25,271
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION

Recommendations to maintain immune health in athletes

References

  • Arnal, P. J., Lapole, T., Erblang, M., Guillard, M., Bourrilhon, C., Leger, D., … Millet, G. Y. (2016). Sleep extension before sleep loss: Effects on performance and neuromuscular function. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 48(8), 1595–1603. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000925.
  • Bermon, S., Castell, L. M., Calder, P. C., Bishop, N. C., Blomstrand, E., Mooren, F. C., … Nagatomi, R. (2017). Consensus statement immunonutrition and exercise. Exercise Immunology Review, 23, 8–50.
  • Bibbey, A., Carroll, D., Roseboom, T. J., Phillips, A. C., & de Rooij, S. R. (2013). Personality and physiological reactions to acute psychological stress. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 90(1), 28–36. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.10.018.
  • Bruunsgaard, H., Hartkopp, A., Mohr, T., Konradsen, H., Heron, I., Mordhorst, C. H., & Pedersen, B. K. (1997). In vivo cell-mediated immunity and vaccination response following prolonged, intense exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(9), 1176–1181. doi: 10.1097/00005768-199709000-00009
  • Buijze, G. A., Sierevelt, I. N., van der Heijden, B. C., Dijkgraaf, M. G., Frings-Dresen, M. H., & van Wouwe, J. (2016). The effect of cold showering on health and work: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One, 11(9), e0161749. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161749.
  • Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., Alper, C. M., Janicki-Deverts, D., & Turner, R. B. (2009). Sleep habits and susceptibility to the common cold. Archives of Internal Medicine, 169(1), 62–67. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.505.
  • Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385–396. doi:10.2307/2136404.
  • Cohen, S., Tyrrell, D. A., & Smith, A. P. (1991). Psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold. The New England Journal of Medicine, 325(9), 606–612. doi:10.1056/NEJM199108293250903.
  • Davidson, R. J., Kabat-Zinn, J., Schumacher, J., Rosenkranz, M., Muller, D., Santorelli, S. F., … Sheridan, J. F. (2003). Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(4), 564–570. doi: 10.1097/01.PSY.0000077505.67574.E3
  • Davison, G., Kehaya, C., Diment, B. C., & Walsh, N. P. (2016). Carbohydrate supplementation does not blunt the prolonged exercise-induced reduction of in vivo immunity. European Journal of Nutrition, 55(4), 1583–1593. doi:10.1007/s00394-015-0977-z.
  • Dhabhar, F. S. (2014). Effects of stress on immune function: The good, the bad, and the beautiful. Immunologic Research, 58(2-3), 193–210. doi:10.1007/s12026-014-8517-0.
  • Diment, B. C., Fortes, M. B., Edwards, J. P., Hanstock, H. G., Ward, M. D., Dunstall, H. M., … Walsh, N. P. (2015). Exercise intensity and duration effects on in vivo immunity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 47(7), 1390–1398. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000562.
  • Drew, M. K., Vlahovich, N., Hughes, D., Appaneal, R., Peterson, K., Burke, L., … Waddington, G. (2017). A multifactorial evaluation of illness risk factors in athletes preparing for the summer Olympic Games. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20(8), 745–750. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2017.02.010.
  • Edwards, J. P., Walsh, N. P., Diment, B. C., & Roberts, R. (2018). Anxiety and perceived psychological stress play an important role in the immune response after exercise. Exercise Immunology Review, 24, 26–34.
  • Elwenspoek, M. M. C., Kuehn, A., Muller, C. P., & Turner, J. D. (2017). The effects of early life adversity on the immune system. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 82, 140–154. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.05.012.
  • Fitzgerald, L. (1988). Exercise and the immune system. Immunology Today, 9(11), 337–339. doi:10.1016/0167-5699(88)91332-1.
  • Foxman, E. F., Storer, J. A., Vanaja, K., Levchenko, A., & Iwasaki, A. (2016). Two interferon-independent double-stranded RNA-induced host defense strategies suppress the common cold virus at warm temperature. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(30), 8496–8501. doi:10.1073/pnas.1601942113.
