763
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

Lets go surfing now, everybody’s learning how; attentional strategies on expert and novice surfing performance under both practice and competition conditions

ORCID Icon, , &

References

  • Allsop, J., Lawrence, G. P., Gray, R., & Khan, M. A. (2017). The interaction between practice and performance pressure on the planning and control of fast target directed movement. Psychological Research, 81(5), 1004–1019. doi: 10.1007/s00426-016-0791-0
  • Baumeister, R. F. (1984). Choking under pressure: Self-consciousness and paradoxical effects of incentives on skilful performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 610–620. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.610
  • Beilock, S. L., & Carr, T. H. (2001). On the fragility of skilled performance: What governs choking under pressure? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 701–725. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.701
  • Beilock, S. L., Carr, T. H., MacMahon, C., & Starkes, J. (2002). When paying attention becomes counterproductive: Impact of divided versus skill-focused attention on novice and experienced performance of sensorimotor skills. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 8, 6–16.
  • Bell, J. J., & Hardy, J. (2009). Effects of attentional focus on skilled performance in golf. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21, 163–177. doi: 10.1080/10413200902795323
  • Cassell, V., Beattie, S., & Lawrence, G. P. (2017). Changing performance pressure between training and completion influences action planning because of reduction in the efficiency of action execution. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 31(1), 1–14.
  • Castaneda, B., & Gray, R. (2007). Effects of focus of attention on baseball batting performance in players of differing skill levels. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29, 60–77. doi: 10.1123/jsep.29.1.60
  • Collins, D., Carson, H. J., & Toner, J. (2016). Letter to the editor concerning the article “performance of gymnastics skill benefits from an external focus of attention” by Abdollahipour, Wulf, Psotta & Nieto (2015). Journal of Sports Sciences, 34, 1288–1292. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1098782
  • DeCaro, M. S., Thomas, R. D., Albert, N. B., & Beilock, S. L. (2011). Choking under pressure: Multiple routes to skill failure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140, 390–406. doi: 10.1037/a0023466
  • Eysenck, M. W., & Calvo, M. G. (1992). Anxiety and performance: The processing efficiency theory. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 409–434. doi: 10.1080/02699939208409696
  • Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7, 336–353. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336
  • Fitts, P. M., & Posner, M. I. (1967). Human performance. Oxford: Brooks/Cole.
  • Ford, P., Hodges, N. J., & Williams, A. M. (2005). Online attentional-focus manipulations in a soccer dribbling task: Implications for the proceduralization of motor skills. Journal of Motor Behavior, 37, 386–394. doi: 10.3200/JMBR.37.5.386-394
  • Gucciardi, D. F., Longbottom, J. L., Jackson, B., & Dimmock, J. A. (2010). Experienced golfers’ perspectives on choking under pressure. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 32(1), 61–83. doi: 10.1123/jsep.32.1.61
  • Hill, D. M., Hanton, S., Matthews, N., & Fleming, S. (2010). Choking in sport: A review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 3, 24–39. doi: 10.1080/17509840903301199
  • Krane, V. (1994). The mental readiness form as a measure of competitive state anxiety. The Sport Psychologist, 8, 189–202. doi: 10.1123/tsp.8.2.189
  • Lawrence, G. P., Cassell, V., Beattie, S., Woodman, T., Gottwald, V. M., Khan, M. A., & Hardy, L. (2014). Practice with anxiety improves performance, but only when anxious: Evidence for the specificity of practice hypothesis. Psychological Research, 78, 634–650. doi: 10.1007/s00426-013-0521-9
  • Lawrence, G. P., Gottwald, V. M., Khan, M. A., & Kramer, R. S. (2012). The movement kinematics and learning strategies associated with adopting different foci of attention during both acquisition and anxious performance. Frontiers in Movement Science and Sport Psychology, 3, 468–475.
  • Masters, R. S. W. (1992). Knowledge, knerves and know-how. British Journal of Psychology, 83, 343–358. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1992.tb02446.x
  • Masters, R., & Maxwell, J. (2004). Implicit motor learning, reinvestment and movement disruption. In M. Williams & N. Hodges (Eds.), Skill Acquisition in Sport—Research, Theory and Practice (pp. 207–228). London: Routledge.
  • Masters, R., & Maxwell, J. (2008). The theory of reinvestment. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1, 160–183. doi: 10.1080/17509840802287218
  • Mullen, R., Faull, A., Jones, E. S., & Kingston, K. (2012). Attentional focus and performance anxiety: Effects on simulated race-driving performance and heart rate variability. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 426. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00426
  • Mullen, R., Hardy, L., & Tattersall, A. (2005). The effects of anxiety on motor performance: A test of the conscious processing hypothesis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 27, 212–225. doi: 10.1123/jsep.27.2.212
  • Oudejans, R. R. D., & Pijpers, J. R. R. (2010). Training with mild anxiety may prevent choking under higher levels of anxiety. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(1), 44–50. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.05.002
  • Robazza, C., Bortoli, L., & Nougier, V. (2000). Performance emotions in an elite archer: A case study. Journal of Sport Behavior, 23, 144–163.
  • Totsika, V., & Wulf, G. (2003). The influence of external and internal foci of attention on transfer to novel situations and skills. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 74, 220–232. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2003.10609084
  • Wilson, M. R., Wood, G., & Vine, S. J. (2009). Anxiety, attentional control, and performance impairment in penalty kicks. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31, 761–775. doi: 10.1123/jsep.31.6.761
  • Wulf, G. (2013). Attentional focus and motor learning: A review of 15 years. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6, 77–104. doi: 10.1080/1750984X.2012.723728
  • Wulf, G., Höß, M., & Prinz, W. (1998). Instructions for motor learning: Differential effects of internal versus external focus of attention. Journal of Motor Behavior, 30, 169–179. doi: 10.1080/00222899809601334
  • Wulf, G., & Lewthwaite, R. (2010). Effortless motor learning? An external focus of attention enhances movement effectiveness and efficiency. In B. Bruya (Ed.), Effortless attention: A new perspective in attention and action (pp. 75–101). Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Wulf, G., & Lewthwaite, R. (2016). Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning. Psychonomic Bulletin Review, 23, 1382–1414. doi: 10.3758/s13423-015-0999-9
  • Wulf, G., & McNevin, N. H. (2003). Simply distracting learners is not enough: More evidence for the learning benefits of an external focus of attention. European Journal of Sport Science, 3, 1–13. doi: 10.1080/17461390300073501
  • Wulf, G., McNevin, N. H., & Shea, C. H. (2001). The automaticity of complex motor skill learning as a function of attentional focus. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 54, 1143–1154. doi: 10.1080/713756012
  • Wulf, G., & Prinz, W. (2001). Directing attention to movement effects enhances learning: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, 648–660. doi: 10.3758/BF03196201

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.