal of Trauma , 40 : 284 – 287 .
   Google Scholar
• Soma , C. A. , Mandelbaum , B. R. , Watanabe , D. S. and Hanft , S. 1996 . “ Alpine and cross-country skiing ” . In Epidemiology of Sports Injury , Edited by: Caine , D. J. , Caine , C. G. and Lindner , K. J. 29 – 39 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Steenkamp , M. , Harrison , J. A. and Allsop , S. 2002 . Alcohol-related Injury and Young Males , Adelaide, SA : Australian Institute of Health and Welfare . (Injury Technical Paper Series)
   Google Scholar
• Stella , J. , Sprivulis , P. and Cooke , C. 2001 . Head injury-related road crash mortality in rural Western Australia . Australian & New Zealand Journal of Surgery , 71 : 665 – 668 .
   Google Scholar
• Sweatman , P. F. , Ogden , K. J. , Haworth , N. , Pearson , R. and Vulcan , P. 1990 . NSW Heavy vehicle crash study, Report CR 92 , Canberra, ACT : Federal Office of Road Safety .
   Google Scholar
• Treno , A. J. , Gruenewald , P. J. and Ponicki , W. R. 1997 . The contribution of drinking patterns to the relative risk of injury in six communities: a self-report based probability approach . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 58 : 372 – 381 .
   Google Scholar
• Williamson , A. M. and Feyer , A. M. 2000 . Moderate sleep deprivation produces impairments in cognitive and motor performance equivalent to legally prescribed levels of alcohol intoxication . Occupational and Environmental Medicine , 57 : 649 – 655 .
   Google Scholar
• Young , L. R. , Oman , C. M. , Crane , H. , Emerton , A. and Heide , R. 1976 . The etiology of ski injuries: an eight year study of the skier and his equipment . Orthopedic Clinics of North America , 7 : 13 – 29 .
   Google Scholar