  • Gleeson, M., Bishop, N. C., & Walsh, N. P. (2013). Exercise immunology. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Gleeson, M., Pyne, D. B., Elkington, L. J., Hall, S. T., Attia, J. R., Oldmeadow, C., … Callister, R. (2017). Developing a multi-component immune model for evaluating the risk of respiratory illness in athletes. Exercise Immunology Review, 23, 52–64.
  • Gronli, J., Byrkjedal, I. K., Bjorvatn, B., Nodtvedt, O., Hamre, B., & Pallesen, S. (2016). Reading from an iPad or from a book in bed: The impact on human sleep. A randomized controlled crossover trial. Sleep Medicine, 21, 86–92. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.02.006.
  • Haack, M., Sanchez, E., & Mullington, J. M. (2007). Elevated inflammatory markers in response to prolonged sleep restriction are associated with increased pain experience in healthy volunteers. Sleep, 30(9), 1145–1152. doi: 10.1093/sleep/30.9.1145
  • Hao, Q., Dong, B. R., & Wu, T. (2015). Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2), CD006895. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006895.pub3.
  • He, C. S., Aw Yong, X. H., Walsh, N. P., & Gleeson, M. (2016). Is there an optimal vitamin D status for immunity in athletes and military personnel? Exercise Immunology Review, 22, 42–64.
  • Hellard, P., Avalos, M., Guimaraes, F., Toussaint, J. F., & Pyne, D. B. (2015). Training-related risk of common illnesses in elite swimmers over a 4-yr period. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 47(4), 698–707. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000461.
  • Hemila, H., & Chalker, E. (2013). Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1), CD000980. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4.
  • Henson, D. A., Nieman, D. C., Parker, J. C., Rainwater, M. K., Butterworth, D. E., Warren, B. J., … Nehlsen-Cannarella, S. L. (1998). Carbohydrate supplementation and the lymphocyte proliferative response to long endurance running. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 19(8), 574–580. doi:10.1055/s-2007-971962.
  • Ingram, L. A., Simpson, R. J., Malone, E., & Florida-James, G. D. (2015). Sleep disruption and its effect on lymphocyte redeployment following an acute bout of exercise. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 47, 100–108. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.12.018.
  • Irwin, M. R. (2015). Why sleep is important for health: A psychoneuroimmunology perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 143–172. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115205.
  • Johnson, C., & Eccles, R. (2005). Acute cooling of the feet and the onset of common cold symptoms. Family Practice, 22(6), 608–613. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmi072.
  • Keast, D., Cameron, K., & Morton, A. R. (1988). Exercise and the immune response. Sports Medicine, 5(4), 248–267. doi: 10.2165/00007256-198805040-00004
  • Leeder, J., Glaister, M., Pizzoferro, K., Dawson, J., & Pedlar, C. (2012). Sleep duration and quality in elite athletes measured using wristwatch actigraphy. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(6), 541–545. doi:10.1080/02640414.2012.660188.
  • Lomax, A. R., & Calder, P. C. (2009). Probiotics, immune function, infection and inflammation: A review of the evidence from studies conducted in humans. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 15(13), 1428–1518. doi: 10.2174/138161209788168155
  • Lundberg, U., & Frankenhaeuser, M. (1980). Pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic-adrenal correlates of distress and effort. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 24(3-4), 125–130. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(80)90033-1
  • Mäkinen, T. M., Juvonen, R., Jokelainen, J., Harju, T. H., Peitso, A., Bloigu, A., … Hassi, J. (2009). Cold temperature and low humidity are associated with increased occurrence of respiratory tract infections. Respiratory Medicine, 103(3), 456–462. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2008.09.011.
  • Marquet, L. A., Brisswalter, J., Louis, J., Tiollier, E., Burke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., & Hausswirth, C. (2016). Enhanced endurance performance by periodization of carbohydrate intake: ‘sleep low’ strategy. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 48(4), 663–672. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000823.
  • Martensson, S., Nordebo, K., & Malm, C. (2014). High training volumes are associated with a low number of self-reported sick days in elite endurance athletes. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 13(4), 929–933.
