Introducing audio-vision into evidence: the impact of audio recordings and their technical limitations in police use of force cases

References

• Abu Hamdan, L. 2014. “Aural Contract: Forensic Listening and the Reorganization of the Speaking Subject.” Cesura//Acceso 1: 201–224.
   Google Scholar
• Alamenciak, T. 2013. “Sammy Yatim: What Happened, in the Words of Witnesses.” The Star, August 4. https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2013/08/04/sammy_yatim_what_happened_in_the_words_of_witnesses.html
   Google Scholar
• Alpert, G.P., and R.G. Dunham. 2004. Understanding Police: Use of Force Officers, Suspects, and Reciprocity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Alvarez, L. 2013. “Treyvon Martin’s Father Says Screams on 911 Call Were His Son’s.” The New York Times, July 8. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/09/us/friends-testify-that-zimmerman-is-the-one-screaming-for-help-on-911-call.html
   Google Scholar
• Attali, J. 2012. “Noise: The Political Economy of Music.” In The Sound Studies Reader, edited by J. Sterne, 29–39. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bakardjiev, D. K. 2015. “Officer Body-Worn Cameras: Capturing Objective Evidence with Quality Technology and Focused Policies.” Jurimetrics Journal of Law, Science and Technology 50 (1): 79+.
   Google Scholar
• Brice, R. 2009. “Data Compression.” In Audio Engineering: Know It All, edited by D. Self, R. Brice, B. Duncan, J.L. Hood, I. Sinclair, A. Singmin, D. Davis, E. Patronis, and J. Watkinson, 579–592. Burlington: Newnes.
   Google Scholar
• Burke, M. 2019. “Amazon’s Alexa May Have Witnessed Alleged Florida Murder, Authorities Say.” NBC, November 2. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/amazon-s-alexa-may-have-witnessed-alleged-florida-murder-authorities-n1075621
   Google Scholar
• Careless, J. 2011. “Video Evidence.” The Canadian Bar Association, April 21. http://www.cba.org/Publications-Resources/CBA-Practice-Link/2015/2011/Video-Evidence
   Google Scholar
• Carrabine, E. 2012. “Just Images: Aesthetics, Ethics and Visual Criminology.” British Journal of Criminology 52: 463–489. doi:10.1093/bjc/azr089.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, J. 2016. “A Different Kind of Shot: Policing, Media, and Body Worn Video.” Media and Arts Law Review 31 (3): 278–293.
   Google Scholar
• Chappell, B. 2017. “Former St. Louis Police Officer is Acquitted of Murder in Anthony Lamar Smith Case.” NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/09/15/551228046/former-st-louis-police-officer-is-acquitted-of-murder-in-anthony-lamar-smith-case
   Google Scholar
• Chion, M. 1994. Audio-Vision: Sound on Screen. Translated by C. Gorbman. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chion, M. 1999. The Voice in Cinema. Translated by C. Gorbman. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crook, T. 2012. The Sound Handbook. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Dyson, F. 2009. Sounding New Media: Immersion and Embodiment in the Arts and Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fan, M.D. 2017. “Justice Visualized: Courts and the Body Camera Revolution.” U.C. Davis Law Review 50 (3): 897–959.
   Google Scholar
• Feld, S. 2015. “Acoustemology.” In Keywords in Sound, edited by D. Novak and M. Sakakeeny, 12–21. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Feld, S., and D. Brenneis. 2004. “Doing Anthropology in Sound.” American Ethnologist 31 (4): 461–474. doi:10.1525/ae.2004.31.4.461.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gartenberg, C. 2018. “Amazon’s New Echo Dot and Echo Plus Come with More Style than Before.” The Verge, September 20. https://www.theverge.com/2018/9/20/17880908/new-amazon-echo-dot-3-2018-alexa-features-price-release-date
   Google Scholar
• Gautier, A.M.O. 2015. “Silence.” In Keywords in Sound, edited by D. Novak and M. Sakakeeny, 183–192. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Geary, K. 2014. “Rights, Cameras, Action – Recording the Police: The Gap between Modern Technology and the Law and Why the United States Should Not Follow the United Kingdom’s Lead.” Wisconsin International Law Journal 32 (1): 171–194.
   Google Scholar
• Haggerty, K.D. 2006. “Tear down the Walls: On Demolishing the Panopticon.” In Theorizing Surveillance, edited by D. Lyon, 23–45. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Haldar, P. 1996. “Acoustic Justice.” In Law and the Senses, edited by L. Bently and L. Flynn, 123–136. London: Pluto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Howes, D. 2006. “Cross-talk between the Senses.” The Senses and Society 1 (3): 381–390. doi:10.2752/174589206778476225.
   Google Scholar
• Huq, A.Z., and R.H. McAdams. 2016. “Litigating the Blue Wall of Silence: How to Challenge the Police Privilege to Delay Investigation.” The University of Chicago Legal Forum 213–254.
