An overview of disease models for NLRP3 inflammasome over-activation

References

• Medzhitov R. Origin and physiological roles of inflammation. Nature. 2008 [2008 July 01];454(7203):428–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinon F, Burns K, Tschopp J. The inflammasome: a molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of proIL-β. Mol Cell. 2002;10(2):417–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroder K, Tschopp J. The inflammasomes. Cell. 2010;140(6):821–832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrilli V, Papin S, Tschopp J. The inflammasome. Curr Biol. 2005 Aug 9;15(15):R581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogensen TH. Pathogen recognition and inflammatory signaling in innate immune defenses. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009 Apr;22(2):240–273. Table of Contents.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serhan CN. Novel lipid mediators and resolution mechanisms in acute inflammation: to resolve or not? Am J Pathol. 2010 Oct;177(4):1576–1591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabay C. Interleukin-6 and chronic inflammation. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8(Suppl 2):S3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma D, Kanneganti T-D. The cell biology of inflammasomes: mechanisms of inflammasome activation and regulation. J Cell Biol. 2016;213(6):617–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamkanfi M, Dixit VM. Mechanisms and functions of inflammasomes. Cell. 2014;157(5):1013–1022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elinav E, Strowig T, Kau AL, et al. NLRP6 inflammasome regulates colonic microbial ecology and risk for colitis. Cell. 2011;145(5):745–757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerur N, Veettil MV, Sharma-Walia N, et al. IFI16 acts as a nuclear pathogen sensor to induce the inflammasome in response to Kaposi Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection. Cell Host Microbe. 2011;9(5):363–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khare S, Dorfleutner A, Bryan NB, et al. An NLRP7-containing inflammasome mediates recognition of microbial lipopeptides in human macrophages. Immunity. 2012;36(3):464–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minkiewicz J, de Rivero Vaccari JP, Keane RW. Human astrocytes express a novel NLRP2 inflammasome. Glia. 2013;61(7):1113–1121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vladimer GI, Weng D, Paquette SWM, et al. The NLRP12 inflammasome recognizes Yersinia pestis. Immunity. 2012;37(1):96–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Nardo D, Latz E. NLRP3 inflammasomes link inflammation and metabolic disease. Trends Immunol. 2011;32(8):373–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman LC, Ting JPY. The pathogenic role of the inflammasome in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurochem. 2016;136:29–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heneka MT, Kummer MP, Stutz A, et al. NLRP3 is activated in Alzheimer’s disease and contributes to pathology in APP/PS1 mice. Nature. 2013;493(7434):674–678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He Y, Hara H, Nunez G. Mechanism and Regulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. Trends Biochem Sci. 2016 Dec;41(12):1012–1021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaidt MM, Ebert TS, Chauhan D, et al. Human monocytes engage an alternative inflammasome pathway. Immunity. 2016 Apr 19;44(4):833–846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayagaki N, Warming S, Lamkanfi M, et al. Non-canonical inflammasome activation targets caspase-11. Nature. 2011 Oct 16;479(7371):117–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauernfeind FG, Horvath G, Stutz A, et al. Cutting edge: NF-kappaB activating pattern recognition and cytokine receptors license NLRP3 inflammasome activation by regulating NLRP3 expression. J Immunol. 2009 Jul 15;183(2):787–791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurung P, Anand PK, Malireddi RS, et al. FADD and caspase-8 mediate priming and activation of the canonical and noncanonical Nlrp3 inflammasomes. J Immunol. 2014;192(4):1835–1846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karmakar M, Katsnelson MA, Dubyak GR, et al. Neutrophil P2X7 receptors mediate NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent IL-1beta secretion in response to ATP. Nat Commun. 2016 Feb 15;7:10555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou R, Yazdi AS, Menu P, et al. A role for mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Nature. 2011 Jan 13;469(7329):221–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aachoui Y, Sagulenko V, Miao EA, et al. Inflammasome-mediated pyroptotic and apoptotic cell death, and defense against infection. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2013;16(3):319–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurung P, Malireddi RS, Anand PK, et al. Toll or interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-mediated caspase-11 protease production integrates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) protein-and Nlrp3 inflammasome-mediated host defense against enteropathogens. J Biol Chem. 2012;287(41):34474–34483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayagaki N, Stowe IB, Lee BL, et al. Caspase-11 cleaves gasdermin D for non-canonical inflammasome signalling. Nature. 2015;526(7575):666–671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi J, Zhao Y, Wang Y, et al. Inflammatory caspases are innate immune receptors for intracellular LPS. Nature. 