750
Views
29
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL ARTICLES

Compressive properties of helmet materials subjected to dynamic impact loading of various energies

&
Pages 341-349 | Published online: 17 Nov 2008

References

  • Avalle , M. , Belingardi , G. and Montanini , R. 2001 . Characterization of polymeric structural foams under compressive impact loading by means of energy-absorption diagram . International Journal of Impact Engineering , 25 : 455 – 472 .
  • Barth , J. T. , Freeman , J. R. , Broshek , D. K. and Varney , R. N. 2001 . Acceleration–deceleration sport-related concussion: The gravity of it all . Journal of Athletic Training , 36 : 253 – 256 .
  • Becker , E. B. 1998 . Helmet development and standards . North Highlands, CA : Snell Memorial Foundation ( accessed 15 November 2006 at : http://www.smf.org/articles/helmet_development.html.
  • Canadian Institute for Health Information . 2006 . Head injuries in Canada: A decade of change (1994–1995 to 2003–2004) , Ottawa, ON : CIHI .
  • CAN/CSA-D113.2-M89 1996 . Cycling helmets . A National Standard of Canada (Reaffirmed 2004), May .
  • Cass , D. T. and Gray , A. J. 1989 . Paediatric bicycle injuries . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery , 59 : 719 – 724 .
  • Heh , S. , & Stadnik , A. G. 1997 . Discussion of special provisions for helmets for children ages 1–5: Test headform mass and peak-g . Memorandum . Bethesda, MD : Consumer Product Safety Commission ,
  • Hoshizaki , T. B. and Brien , S. E. 2004 . The science and design of head protection in sport . Neurosurgery , 55 : 956 – 967 .
  • Ivarsson , J. , Viano , D. C. , Lövsund , P. and Parnaik , Y. 2003 . Head kinematics in mini-sled tests of foam padding: Relevance of linear responses from free motion headform (FMH) testing to head angular responses . Journal of Biomechanical Engineering , 125 : 523 – 532 .
  • Kleiven , S. and Holst , H. V. 2002 . Consequences of head size following trauma to the human head . Journal of Biomechanics , 35 : 153 – 160 .
  • Landro , L. D. , Sala , G. and Olivieri , D. 2002 . Deformation mechanisms and energy absorption of polystyrene foam for protective helmets . Polymer Testing , 21 : 217 – 228 .
  • Martin , R. B. , Liptai , L. , Yerby , S. and Williams , K. R. 1994 . The relationship between mass and acceleration for impacts on padded surfaces . Journal of Biomechanics , 27 : 361 – 364 .
  • McIntosh , A. , McCrory , P. and Finch , C. F. 2006 . Performance enhanced headgear: A scientific approach to the development of protective headgear . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 38 : 46 – 49 .
  • Mills , N. J. , & Gilchrist , A. 2003 . Reassessing bicycle helmet impact protection . In Proceedings of the 2003 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts (pp. 15 – 26 ), Lisbon, Portugal .
  • Newman , J. 2006 . A proposal for ASTM F08-53's consideration – A new severity index NSI for helmet impact assessment , Edmonton, Alberta : NBEC .
  • Queen , R. M. , Weinhold , P. S. , Kirkendall , D. T. and Yu , B. 2003 . Theoretical study of the effect of ball properties on impact force in soccer heading . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 35 : 2069 – 2076 .
  • Snell Memorial Foundation . 2000 . 1995 Standard for Protective Equipment, 1998 Revision. For use in Bicycling , North Highlands, CA : SMF .
  • Snell Memorial Foundation 2007 . Draft 2010 standard for protective headgear. For use with motorcycles and other motorized vehicles. Special Note to Helmet Users . North Highlands, CA : SMF ( accessed 16 May 2008 at : http://www.smf.org/standards/m/2010/m2010_final.htm.
  • Song , B. , Chen , W. W. , Dou , S. , Winfree , N. A. and Kang , J. H. 2005 . Strain-rate effects on elastic and early cell-collapse responses of a polystyrene foam . International Journal of Impact Engineering , 31 : 509 – 521 .
  • Stevenson , T. A. 1998 . Consumer Product Safety Commission, 16 CFR Part 1203, Safety Standard for Bicycle Helmets: Final Rule . Federal Register Part II , 63 : 1 – 37 .
  • Subhash , G. , Liu , Q. and Gao , X.L. 2006 . Quasistatic and high strain rate uniaxial compressive response of polymeric structural foams . International Journal of Impact Engineering , 32 : 1113 – 1126 .
  • Viot , P. , Beani , F. and Lataillade , J. L. 2005 . Polymeric foam behavior under dynamic compressive loading . Journal of Materials Science , 40 : 5829 – 5837 .
  • Yu-Hallada , L. C. , Kuczynski , E. and Weierstall , M. 1998 . Polyurethane: The material of choice for occupant protection and energy management . Journal of Cellular Plastic , 34 : 272 – 287 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.