References
- Steeg PS. Targeting metastasis. Nature Reviews Cancer. Nature Publishing Group; 2016. p. 201–218. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc.2016.25
- de Mattos-arruda L, Cortes J, Santarpia L, et al. Circulating tumour cells and cell-free DNA as tools for managing breast cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2013;10:377–389. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2013.80
- Siravegna G, Marsoni S, Siena S, et al. Integrating liquid biopsies into the management of cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2017;14. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.14
- Siravegna G, Mussolin B, Venesio T, et al. How liquid biopsies can change clinical practice in oncology. Ann Oncol. 2019;30. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdz227
- Welch DR, Hurst DR. Defining the hallmarks of metastasis. Cancer Research. American Association for Cancer Research Inc; 2019; 3011–3027. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-19-0458
- Foulkes WD, Smith IE, Reis-Filho JS. Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med Internet]. 2010;363:1938–1948. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1001389
- Dent R, Trudeau M, Pritchard KI, et al. Triple-negative breast cancer: clinical features and patterns of recurrence. Clin Cancer Res. Internet]. 2007;13:4429–4434. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-3045
- Marra A, Trapani D, Viale G, et al. Practical classification of triple-negative breast cancer: intratumoral heterogeneity, mechanisms of drug resistance, and novel therapies. Npj Breast Cancer. 2020;6. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41523-020-0149-z
- Agostinetto E, Eiger D, Punie K, et al. Emerging therapeutics for patients with triple-negative breast cancer. Curr Oncol Rep. Internet]. 2021;23:57. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-021-01038-6
- Lehmann BD, Bauer JA, Chen X, et al. Identification of human triple-negative breast cancer subtypes and preclinical models for selection of targeted therapies. J Clin Investig. 2011;121(7). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI45014
- Liao M, Zhang J, Wang G, et al. Small-Molecule drug discovery in triple negative breast cancer: current situation and future directions. J Med Chem. 2021;64:2382–2418. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01180
- Symmans WF, Wei C, Gould R, et al. Long-Term prognostic risk after neoadjuvant chemotherapy associated with residual cancer burden and breast cancer subtype. J clin oncol. 2017;35:1049–1060. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2015.63.1010
- Caparica R, Lambertini M, de Azambuja E. How I treat metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. ESMO Open. [Internet]. 2019;4:000504. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1136/esmoopen-2019-000504
- Furlanetto J, Loibl S. Optimal systemic treatment for early triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Care. 2020;15:217–226. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1159/000508759
- von Minckwitz G, Untch M, Blohmer J-U, et al. Definition and impact of pathologic complete response on prognosis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in various intrinsic breast cancer subtypes. J clin oncol. 2012;31:30. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.38.8595
- Sharma P. Update on the treatment of early-stage triple-negative breast cancer. current treatment options in oncology. New York LLC: Springer; 2018. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11864-018-0539-8
- Pandy JGP, Balolong-Garcia JC, Cruz-Ordinario MVB, et al. Triple negative breast cancer and platinum-based systemic treatment: a meta-analysis and systematic review. BMC Cancer. BioMed Central Ltd; 2019. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-019-6253-5
- Cortazar P, Zhang L, Untch M, et al. Pathological complete response and long-term clinical benefit in breast cancer: the CTNeoBC pooled analysis. Lancet Internet]. 2014;384:164–172. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62422-8
- Poggio F, Bruzzone M, Ceppi M, et al. Platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol. 2018;29:1497–1508. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdy127
- Kim C, Gao R, Sei E, et al. Chemoresistance evolution in triple-negative breast cancer delineated by single-cell sequencing. Cell [Internet]. 2018;173(4):879–893.e13. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.041
- Robson M, Im S-A, Senkus E, et al. Olaparib for metastatic breast cancer in patients with a germline BRCA mutation. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(6):523–533. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1706450