2014;514(7521):187–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He Y, Franchi L, Núñez G. TLR agonists stimulate Nlrp3-dependent IL-1β production independently of the purinergic P2X7 receptor in dendritic cells and in vivo. J Immunol. 2013;190(1):334–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeela EA, Burke A, Neill DR, et al. Pneumolysin activates the NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes proinflammatory cytokines independently of TLR4. PLoS Pathog. 2010 Nov 11;6(11):e1001191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groslambert M, Py BF. Spotlight on the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. J Inflamm Res. 2018;11:359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenen H, Bodendorfer B, Hitchens K, et al. Cutting edge: mincle is essential for recognition and adjuvanticity of the mycobacterial cord factor and its synthetic analog trehalose-dibehenate. J Immunol. 2010;184(6):2756–2760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yazdi AS, Guarda G, Riteau N, et al. Nanoparticles activate the NLR pyrin domain containing 3 (Nlrp3) inflammasome and cause pulmonary inflammation through release of IL-1α and IL-1β. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 2010;107(45):19449–19454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dostert C, Guarda G, Romero JF, et al. Malarial hemozoin is a Nalp3 inflammasome activating danger signal. PloS One. 2009;4(8):e6510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanaja SK, Russo AJ, Behl B, et al. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles mediate cytosolic localization of LPS and caspase-11 activation. Cell. 2016;165(5):1106–1119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Hua M, Cui X. Fungal β-Glucan activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in human bronchial epithelial cells through ROS production. Inflammation. 2018 [2018 February 01];41(1):164–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown GD, Herre J, Williams DL, et al. Dectin-1 mediates the biological effects of β-glucans. J Exp Med. 2003;197(9):1119–1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noss I, Doekes G, Thorne PS, et al. Comparison of the potency of a variety of β-glucans to induce cytokine production in human whole blood. Innate Immun. 2013;19(1):10–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda Y, Adachi Y, Ishii T, et al. Dissociation of Toll-like receptor 2-mediated innate immune response to Zymosan by organic solvent-treatment without loss of Dectin-1 reactivity. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008;31(1):13–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caseley EA, Poulter JA, Rodrigues F, et al. Inflammasome inhibition under physiological and pharmacological conditions. Genes Immun. 2020 August;21(4):211–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharif H, Wang L, Wang WL, et al. Structural mechanism for NEK7-licensed activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Nature. 2019 June;570(7761):338–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahid A, Li B, Kombe AJK, et al. Pharmacological Inhibitors of the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao BZ, Xu ZQ, Han BZ, et al. NLRP3 inflammasome and its inhibitors: a review. Front Pharmacol. 2015;6:262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Wang H, Kouadir M, et al. Recent advances in the mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its inhibitors. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10(2):1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khare S, Luc N, Dorfleutner A, et al. Inflammasomes and their activation. Critical Rev™ Immunol. 2010;30(5)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yazdi AS, Drexler SK, Tschopp J. The role of the inflammasome in nonmyeloid cells. J Clin Immunol. 2010;30(5):623–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldmeyer L, Keller M, Niklaus G, et al. The inflammasome mediates UVB-induced activation and secretion of interleukin-1β by keratinocytes. Curr Biol. 2007;17(13):1140–1145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter E, Ventz K, Harms M, et al. Induction of macrophage function in human THP-1 cells is associated with rewiring of MAPK signaling and activation of MAP3K7 (TAK1) protein kinase. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2016;4:21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley N, Jeltema D, Duan Y, et al. The NLRP3 inflammasome: an overview of mechanisms of activation and regulation. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(13):3328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchetti C, Chojnacki J, Toldo S, et al. A novel pharmacologic inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome limits myocardial injury following ischemia-reperfusion in the mouse. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2014;63(4):316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coll RC, Robertson AA, Chae JJ, et al. A small-molecule inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Nat Med. 2015 Mar;21(3):248–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan Y, Jiang W, Liu L, et al. Dopamine Controls Systemic Inflammation through Inhibition of NLRP3 Inflammasome. Cell. 2015;160(1–2):62–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youm YH, Nguyen KY, Grant RW, et al. The ketone metabolite beta-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory disease. Nat Med. 2015 Mar;21(3):263–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beilharz M, De Nardo D, Latz E, et al. Measuring NLR Oligomerization II: Detection of ASC Speck Formation by Confocal Microscopy and Immunofluorescence. Methods Mol Biol. 2016;1417:145–58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stutz A, Horvath GL, Monks BG, et al. ASC speck formation as a readout for inflammasome activation. