Psychic Income and the Administration of English County Cricket, 1870–1914

References

• Adair , D. 1992 . ‘Two Dots in the Distance’: Professional Sculling as a Mass Spectacle in New South Wales, 1876–190 . Sporting Traditions , 9 Nov : 1 52 – 83 . For further discussions, see
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• Sloan , L. R. ‘The Motives of Sports Fans’ and D. Zillmann, J. Bryant, B.S. Sapolsky, ‘Enjoyment From Sports Spectatorship’, in J.H. Goldstein, Sports, Games, and Money: Play. Social and Psychological Viewpoints, 2nd ed., (Hillsdale, N.J., Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989), pp 175–239 and pp 241–277. In addition, Vamplew has argued that psychic income helps to explain why many Scottish football fans became shareholders in their club: dividends were modest, if paid at all, so this can be seen as consumption rather than investment, with supporters seeing their shareholding as an extension of belonging to a club. See W. Vamplew, ‘Ownership and Control in Gate-money Sport: Scottish Football Before 1915’, Canadian Journal of History of Sport, 12, 2 (1981), 71–72 and W. Vamplew, ‘The Economics of a Sports industry. Scottish Gate-money Football, 1890.914’, Economic History Review, 2nd Series, 35, 2 (Nov. 1982), 557–558. For discussions of the psychological rewards associated with winning for fans, see
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• The club secretary was a position of high social status, as well as financial reward. Indeed, the monetary return to the secretary, who was by convention a gentleman, was greater than that paid to a professional cricketer, who was classified as a labourer and was therefore ipso facto not a gentleman. As examples, Essex in 1893 paid its secretary a £20.salary, while paying £251 to its ground men and £88 to its ground bowlers. Essex C.C.C. Annual Report and Account, 1893. In 1896 Kent paid its secretary £10. while paying its ground bowlers and ground man a total of £178. Kent C.C.C. Annual Report and Account, 1896.
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• Sandiford , K. A. P. 1982 . ‘English Cricket Crowds During tie Victorian Age’ . Journal of Sports History , 9 : 3 – 5 . Winter For example, Vice-Presidents of Warwickshire County Cricket Club in 1910.ncluded the Lord Mayor of Birmingham, four Earls, two Lords, one Viscount and three Knights. Warwickshire C.C.C Annual Report and Account, 1910. Unfortunately, as Sandiford has lamented, this research is difficult, for aside from surviving annual reports and those printed in newspapers, ‘cricket club records for the nineteenth century are virtually non-existent’
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• For clubs had a variety of regular expenses, such as sporting equipment and cricketers' lunches; they advertised county games, which involved printing and bill-posting. There were also occasional expenses, such as replacement and repair of seating and buildings, and the costs involved with the staging of a social event, such as hire of chairs, tents and bands. See Kent C. C. C. Annual Report and Accounts, 1897.
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• Sandiford , K. A. P. 1983 . ‘Cricket and the Victorian Society’ . Journal of Social History , 17 : 2 312 Winter
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• Stedman , G Jones . 1977 . ‘Class Expression versus Social Control? A Critiqe of Recent Trends in the Social History of 'Leisure’ . History Workshop , 4 : 162 – 170 . Autumn nd R Hay, ‘Soccer and Social Control in Scotland, 1873–1978’. in R Cashman and M McKernan Sport, Money, Morality and the Media, (Sydney, University of New South Wales Press, 1981), pp 223–247. Other historians have offered similar arguments, but the concept of psychic income has been left largely unexplored. See, as examples
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• Gordon , H. 1913 . ‘What is Wrong with Cricket?’ . Fortnightly Review , : 1184
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• Sandiford , K. A. P. and Vamplew , W . 1986 . The Peculiar Economics of English Cricket Before 1914’ . British Journal of Sports History , 3 Dec : 3 312
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• Vamplew , W . 1988 . Pay Up and Play the Came. Professional Sport in Britain, 1875–1914 , 95 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
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• Brookes . 1978 . “ English Cricket ” . In The Game and its Players Through the Ages 120.24 London Weidenfeldt and Nicholson pp 120.24. The most commercial initiative from committeemen was the formation of cricket ground companies to finance the establishment of playing fields and facilities, which they then leased back to the clubs. While they promised themselves a ‘fair’ return for their money, the dividends were modest. The main aim was to ensure that the club prospered, and during difficult times the companies ‘did not press the clubs for money’
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• Fry , C. B. 1896 . ‘Cricket in 1996’ . New Review , : 369 This expectation also applied to international competition. When a Test Match was scheduled for a county ground the club committee was asked to choose the English side to play Australia. However, owing to often poor on-field showings by England teams, their selection decisions were openly criticised
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• Vamplew . Pay Up and Play , 96 – 97 . Sandiford and Vamplew, ‘Peculiar Economics’, p318
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• Sandiford and Vamplew . ‘Peculiar Economics’ 318 Quoted in
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• Vamplew . Pay Up and Play , 79
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• Sandiford . ‘English Cricket Crowds’ 8
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• Vamplew . Pay Up and Play , 98 For further examples of wealthy donors, see
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• Hawke , Lord . 1972 . Particularly, launched a moral crusade against the alleged partiality of professional players for intoxicating drink. Sandiford, ‘Cricket and the Victorian Society’, 311; W.F. Mandle, ‘The Professional Cricketer in England in the Nineteenth Century’ . Labour History , 23 : 13 – 14 .
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• Mandle, ‘The Professional Cricketer’, 12.
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• James Lillywhite's Cricketers' Annual for 1882 8 quoted in Mandle. ‘The Professional Cricketer’, 12.
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