- Litton JK, Rugo HS, Ettl J, et al. Talazoparib in patients with advanced breast cancer and a germline BRCA mutation. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(8):753–763. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1802905
- Schmid P, Adams S, Rugo HS, et al. Atezolizumab and nab-paclitaxel in advanced triple-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(22):2108–2121. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1809615
- Bardia A, Hurvitz SA, Tolaney SM, et al. Sacituzumab govitecan in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med. Internet]. 2021;384(16):1529–1541. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2028485
- Garcia J, Hurwitz HI, Sandler AB, et al. Bevacizumab (Avastin®) in cancer treatment: a review of 15 years of clinical experience and future outlook. Cancer Treat Rev [Internet]. 2020;86:102017. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102017
- Deepak KGK, Vempati R, Nagaraju GP, et al. Tumor microenvironment: challenges and opportunities in targeting metastasis of triple negative breast cancer. Pharmacol Res [Internet]. 2020;153:104683. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104683
- Mittal D, Gubin MM, Schreiber RD, et al. New insights into cancer immunoediting and its three component phases—elimination, equilibrium and escape. Curr Opin Immunol [Internet]. 2014;27(1):16–25. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2014.01.004
- Quail DF, Joyce JA. Microenvironmental regulation of tumor progression and metastasis. Nat Med. 2013;19:1423–1437. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3394
- Lappano R, Rigiracciolo DC, Belfiore A, et al. Cancer associated fibroblasts: role in breast cancer and potential as therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2020;24:559–572. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14728222.2020.1751819
- Fernández-Nogueira P, Fuster G, Gutierrez-Uzquiza Á, et al. Cancer-Associated fibroblasts in breast cancer treatment response and metastasis. Cancers (Basel) [Internet]. 2021;13:3146. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133146
- Liu T, Han C, Wang S, et al. Cancer-associated fibroblasts: an emerging target of anti-cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol. 2019;12(1). BioMed Central Ltd. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-019-0770-1
- Salgado R, Denkert C, Demaria S, et al. The evaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast cancer: recommendations by an international TILs working group 2014. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(2):259–271. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdu450
- Gruosso T, Gigoux M, Manem VSK, et al. Spatially distinct tumor immune microenvironments stratify triple-negative breast cancers. J Clin Investig Internet]. 2019;129(4):1785–1800. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI96313
- Miles D, Gligorov J, André F, et al. Primary results from IMpassion131, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised phase III trial of first-line paclitaxel with or without atezolizumab for unresectable locally advanced/metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Ann Oncol [Internet]. 2021;32:994–1004. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2021.05.801
- Waldman AD, Fritz JM, Lenardo MJ. A guide to cancer immunotherapy: from T cell basic science to clinical practice. Nature Research. Nat Rev Immunol.2020;20(11):651–668. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0306-5
- Ngwa W, Irabor OC, Schoenfeld JD, et al. Using immunotherapy to boost the abscopal effect. Nat Rev Cancer. 2018 Nature Publishing Group;18(5):313–322. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc.2018.6
- Sousa S, Brion R, Lintunen M, et al. Human breast cancer cells educate macrophages toward the M2 activation status. Breast Cancer Res. 2015;17:101. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13058-015-0621-0
- Rao L, Wu L, Liu Z, et al. Hybrid cellular membrane nanovesicles amplify macrophage immune responses against cancer recurrence and metastasis. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):1–13. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18626-y
- Li Z, Qiu Y, Lu W, et al. Immunotherapeutic interventions of triple negative breast cancer. J Transl Med. [Internet]. 2018;16(1):147. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-018-1514-7
- Vatner RE, Cooper BT, Vanpouille-Box C, et al. Combinations of immunotherapy and radiation in cancer therapy. Front Oncol. 2014;4. Frontiers Media S.A. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2014.00325