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1040:91–101.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sester DP, Thygesen SJ, Sagulenko V, et al. A novel flow cytometric method to assess inflammasome formation. J Immunol. 2015;194(1):455–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzeng T-C, Schattgen S, Monks B, et al. A fluorescent reporter mouse for inflammasome assembly demonstrates an important role for cell-bound and free ASC specks during in vivo infection. Cell Rep. 2016;16(2):571–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartok E, Bauernfeind F, Khaminets MG, et al. iGLuc: a luciferase-based inflammasome and protease activity reporter. Nat Methods. 2013;10(2):147–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien M, Moehring D, Muñoz-Planillo R, et al. A bioluminescent caspase-1 activity assay rapidly monitors inflammasome activation in cells. J Immunol Methods. 2017;447:1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netea MG, Simon A, van de Veerdonk F, et al. IL-1β processing in host defense: beyond the inflammasomes. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6(2):e1000661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Veerdonk FL, Netea MG, Dinarello CA, et al. Inflammasome activation and IL-1β and IL-18 processing during infection. Trends Immunol. 2011;32(3):110–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• den Hartigh AB, Fink SL. Detection of inflammasome activation and pyroptotic cell death in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. J Vis Exp. 2018;(135):e57463.
   Google Scholar
• DiPeso L, Ji DX, Vance RE, et al. Cell death and cell lysis are separable events during pyroptosis. Cell Death Discov. 2017;3(1):1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Tran TAT, Grievink HW, Lipinska K, et al. Whole blood assay as a model for in vitro evaluation of inflammasome activation and subsequent caspase-mediated interleukin-1 beta release. PloS One. 2019;14(4):e0214999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodge G, Hodge S, Han P. Increased levels of apoptosis of leukocyte subsets in cultured PBMCs compared to whole blood as shown by Annexin V binding: relevance to cytokine production. Cytokine. 2000;12(12):1763–1768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Groote D, P-F Z, Gevaert Y, et al. Direct stimulation of cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-2, IFN-γ and GM-CSF) in whole blood. I. Comparison with isolated PBMC stimulation. Cytokine. 1992;4(3):239–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo H, Callaway JB, Ting JP. Inflammasomes: mechanism of action, role in disease, and therapeutics. Nat Med. 2015;21(7):677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masters SL, Latz E, O’Neill LA. The inflammasome in atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes. Sci Transl Med. 2011;3(81):81ps17–81ps17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenz G, Darisipudi MN, Anders H-J. Canonical and non-canonical effects of the NLRP3 inflammasome in kidney inflammation and fibrosis. Nephrol Dialysis Transplantation. 2014;29(1):41–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinarello CA, Simon A, Van Der Meer JW. Treating inflammation by blocking interleukin-1 in a broad spectrum of diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2012;11(8):633–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Nardo D, De Nardo CM, Latz E. New insights into mechanisms controlling the NLRP3 inflammasome and its role in lung disease. Am J Pathol. 2014;184(1):42–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner CM, Arulkumaran N, Singer M, et al. Is the inflammasome a potential therapeutic target in renal disease? BMC Nephrol. 2014;15(1):21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keyel PA. How is inflammation initiated? Individual influences of IL-1, IL-18 and HMGB1. Cytokine. 2014;69(1):136–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghajar J. Traumatic brain injury. Lancet. 2000;356(9233):923–929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou R, Tardivel A, Thorens B, et al. Thioredoxin-interacting protein links oxidative stress to inflammasome activation. Nat Immunol. 2010 Feb;11(2):136–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallisch JS, Simon DW, Bayır H, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid NLRP3 is increased after severe traumatic brain injury in infants and children. Neurocrit Care. 2017;27(1):44–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu H-D, Li W, Chen Z-R, et al. Expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome in cerebral cortex after traumatic brain injury in a rat model. Neurochem Res. 2013;38(10):2072–2083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortezaee K, Khanlarkhani N, Beyer C, et al. Inflammasome: its role in traumatic brain and spinal cord injury. J Cell Physiol. 2018;233(7):5160–5169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismael S, Ahmed HA, Adris T, et al. The NLRP3 inflammasome: a potential therapeutic target for traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res. 2021 January;16(1):49–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eakin K, Rowe RK, Lifshitz J. Modeling fluid percussion injury: relevance to human traumatic brain injury. In: Kobeissy FH, editor. Brain neurotrauma: molecular, neuropsychological, and rehabilitation aspects. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2015.Chapter 19.