  • Morgan, W. P., Brown, D. R., Raglin, J. S., O'Connor, P. J., & Ellickson, K. A. (1987). Psychological monitoring of overtraining and staleness. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 21(3), 107–114. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.21.3.107
  • Mullington, J. M., Simpson, N. S., Meier-Ewert, H. K., & Haack, M. (2010). Sleep loss and inflammation. Best Practice and Research Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 24(5), 775–784. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2010.08.014.
  • Murphy, M. L. M., Cohen, S., Janicki-Deverts, D., & Doyle, W. J. (2017). Offspring of parents who were separated and not speaking to one another have reduced resistance to the common cold as adults. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114(25), 6515–6520. doi:10.1073/pnas.1700610114.
  • Nieman, D. C. (1994). Exercise, infection, and immunity. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 15(Suppl 3), S131–S141. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1021128.
  • Nieman, D. C., Henson, D. A., Fagoaga, O. R., Utter, A. C., Vinci, D. M., Davis, J. M., & Nehlsen-Cannarella, S. L. (2002). Change in salivary IgA following a competitive marathon race. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 23(1), 69–75. doi:10.1055/s-2002-19375.
  • Oliver, S. J., Costa, R. J., Laing, S. J., Bilzon, J. L., & Walsh, N. P. (2009). One night of sleep deprivation decreases treadmill endurance performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 107(2), 155–161. doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1103-9.
  • Oliver, S. J., Macdonald, J. H., Harper Smith, A. D., Lawley, J. S., Gallagher, C. A., Di Felice, U., & Walsh, N. P. (2013). High altitude impairs in vivo immunity in humans. High Altitude Medicine and Biology, 14(2), 144–149. doi:10.1089/ham.2012.1070.
  • Peake, J. M., Neubauer, O., Walsh, N. P., & Simpson, R. J. (2017). Recovery of the immune system after exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 122(5), 1077–1087. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00622.2016.
  • Peters, E. M., & Bateman, E. D. (1983). Ultramarathon running and upper respiratory tract infections. An Epidemiological Survey. South African Medical Journal, 64(15), 582–584.
  • Prather, A. A., Hall, M., Fury, J. M., Ross, D. C., Muldoon, M. F., Cohen, S., & Marsland, A. L. (2012). Sleep and antibody response to hepatitis B vaccination. Sleep, 35(8), 1063–1069. doi:10.5665/sleep.1990.
  • Prather, A. A., Janicki-Deverts, D., Hall, M. H., & Cohen, S. (2015). Behaviorally assessed sleep and susceptibility to the common cold. Sleep, 38(9), 1353–1359. doi:10.5665/sleep.4968.
  • Pyne, D. V., McDonald, W. A., Morton, D. S., Swiggett, J. P., Foster, M., Sonnenfeld, G., & Smith, J. A. (2000). Inhibition of interferon, cytokine, and lymphocyte proliferative responses in elite swimmers with altitude exposure. Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research, 20(4), 411–418. doi:10.1089/107999000312351.
  • Robson, P. J., Blannin, A. K., Walsh, N. P., Castell, L. M., & Gleeson, M. (1999). Effects of exercise intensity, duration and recovery on in vitro neutrophil function in male athletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 20(2), 128–135. doi:10.1055/s-2007-971106.
  • Rushall, B. S. (1990). A tool for montoring stress tolerance in elite athletes. Journal of Applied Sports Psychology, 2, 51–66. doi: 10.1080/10413209008406420
  • Schwellnus, M. P., Derman, W. E., Jordaan, E., Page, T., Lambert, M. I., Readhead, C., … Webb, S. (2012). Elite athletes travelling to international destinations >5 time zone differences from their home country have a 2-3-fold increased risk of illness. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(11), 816–821. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091395.