- Muz B, de la Puente P, Azab F, et al. The role of hypoxia in cancer progression, angiogenesis, metastasis, and resistance to therapy. Hypoxia. 2015;3:83–92. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2147/HP.S93413
- Dolatkhah M, Omidi Y. Renewed interests in carbonic anhydrase IX in relevance to breast cancer treatment. BioImpacts. [Internet]. 2019;9(4):195–197. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15171/bi.2019.24
- Becker LM, O’Connell JT, Vo AP, et al. Epigenetic reprogramming of cancer-associated fibroblasts deregulates glucose metabolism and facilitates progression of breast cancer. Cell Rep [Internet]. 2020;31(9):107701. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107701
- Chen Y, Bian X, Aliru M, et al. Hypoxia-targeted gold nanorods for cancer photothermal therapy. Oncotarget. [Internet]. 2018;9(41):26556–26571. DOI:https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.25492
- Supuran CT. Structure and function of carbonic anhydrases. Biochem J. 2016;473(14):2023–2032. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20160115
- Angeli A, Pinteala M, Maier SS, et al. Tellurides bearing benzensulfonamide as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with potent antitumor activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett [Internet]. 2021;45:128147. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128147
- McAleese CE, Choudhury C, Butcher NJ, et al. Hypoxia-mediated drug resistance in breast cancers. Cancer Lett. 2021;502:189–199. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2020.11.045
- Larrea E, Sole C, Manterola L, et al. New concepts in cancer biomarkers: circulating miRNAs in liquid biopsies. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(5):627. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17050627
- Poulet G, Massias J, Taly V. Liquid biopsy: general concepts. Acta Cytol. 2019;63(3):449–455. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1159/000499337
- Di Capua D, Bracken-Clarke D, Ronan K, et al. The Liquid biopsy for lung cancer: state of the art, limitations and future developments. Cancers (Basel) [Internet]. 2021;13(9):1–22. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13163923
- Rakha EA, El-Sayed ME, Green AR, et al. Prognostic markers in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer. 2007;109(1). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.22381
- O’Brien K, Lowry MC, Corcoran C, et al. miR-134 in extracellular vesicles reduces triple-negative breast cancer aggression and increases drug sensitivity. Oncotarget. 2015;6(32). DOI:https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.5192
- Goh CY, Wyse C, Ho M, et al. Exosomes in triple negative breast cancer: garbage disposals or trojan horses? Cancer Lett [Internet]. 2020;473:90–97. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2019.12.046
- Stevic I, Müller V, Weber K, et al. Specific microRNA signatures in exosomes of triple-negative and HER2-positive breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant therapy within the geparSixto trial. BMC Med. 2018;16. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1163-y
- Wolf K, te Lindert M, Krause M, et al. Physical limits of cell migration: control by ECM space and nuclear deformation and tuning by proteolysis and traction force. J Cell Biol. 2013;201(7):1069–1084. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201210152
- Chen Y-C, Humphries B, Brien R, et al. Functional isolation of tumor-initiating cells using microfluidic-based migration identifies phosphatidylserine decarboxylase as a key regulator. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2018;8(1):244. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18610-5
- Keckesova Z, Donaher JL, de Cock J, et al. LACTB is a tumour suppressor that modulates lipid metabolism and cell state. Nature. Internet]. 2017;543:681–686. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21408
- Gandalovičová A, Rosel D, Fernandes M, et al. Migrastatics—Anti-metastatic and anti-invasion drugs: promises and challenges. Trends Cancer [Internet]. 2017;3(6):391–406. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trecan.2017.04.008
- Lamouille S, Xu J, Derynck R. Molecular mechanisms of epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. Internet]. 2014;15:178–196. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm3758
- Hurtado P, Martínez-Pena I, Piñeiro R. Dangerous liaisons: circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Cancers (Basel). Internet]. 2020;12:2861. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12102861
- Ferreira MM, Ramani VC, Jeffrey SS. Circulating tumor cell technologies. Mol Oncol. Internet]. 2016;10(3):374–394. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molonc.2016.01.007