   Google Scholar
• Shah EJ, Gurdziel K, Ruden DM. Mammalian models of traumatic brain injury and a place for Drosophila in TBI research. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Washington PM, Forcelli PA, Wilkins T, et al. The effect of injury severity on behavior: a phenotypic study of cognitive and emotional deficits after mild, moderate, and severe controlled cortical impact injury in mice. J Neurotrauma. 2012;29(13):2283–2296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean DD, Frank JA, Turtzo LC. Controlled cortical impact in the rat. Curr Protoc Neurosci. 2017;81(1): 9.62.1–9.62. 12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• King C, Robinson T, Dixon CE, et al. Brain temperature profiles during epidural cooling with the ChillerPad in a monkey model of traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2010;27(10):1895–1903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Chopp M. Animal models of traumatic brain injury. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2013;14(2):128–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales DM, Marklund N, Lebold D, et al. Experimental models of traumatic brain injury: do we really need to build a better mousetrap? Neuroscience. 2005;136(4):971–989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu X, Yin D, Ren H, et al. Selective NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor reduces neuroinflammation and improves long-term neurological outcomes in a murine model of traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis. 2018;117:15–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng B, Zhang S, Ying Y, et al. Administration of Dexmedetomidine inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome and microglial cell activities in hippocampus of traumatic brain injury rats. Biosci Rep. 2018;38(5):BSR20180892.
   Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Meng J, Xu Q, et al. Rapamycin improves the neuroprotection effect of inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation after TBI. Brain Res. 2019;1710:163–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin C, Chao H, Li Z, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids regulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation and prevent behavior deficits after traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol. 2017;290:115–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou P, Liu X, Li G, et al. Resveratrol pretreatment attenuates traumatic brain injury in rats by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation via SIRT1. Mol Med Rep. 2018;17(2):3212–3217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismael S, Nasoohi S, Ishrat T. MCC950, the selective inhibitor of nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor protein-3 inflammasome, protects mice against traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2018;35(11):1294–1303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacs SK, Leonessa F, Ling GS. Blast TBI models, neuropathology, and implications for seizure risk. Front Neurol. 2014;5:47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voet S, Srinivasan S, Lamkanfi M, et al. Inflammasomes in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. EMBO Mol Med. 2019;11(6):e10248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzo A, Yuan M, Zhang Z, et al. Amyloid β interacts with the amyloid precursor protein: a potential toxic mechanism in Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Neurosci. 2000;3(5):460–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trojanowski JQ, Schmidt ML, Shin RW, et al. Altered tau and neurofilament proteins in neuro‐degenerative diseases: diagnostic implications for Alzheimer’s disease and Lewy body dementias. Brain Pathol. 1993;3(1):45–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halle A, Hornung V, Petzold GC, et al. The NALP3 inflammasome is involved in the innate immune response to amyloid-β. Nat Immunol. 2008;9(8):857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song L, Pei L, Yao S, et al. NLRP3 inflammasome in neurological diseases, from functions to therapies. Front Cell Neurosci. 2017;11:63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin J, Zhao F, Chojnacki JE, et al. NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor ameliorates amyloid pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurobiol. 2018;55(3):1977–1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malm T, Koistinaho J, Kanninen K. Utilization of APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice in research of Alzheimer’s disease: focus on gene therapy and cell-based therapy applications. Int J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;2011:517160.