   Google Scholar
• Jay, M. 1991. “The Disenchantment of the Eye: Surrealism and the Crisis of Ocularcentrism.” Visual Anthropology Review 7 (1): 15–38. doi:10.1525/var.1991.7.issue-1.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, B. 2015. “When Is a Video Recording Admissible Evidence in a Criminal Trial?” The Canadian Legal Information Institute, August 17. https://canliiconnects.org/en/commentaires/37908
   Google Scholar
• Kittler, F.A. 1999. Gramophone, Film, Typewriter. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lastra, J. 2012. “Fidelity Versus Intelligibility.” In The Sound Studies Reader, edited by J. Sterne, 248–253. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Loftus, B. 2009. Police Culture in a Changing World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Malagon, E. 2018. “Why There Was No Audio and Other Questions Answered about Chicago Police Video Taken before Harith Augustus Killed.” Chicago Tribune, July 19. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-met-why-no-audio-police-shooting-20180719-story.html
   Google Scholar
• Malaspina, C. 2018. An Epistemology of Noise. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Mills, M. 2011. “Deafening: Noise and the Engineering of Communication in the Telephone System.” Grey Room 43: 118–143. doi:10.1162/GREY_a_00028.
   Google Scholar
• Missouri v Stockley. 2017a. 1622 CR 00213-01.
   Google Scholar
• Missouri v Stockley. 2017b. 1622 CR 00213-01, State’s Memorandum.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, W.J.T. 2005. “There are No Visual Media.” Journal of Visual Culture 4 (2): 257–266. doi:10.1177/1470412905054673.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mopas, M., and A. Curran. 2016. “Translating the Sound of Music: Forensic Musicology and Visual Evidence in Music Copyright Infringement Cases.” Canadian Journal of Law and Society 31 (1): 25–46. doi:10.1017/cls.2016.4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novak, D. 2015. “Noise.” In Keywords in Sound, edited by D. Novak and M. Sakakeeny, 125–138. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Palmer, J. 2016. “‘Blurred Lines’ Means Changing Focus: Juries Composed of Musical Artists Should Decide Music Copyright Infringement Cases, Not Lay Juries.” Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law 18 (4): 907–934.
   Google Scholar
• Parker, J.E.K. 2018. “Towards an Acoustic Jurisprudence: Law and the Long Range Acoustic Device.” Law, Culture and the Humanities 14 (2): 202–218. doi:10.1177/1743872115615502.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinch, T., and K. Bijsterveld. 2004. “Sound Studies: New Technologies and Music.” Social Studies of Science 34 (5): 635–648. doi:10.1177/0306312704047615.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potere, M. 2012. “Who Will Watch the Watchmen?: Citizens Recording Police Conduct.” Northwestern University Law Review 106 (1): 273–316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R v Forcillo. 2016. ONCA 606.
   Google Scholar
• R v Forcillo. 2016b. ONSC 489.
   Google Scholar
• R v Forcillo. 2018. ONCA 402.
   Google Scholar
• R v Nikolovski. 1996. 3 SCR 1197.
   Google Scholar
• Reiner, R. 1985. The Politics of the Police. Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books.
   Google Scholar
• Rychlak, R.J. 2015. “Sound in the Courtroom: Audio Recordings at Trial.” American Journal of Trial Advocacy 39 (1): 2–24.
   Google Scholar
• Schafer, R.M. 1969. The New Soundscape: A Handbook for the Modern Music Teacher. New York: Associated Music Publishers, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Scherer, K.R. 1992. “Vocal Affect Expression as Symptom, Symbol, and Appeal.” In Nonverbal Vocal Communication: Comparative and Developmental Approaches, edited by H. Papoušek, U. Jürgens, and M. Papoušek, 43–60. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, H. 2003. “The Indefensible Ear: A History.” In The Auditory Culture Reader, edited by M. Bull and L. Beck, 487–501. Oxford: Berg.
   Google Scholar
• Segrave, K. 2014. Wiretapping and Electronic Surveillance in America, 1862–1920. North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Shannon, C.E. 1948. “A Mathematical Theory of Communication.” The Bell System Technical Journal 27 (3): 379–423. doi:10.1002/bltj.1948.27.issue-3.
   Google Scholar
• Silbey, J.M. 2008. “Cross-Examining Film.” University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender & Class 8 (1): 101–130.
   Google Scholar
• Sterne, J. 2003. The Audible Past. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sterne, J. 2012. Mp3: The Meaning of a Format. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stockley v Joyce et al. 2018. 4:18-cv-00873.
   Google Scholar
• The Canadian Press. 2015. “Before Police Shooting, Streetcar Driver Says He Spoke with Sammy Yatim, Who Wanted to Call His Dad.” National Post, October 26. https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/before-police-shooting-streetcar-driver-says-he-spoke-with-sammy-yatim-who-wanted-to-call-his-dad
   Google Scholar
• The Edmonton Police Service. 2015. Body Worn Video: Considering the Evidence. Final Report. http://www.edmontonpolice.ca/News/BWV.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Valverde, M. 2003. Law’s Dream of a Common Knowledge. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Van Campen, C. 2008. The Hidden Sense: Synesthesia in Art and Science. Cambridge: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wall, T., and T. Linnemann. 2014. “Staring down the State: Police Power, Visual Economies, and the ‘War on Cameras’.” Crime, Media, Culture 10 (2): 133–149. doi:10.1177/1741659014531424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkinson, J. 2009. “Digital Audio Fundamentals.” In Audio Engineering: Know It All, edited by D. Self, R. Brice, B. Duncan, J.L. Hood, I. Sinclair, A. Singmin, D. Davis, E. Patronis, and J. Watkinson, 409–436. Burlington: Newnes.
   Google Scholar
• Weidman, A. 2015. “Voice.” In Keywords in Sound, edited by D. Novak and M. Sakakeeny, 232–245. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Westerkamp, H. 2017. “SOUNDWORK: The Natural Complexities of Environmental Listening: One Soundwalk – Multiple Responses.” BC Studies 194: 149–162.
   Google Scholar