- Riebensahm C, Joosse SA, Mohme M, et al. Clonality of circulating tumor cells in breast cancer brain metastasis patients. Breast Cancer Res. 2019;21(1). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13058-019-1184-2
- Broersen LHA, van Pelt GW,Tollenaar RAEM, et al. Clinical application of circulating tumor cells in breast cancer. Cell Oncol [Internet]. 2014;37(1):9–15. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13402-013-0160-6
- Sayed M, Zahran AM, Hassan MSF, et al. Circulating tumor cells and cancer stem cells: clinical implications in nonmetastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer. 2016;10:197–203. DOI:https://doi.org/10.4137/BCBCR.S40856
- Sinha D, Raninga PV, Lee A, et al. Marizomib suppresses triple-negative breast cancer via proteasome and oxidative phosphorylation inhibition. Theranostics. 2020;10(12):5259–5275. DOI:https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.42705
- Wang D, Liu X, Hsieh B, et al. Exploring glycan markers for immunotyping and precision-targeting of breast circulating tumor cells. Arch Med Res. 2015;46:642–650. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.11.007
- O’Conor CJ, Chen T, González I, et al. Cancer stem cells in triple-negative breast cancer: a potential target and prognostic marker. Biomark Med. 2018;12(7). DOI:https://doi.org/10.2217/bmm-2017-0398
- Gaggioli C, Hooper S, Hidalgo-Carcedo C, et al. Fibroblast-led collective invasion of carcinoma cells with differing roles for RhoGTPases in leading and following cells. Nat Cell Biol. [Internet]. 2007;9(12):1392–1400. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb1658
- Pantel K, Alix-Panabières C. Liquid biopsy and minimal residual disease — latest advances and implications for cure. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2019;16(7):409–424. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-019-0187-3
- Eslami-S Z, Cortés-Hernández LE, Alix-Panabières C. Epithelial cell adhesion molecule: an anchor to isolate clinically relevant circulating tumor cells. Cells [Internet]. 2020;9(8):1836. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9081836
- Schwarzenbach H. Circulating nucleic acids as biomarkers in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res [Internet]. 2013;15(5):211. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr3446
- Fleischhacker M, Schmidt B. Circulating nucleic acids (CNAs) and cancer—A survey. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer [Internet]. 2007;1775(1):181–232. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbcan.2006.10.001
- Zhao L, Gu C, Gan Y, et al. Exosome-mediated siRNA delivery to suppress postoperative breast cancer metastasis. J Control Release. 2020;318:1–15. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCONREL.2019.12.005
- Laktionov PP, Tamkovich SN, Rykova EYU, et al. Cell-Surface-Bound nucleic acids: free and cell-surface-bound nucleic acids in blood of healthy donors and breast cancer patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci. [Internet]. 2004;1022:221–227. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1318.034
- Beck J, Urnovitz HB, Mitchell WM, et al. Next generation sequencing of serum circulating nucleic acids from patients with invasive ductal breast cancer reveals differences to healthy and nonmalignant controls. Mol Cancer Res. [Internet]. 2010;8:335–342. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-09-0314
- Stahl PD, Raposo G. Extracellular vesicles: exosomes and microvesicles, integrators of homeostasis. Physiology. [Internet]. 2019;34:169–177. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00045.2018
- Witwer KW, Théry C. Extracellular vesicles or exosomes? on primacy, precision, and popularity influencing a choice of nomenclature.J Extracell Vesicles. [Internet]. Taylor & Francis; 2019;8(1):1648167. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/20013078.2019.1648167
- Becker A, Thakur BK, Weiss JM, et al. Extracellular vesicles in cancer: cell-to-cell mediators of metastasis. Cancer Cell [Internet]. 2016;30:836–848. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2016.10.009
- Keklikoglou I, Cianciaruso C, Güç E, et al. Chemotherapy elicits pro-metastatic extracellular vesicles in breast cancer models. Nat Cell Biol [Internet]. 2019;21(2):190–202. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-018-0256-3
- Wu H, Wang Q, Zhong H, et al. Differentially expressed microRNAs in exosomes of patients with breast cancer revealed by next-generation sequencing. Oncol Rep. 2020;43(1):240–250. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2019.7401