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shi JQ, Zhang CC, Sun XL, et al. Antimalarial drug Artemisinin extenuates amyloidogenesis and neuroinflammation in APP swe/PS 1dE9 Transgenic Mice via inhibition of nuclear factor‐κ B and NLRP 3 Inflammasome Activation. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2013;19(4):262–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann FN, Costa AP, Ghisleni G, et al. NLRP3 inflammasome-driven pathways in depression: clinical and preclinical findings. Brain Behav Immun. 2017;64:367–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czéh B, Fuchs E, Wiborg O, et al. Animal models of major depression and their clinical implications. Prog Neuro Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2016;64:293–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan HC, Cao X, Das M, et al. Behavioral animal models of depression. Neurosci Bull. 2010;26(4):327–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hao Y, Ge H, Sun M, et al. Selecting an appropriate animal model of depression. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(19):4827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castagné V, Moser P, Roux S, et al. Rodent models of depression: forced swim and tail suspension behavioral despair tests in Rats and Mice. Curr Protoc Neurosci. 2011;Chapter 8:Unit 8.10A.
   Google Scholar
• Yamanashi T, Iwata M, Kamiya N, et al. Beta-hydroxybutyrate, an endogenic NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, attenuates stress-induced behavioral and inflammatory responses. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):7677.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Furlan R, Filippi M, Bergami A, et al. Peripheral levels of caspase-1 mRNA correlate with disease activity in patients with multiple sclerosis; a preliminary study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;67(6):785–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peelen E, Damoiseaux J, Muris AH, et al. Increased inflammasome related gene expression profile in PBMC may facilitate T helper 17 cell induction in multiple sclerosis. Mol Immunol. 2015.63(2):521–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantinescu CS, Farooqi N, O’Brien K, et al. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Br J Pharmacol. 2011;164(4):1079–1106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassmann H, Bradl M. Multiple sclerosis: experimental models and reality. Acta Neuropathol. 2017;133(2):223–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gris D, Ye Z, Iocca HA, et al. NLRP3 plays a critical role in the development of experimental autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by mediating Th1 and Th17 responses. J Iimmunol. 2010;185(2):974–981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou B, Zhang Y, Liang P, et al. Inhibition of the NLRP3-inflammasome prevents cognitive deficits in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice via the alteration of astrocyte phenotype. Cell Death Dis. 2020 [2020 May 15];11(5):377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simunovic F, Yi M, Wang Y, et al. Gene expression profiling of substantia nigra dopamine neurons: further insights into Parkinson’s disease pathology. Brain. 2009;132(7):1795–1809.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spillantini MG, Schmidt ML, Lee VM-Y, et al. α-Synuclein in Lewy bodies. Nature. 1997;388(6645):839–840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson TM, Ko HS, Dawson VL. Genetic animal models of Parkinson’s disease. Neuron. 2010;66(5):646–661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Codolo G, Plotegher N, Pozzobon T, et al. Triggering of inflammasome by aggregated α–synuclein, an inflammatory response in synucleinopathies. PloS One. 2013;8(1):e55375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Y, Lu M, Du R-H, et al. MicroRNA-7 targets Nod-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome to modulate neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Mol Neurodegener. 2016;11(1):1–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Han X, Sun S, Sun Y, et al. Small molecule-driven NLRP3 inflammation inhibition via interplay between ubiquitination and autophagy: implications for Parkinson disease. Autophagy. 2019;15(11):1860–1881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JY, Kang YW, Cho WG. Inflammasome-Mediated Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Open Neurol J. 2019;13(1):55–62.