  • Severs, Y., Brenner, I., Shek, P. N., & Shephard, R. J. (1996). Effects of heat and intermittent exercise on leukocyte and sub-population cell counts. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 74(3), 234–245. doi: 10.1007/BF00377446
  • Shearer, W. T., Reuben, J. M., Mullington, J. M., Price, N. J., Lee, B. N., Smith, E. O., … Dinges, D. F. (2001). Soluble TNF-alpha receptor 1 and IL-6 plasma levels in humans subjected to the sleep deprivation model of spaceflight. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 107(1), 165–170. doi:10.1067/mai.2001.112270.
  • Shephard, R. J. (1998). Immune changes induced by exercise in an adverse environment. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 76(5), 539–546. doi: 10.1139/y98-046
  • Simpson, N. S., Diolombi, M., Scott-Sutherland, J., Yang, H., Bhatt, V., Gautam, S., … Haack, M. (2016). Repeating patterns of sleep restriction and recovery: Do we get used to it? Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 58, 142–151. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.06.001
  • Singh, M., & Das, R. R. (2013). Zinc for the common cold. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (6), CD001364. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001364.pub4.
  • Spielberger, C. D. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Svendsen, I. S., Taylor, I. M., Tønnessen, E., Bahr, R., & Gleeson, M. (2016). Training-related and competition-related risk factors for respiratory tract and gastrointestinal infections in elite cross-country skiers. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(13), 809–815. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095398.
  • Tipton, M. J., Collier, N., Massey, H., Corbett, J., & Harper, M. (2017). Cold water immersion: Kill or cure? Experimental Physiology, 102(11), 1335–1355. doi: 10.1113/EP086283
  • Tomasi, T. B., Trudeau, F. B., Czerwinski, D., & Erredge, S. (1982). Immune parameters in athletes before and after strenuous exercise. Journal of Clinical Immunology, 2(3), 173–178. doi: 10.1007/BF00915219
  • Trammell, R. A., & Toth, L. A. (2008). Genetic susceptibility and resistance to influenza infection and disease in humans and mice. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 8(4), 515–529. doi:10.1586/14737159.8.4.515.
  • Van Tonder, A., Schwellnus, M., Swanevelder, S., Jordaan, E., Derman, W., & Janse van Rensburg, D. C. (2016). A prospective cohort study of 7031 distance runners shows that 1 in 13 report systemic symptoms of an acute illness in the 8-12 day period before a race, increasing their risk of not finishing the race 1.9 times for those runners who started the race: SAFER study IV. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(15), 939–945. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096190.
  • Verde, T., Thomas, S., & Shephard, R. J. (1992). Potential markers of heavy training in highly trained distance runners. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(3), 167–175. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.26.3.167
  • Walrand, S., Moreau, K., Caldefie, F., Tridon, A., Chassagne, J., Portefaix, G., … Boirie, Y. (2001). Specific and nonspecific immune responses to fasting and refeeding differ in healthy young adult and elderly persons. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74(5), 670–678. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/74.5.670
  • Walsh, N. P., Gleeson, M., Pyne, D. B., Nieman, D. C., Dhabhar, F. S., Shephard, R. J., … Kajeniene, A. (2011a). Position statement. Part two: Maintaining immune health. Exercise Immunology Review, 17, 64–103.
  • Walsh, N. P., Gleeson, M., Shephard, R. J., Gleeson, M., Woods, J. A., Bishop, N. C., … Simon, P. (2011b). Position statement. Part one: Immune function and exercise. Exercise Immunology Review, 17, 6–63.
  • Walsh, N. P., & Oliver, S. J. (2016). Exercise, immune function and respiratory infection: An update on the influence of training and environmental stress. Immunology and Cell Biology, 94(2), 132–139. doi:10.1038/icb.2015.99.
  • Wilder-Smith, A., Mustafa, F. B., Peng, C. M., Earnest, A., Koh, D., Lin, G., … MacAry, P. A. (2012). Transient immune impairment after a simulated long-haul flight. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 83(4), 418–423. doi: 10.3357/ASEM.3162.2012
  • Zurawlew, M. J., Walsh, N. P., Fortes, M. B., & Potter, C. (2016). Post-exercise hot water immersion induces heat acclimation and improves endurance exercise performance in the heat. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 26(7), 745–754. doi:10.1111/sms.12638.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.