- Kannan A, V PJ, Hertweck KL, et al. Cancer testis antigen promotes triple negative breast cancer metastasis and is traceable in the circulating extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep {Internet]. 2019;9(1):11632. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48064-w
- Chaudhary P, Gibbs LD, Maji S, et al. Serum exosomal-annexin A2 is associated with African-American triple-negative breast cancer and promotes angiogenesis. Breast Cancer Res. [Internet]. 2020;22:11. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13058-020-1251-8
- Anderson RL, Balasas T, Callaghan J, et al. A framework for the development of effective anti-metastatic agents. Nat Rev Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2019;16(3):185–204. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-018-0134-8
- Bertucci F, Finetti P, Guille A, et al. Comparative genomic analysis of primary tumors and metastases in breast cancer. Oncotarget. [Internet]. 2016;7(19):27208–27219. DOI:https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.8349
- Priestley P, Baber J, Lolkema MP, et al. Pan-cancer whole-genome analyses of metastatic solid tumours. Nature. 2019;575:210–216. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1689-y
- Hoshino A, Costa-Silva B, Shen T-L, et al. Tumour exosome integrins determine organotropic metastasis. Nature. [Internet]. 2015;527:329–335. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15756
- Costa-Silva B, Aiello NM, Ocean AJ, et al. Pancreatic cancer exosomes initiate pre-metastatic niche formation in the liver. Nat Cell Biol [Internet]. 2015;17:816–826. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb3169
- Feng W, Dean DC, Hornicek FJ, et al. Exosomes promote pre-metastatic niche formation in ovarian cancer. Mol Cancer. [Internet]. 2019;18:124. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-019-1049-4
- Wortzel I, Dror S, Kenific CM, et al. Exosome-Mediated metastasis: communication from a distance. developmental cell. Cell Press. 2019;49(3):347–360. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2019.04.011
- Soung YH, Ford S, Yan C, et al. Roles of integrins in regulating metastatic potentials of cancer cell derived exosomes. Molecular and Cellular Toxicology. 2019;15:233–237. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13273-019-0026-8
- Zuo H, Yang D, Yang Q, et al. Differential regulation of breast cancer bone metastasis by PARP1 and PARP2. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):1–10. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15429-z
- Walker ND, Elias M, Guiro K, et al. Exosomes from differentially activated macrophages influence dormancy or resurgence of breast cancer cells within bone marrow stroma. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10(2):1–16. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-019-1304-z
- Morrissey SM, Zhang F, Ding C, et al. Tumor-derived exosomes drive immunosuppressive macrophages in a pre-metastatic niche through glycolytic dominant metabolic reprogramming. Cell Metab. 2021;33(10). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2021.09.002
- Burstein MD, Tsimelzon A, Poage GM, et al. Comprehensive genomic analysis identifies novel subtypes and targets of triple-negative breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. Internet]. 2015;21(7):1688–1698. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-0432
- Raz Y, Cohen N, Shani O, et al. Bone marrow–derived fibroblasts are a functionally distinct stromal cell population in breast cancer. J Exp Med. 2018;215(12):3075–3093. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20180818
- Wang C, Zhang R, Wang X, et al. Silencing of KIF3B suppresses breast cancer progression by regulating EMT and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Front Oncol. 2021;10:5974641. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.597464
- Schwarzenbach H, Eichelser C,Kropidlowski J, et al. Loss of heterozygosity at tumor suppressor genes detectable on fractionated circulating cell-free tumor DNA as indicator of breast cancer progression. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18(20):5719–5730. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-0142
- Schrauder MG, Strick R, Schulz-Wendtland R, et al. Circulating micro-RNAs as potential blood-based markers for early stage breast cancer detection. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(1):e29770. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029770
- van Schooneveld E, Wouters MCA, van der Auwera I, et al. Expression profiling of cancerous and normal breast tissues identifies microRNAs that are differentially expressed in serum from patients with (metastatic) breast cancer and healthy volunteers. Breast Cancer Res. 2012;30(15):1796–1804. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.38.8595