   Google Scholar
• Debye B, Schmülling L, Zhou L, et al. Neurodegeneration and NLRP3 inflammasome expression in the anterior thalamus of SOD1 (G93A) ALS mice. Brain Pathol. 2018;28(1):14–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johann S, Heitzer M, Kanagaratnam M, et al. NLRP3 inflammasome is expressed by astrocytes in the SOD1 mouse model of ALS and in human sporadic ALS patients. Glia. 2015;63(12):2260–2273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deora V, Lee JD, Albornoz EA, et al. The microglial NLRP3 inflammasome is activated by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis proteins. Glia. 2020;68(2):407–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi Y-S. Role of inflammasomes in inflammatory autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2018;22(1):1–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingsbury SR, Conaghan PG, McDermott MF. The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in gout. J Inflamm Res. 2011;4:39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Choudhary N, Bhatt LK, Prabhavalkar KS. Experimental animal models for rheumatoid arthritis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2018;40(3):193–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu J, Hou X, Yuan X, et al. Knockout of the urate oxidase gene provides a stable mouse model of hyperuricemia associated with metabolic disorders. Kidney Int. 2018;93(1):69–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang L, Miao M-S, Liu H-J. et al. Analysis of animal models based on clinical symptoms of gout. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi= Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi= China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica. 2018;43(22):4547–4552.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guo C, Fu R, Wang S, et al. NLRP3 inflammasome activation contributes to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2018;194(2):231–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monach PA, Mathis D, Benoist C. The K/BxN arthritis model. Curr Protoc Immunol. 2008;81(1):15.22.1–15.22. 12.
   Google Scholar
• Anders H-J, Saxena R, Zhao M-H, et al. Lupus nephritis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6(1):1–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGaha TL, Madaio MP. Lupus nephritis: animal modeling of a complex disease syndrome pathology. Drug Discov Today Dis Models. 2014;11:13–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ka S-M, Lin J-C, Lin T-J, et al. Citral alleviates an accelerated and severe lupus nephritis model by inhibiting the activation signal of NLRP3 inflammasome and enhancing Nrf2 activation. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17(1):331.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsai PY, Ka SM, Chang JM, et al. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate prevents lupus nephritis development in mice via enhancing the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011;51(3):744–754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan Y, Liu Z. Isoflurane attenuates murine lupus nephritis by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(10):17730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao J, Zhang H, Huang Y, et al. Bay11-7082 attenuates murine lupus nephritis via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB activation. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013;17(1):116–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Wang M, Hong H, et al. Sophocarpine attenuates murine lupus nephritis via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB activation. Immunol Res. 2018;66(4):521–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wynn TA. Fibrotic disease and the TH 1/TH 2 paradigm. Nat Rev Immunol. 2004;4(8):583–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanguas SC, Cogliati B, Willebrords J, et al. Experimental models of liver fibrosis. Arch Toxicol. 2016 May;90(5):1025–1048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu C, Qiu YB, Sun XQ, et al. [Effects of curcumin on liver fibrosis induced by cholestasis in mice]. Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi. 2019 Sep;35(5):468–472.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim SB, Kang OH, Lee YS, et al. Hepatoprotective effect and synergism of Bisdemethoycurcumin against MCD diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Mice. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0147745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian R, Zhu Y, Yao J, et al. NLRP3 participates in the regulation of EMT in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Exp Cell Res. 2017 Aug 15;357(2):328–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Li H, Liu S, et al. Pirfenidone ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis by blocking NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Mol Immunol. 2018;99:134–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scambler T, Jarosz-Griffiths HH, Lara-Reyna S, et al. ENaC-mediated sodium influx exacerbates NLRP3-dependent inflammation in cystic fibrosis. Elife. 2019;8:e49248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McElvaney OJ, Zaslona Z, Becker-Flegler K, et al. Specific Inhibition of the NLRP3 Inflammasome as an antiinflammatory strategy in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Dec 1;200(11):1381–1391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng R, Tao L, Jian H, et al. NLRP3 inflammasome activation and lung fibrosis caused by airborne fine particulate matter. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2018 Nov 15;163:612–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang D, Chen S, Sun R, et al. The NLRP3 inflammasome: role in metabolic disorders and regulation by metabolic pathways. Cancer Lett. 2018 Apr 10;419:8–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sepehri Z, Kiani Z, Afshari M, et al. Inflammasomes and type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review. Immunol Lett. 2017;192:97–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jönsson TJ, Schäfer HL, Herling AW, et al. A metabolome-wide characterization of the diabetic phenotype in ZDF rats and its reversal by pioglitazone. PLoS One. 2018;13(11):e0207210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Wu Y, Fan W, et al. The pattern of plasma BCAA concentration and liver Bckdha gene expression in GK rats during T2D progression. Animal Models Exp Med. 2018 Dec;1(4):305–313.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li H, Wu J, Zhu L, et al. Insulin degrading enzyme contributes to the pathology in a mixed model of Type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease: possible mechanisms of IDE in T2D and AD. Biosci Rep. 2018 Feb 28;38(1):BSR20170862.
   Google Scholar
• Hoseini Z, Sepahvand F, Rashidi B, et al. NLRP3 inflammasome: its regulation and involvement in atherosclerosis. J Cell Physiol. 2018 Mar;233(3):2116–2132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang R, Wang Y, Mu N, et al. Activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes contributes to hyperhomocysteinemia-aggravated inflammation and atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice. Lab Invest. 2017 Aug;97(8):922–934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao Y, Mao J, Xu S, et al. Rosmarinic acid inhibits nicotine-induced C-reactive protein generation by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in smooth muscle cells. J Cell Physiol. 2019 Feb;234(2):1758–1767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emini Veseli B, Perrotta P, De Meyer GRA, et al. Animal models of atherosclerosis. Eur J Pharmacol. 2017 Dec 5;816:3–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Moltke J, Ayres JS, Kofoed EM, et al. Recognition of bacteria by inflammasomes. Annu Rev Immunol. 2013;31:73–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin L, Xu L, Lv W, et al. An NLRP3 inflammasome-triggered cytokine storm contributes to Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS). PLoS Pathog. 2019;15(6):e1007795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin L, Batra S, Jeyaseelan S. Deletion of Nlrp3 augments survival during polymicrobial sepsis by decreasing autophagy and enhancing phagocytosis. J Immunol. 2017;198(3):1253–1262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faro J, Romero R, Schwenkel G, et al. Intra-amniotic inflammation induces preterm birth by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome. Biol Reprod. 2019;100(5):1290–1305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W, Li G, Wu D, et al. Zika virus infection induces host inflammatory responses by facilitating NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and interleukin-1β secretion. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):1–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• He Z, Chen J, Zhu X, et al. NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Mediates Zika Virus–Associated Inflammation. J Infect Dis. 2018;217(12):1942–1951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu T, Tang L, Pu J, et al. Zika virus infection induces acute kidney injury through activating NLRP3 inflammasome via suppressing Bcl-2. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Castro-jorge LA, de Carvalho RV, Klein TM, et al. The NLRP3 inflammasome is involved with the pathogenesis of Mayaro virus. PLoS Pathog. 2019;15(9):e1007934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan P, Zhang Q, Liu W, et al. Dengue virus M protein promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation to induce vascular leakage in mice. J Virol. 2019;93(21):e00996–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrivastava G, Visoso-Carvajal G, Garcia-Cordero J, et al. Dengue virus serotype 2 and its non-structural proteins 2A and 2B activate NLRP3 Inflammasome. Front Immunol. 2020;11:352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Foo -S-S, Zaid A, et al. Specific inhibition of NLRP3 in chikungunya disease reveals a role for inflammasomes in alphavirus-induced inflammation. Nat Microbiol. 2017;2(10):1435–1445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuriakose T, Man SM, Malireddi RS, et al. ZBP1/DAI is an innate sensor of influenza virus triggering the NLRP3 inflammasome and programmed cell death pathways. Sci Immunol. 2016;1(2):aag2045.
   Google Scholar
• Shi C-S, Nabar NR, Huang -N-N. et al. SARS-coronavirus open reading frame-8b triggers intracellular stress pathways and activates nlrp3 inflammasomes. Cell Death Discovery. 2019;5(1):1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Yue Y, Nabar NR, Shi C-S, et al. SARS-coronavirus open reading frame-3a drives multimodal necrotic cell death. Cell Death Dis. 2018;9(9):1–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang T, Yin H, Ning W, et al. Expression of inflammasomes NLRP1, NLRP3 and AIM2 in different pathologic classification of lupus nephritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2020 Jul-Aug;38(4):680–690.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson KM, Ramanan K, Clay ME, et al. The inflammasome potentiates influenza/Staphylococcus aureus superinfection in mice. JCI Insight. 2018;3(7):e97470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tate MD, Ong JD, Dowling JK, et al. Reassessing the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome during pathogenic influenza A virus infection via temporal inhibition. Sci Rep. 2016;6:27912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unamuno X, Gomez-Ambrosi J, Ramirez B, et al. NLRP3 inflammasome blockade reduces adipose tissue inflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling. Cell Mol Immunol. 2019 Sep 24.Epub ahead of print.
   Google Scholar
• Xiong J, Wang Y, Shao N, et al. The expression and significance of NLRP3 inflammasome in patients with primary glomerular diseases. Kidney Blood Pressure Res. 2015;40(4):344–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang S-M, Ka S-M, Hua K-F, et al. Antroquinonol mitigates an accelerated and progressive IgA nephropathy model in mice by activating the Nrf2 pathway and inhibiting T cells and NLRP3 inflammasome. Free Radic Biol Med. 2013;61:285–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broderick L, De Nardo D, Franklin BS, et al. The inflammasomes and autoinflammatory syndromes. Annu Rev Pathol. 2015;10:395–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarrauste de Menthière C, Terriere S, Pugnere D, et al. INFEVERS: the registry for FMF and hereditary inflammatory disorders mutations. Nucleic Acids Res. 2003;31(1):282–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brydges SD, Broderick L, McGeough MD, et al. Divergence of IL-1, IL-18, and cell death in NLRP3 inflammasomopathies. J Clin Invest. 2013;123(11):4695–4705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchetti C, Toldo S, Chojnacki J, et al. Pharmacologic inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome preserves cardiac function after ischemic and non-ischemic injury in the mouse. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2015;66(1):1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu W, Guo W, Wu J, et al. A novel benzo [d] imidazole derivate prevents the development of dextran sulfate sodium-induced murine experimental colitis via inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome. Biochem Pharmacol. 2013;85(10):1504–1512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Primiano MJ, Lefker BA, Bowman MR, et al. Efficacy and pharmacology of the NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor CP-456,773 (CRID3) in murine models of dermal and pulmonary inflammation. J Immunol. 2016;197(6):2421–2433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He H, Jiang H, Chen Y, et al. Oridonin is a covalent NLRP3 inhibitor with strong anti-inflammasome activity. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):1–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saresella M, La Rosa F, Piancone F, et al. The NLRP3 and NLRP1 inflammasomes are activated in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurodegener. 2016;11(1):23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soares JL, Oliveira EM, Pontillo A. Variants in NLRP3 and NLRC4 inflammasome associate with susceptibility and severity of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019;29:26–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson KV, Deng M, Ting JP-Y. The NLRP3 inflammasome: molecular activation and regulation to therapeutics. Nat Rev Immunol. 2019;19(8):477–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song N, Liu Z-S, Xue W, et al. NLRP3 phosphorylation is an essential priming event for inflammasome activation. Mol Cell. 2017;68(1):185–197. e6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry R, John SW, Liccardi G, et al. SUMO-mediated regulation of NLRP3 modulates inflammasome activity. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):1–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feng S, Huang Q, Ye C, et al. Syk and JNK signaling pathways are involved in inflammasome activation in macrophages infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018;507(1–4):217–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhury A, Bullock D, Lim A, et al. Inhibition of HSP90 and activation of HSF1 diminish macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome activity in alcohol‐associated liver injury. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2020;44(6):1300–1311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito M, Shichita T, Okada M, et al. Bruton’s tyrosine kinase is essential for NLRP3 inflammasome activation and contributes to ischaemic brain injury. Nat Commun. 2015;6:7360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar