Patellofemoral joint kinetics in females when using different depths and loads during the barbell back squat

References

• Baechle, T., & Earle, R. (Eds.). (2008). Essentials of strength and conditioning. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Boling, M., Padua, D., Marshall, S., Guskiewicz, K., Pyne, S., & Beutler, A. (2010). Gender differences in the incidence and prevalence of patellofemoral pain syndrome. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20(5), 725–730. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00996.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brechter, J. H., & Powers, C. M. (2002a). Patellofemoral joint stress during stair ascent and descent in persons with and without patellofemoral pain. Gait & Posture, 16(2), 115–123. doi: 10.1016/S0966-6362(02)00090-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brechter, J. H., & Powers, C. M. (2002b). Patellofemoral stress during walking in persons with and without patellofemoral pain. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 34(10), 1582–1593. doi:10.1016/S0966-6362(02)00090-5 doi: 10.1097/00005768-200210000-00009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryanton, M. A., Carey, J. P., Kennedy, M. D., & Chiu, L. Z. F. (2015). Quadriceps effort during squat exercise depends on hip extensor muscle strategy. Sports Biomechanics, 14(1), 122–138. doi: 10.1080/14763141.2015.1024716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caterisano, A., Raymond, F., Pellinger, T. K., Woodruff, K., Lewis, V. C., Booth, W., & Khadra, T. (2002). The effect of back squat depth on the EMG activity of 4 superficial hip and thigh muscles. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 16(3), 428–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contreras, B., Vigotsky, A. D., Schoenfeld, B. J., Beardsley, C., & Cronin, J. (2016). A comparison of gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, and vastus lateralis electromyography amplitude for the barbell, band, and American hip thrust variations. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 32(3), 254–260. doi: 10.1123/jab.2015-0091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotter, J. A., Chaudhari, A. M., Jamison, S. T., & Devor, S. T. (2013). Knee joint kinetics in relation to commonly prescribed squat loads and depths. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(7), 1765–1774. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182773319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crossley, K. M., Middelkoop, M. V., Callaghan, M. J., Collins, N. J., Rathleff, M. S., & Barton, C. J. (2016). 2016 patellofemoral pain consensus statement from the 4th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Manchester. Part 2: Recommended physical interventions (exercise, taping, bracing, foot orthoses and combined interventions). British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50, 844–852. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crossley, K. M., Stefanik, J. J., Selfe, J., Collins, N. J., Davis, I. S., Powers, C. M., … Callaghan, M. J. (2016). 2016 patellofemoral pain consensus statement from the 4th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Manchester. Part 1: Terminology, definitions, clinical examination, natural history, patellofemoral osteoarthritis and patient-reported outcome measures. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(14), 839–843. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlkvist, N., Mayo, P., & Seedhom, B. (1982). Forces during squatting and rising from a deep squat. Engineering in Medicine, 11(2), 69–76. doi: 10.1243/EMED_JOUR_1982_011_019_02
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• da Silva, J. J., Schoenfeld, B. J., Marchetti, P., Pecoraro, S., Greve, J., & Marchetti, P. (2017). Muscle activation differs between partial and full back squat exercise with external load equated. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(6), 1688–1693. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVita, P., & Hortobagyi, T. (2001). Functional knee brace alters predicted knee muscle and joint forces in people with ACL reconstruction during walking. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 17(4), 297–311. doi: 10.1123/jab.17.4.297
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escamilla, R. F., Fleisig, G. S., Lowry, T. M., Barrentine, S. W., & Andrews, J. R. (2001). A three-dimensional biomechanical analysis of the squat during varying stance widths. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(6), 984–998. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200106000-00019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escamilla, R. F., Fleisig, G. S., Zheng, N., Barrentine, S., Wilk, K., & Andrews, J. (1998). Biomechanics of the knee during closed kinetic chain and open kinetic chain exercises. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 30(4), 556–569. doi: 10.1097/00005768-199804000-00014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escamilla, R. F., Fleisig, G. S., Zheng, N., Lander, J. E., Barrentine, S. W., Andrews, J. R., … Moorman, C. T. (2001). Effects of technique variations on knee biomechanics during the squat and leg press. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33(9), 1552–1566. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200109000-00020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores, V., Becker, J., Burkhardt, E., & Cotter, J. (2020). Knee kinetics during squats of varying loads and depths in recreationally trained females. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 34(7), 1945–1952. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000002509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill, H., & O’Connor, J. (1996). Biarticulating two-dimensional computer model of the human patellofemoral joint. Clinical Biomechanics, 11(2), 81–89. doi: 10.1016/0268-0033(95)00021-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann, H., Wirth, K., & Klusemann, M. (2013). Analysis of the load on the knee joint and vertebral column with changes in squatting depth and weight load. Sports Medicine, 43(10), 993–1008. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0073-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins, W. (2006). Effect statistics. Retrieved January 12, 2018, from http://www.sportsci.org/resource/stats/
   Google Scholar
• Kernozek, T. W., Vannatta, C. N., & van den Bogert, A. J. (2015). Comparison of two methods of determining patellofemoral joint stress during dynamic activities. Gait & Posture, 42(2), 218–222. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.05.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, P., Mattys, S., & Rooze, M. (1996). Moment arm length variations of selected muscles acting on talocrural and subtalar joints during movement: An in vitro study. Journal of Biomechanics, 29(1), 21–30. doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(95)00025-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulmala, J. P., Avela, J., Pasanen, K., & Parkkari, J. (2013). Forefoot strikers exhibit lower running-induced knee loading than rearfoot strikers. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(12), 2306–2313. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31829efcf7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, T. C., Yang, N., Ho, K., Farrokhi, S., & Powers, C. M. (2015). Femur rotation increases patella cartilage stress in females with patellofemoral pain. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 47(9), 1775–1780. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuda, S., Ishinishi, T., White, S. E., & Whiteside, L. A. (1997). Patellofemoral joint after total knee arthroplasty: Effect on contact area and contact stress. The Journal of Arthroplasty, 12(7), 790–797. doi: 10.1016/S0883-5403(97)90010-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Németh, G., & Ohlsén, H. (1985). In vivo moment arm lengths for hip extensor muscles at different angles of hip flexion. Journal of Biomechanics, 18(2), 129–140. doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(85)90005-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly, D. T., & Martens, M. (1972). Experimental analysis of the quadriceps muscle force and patello-femoral joint reaction force for various activities. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, 43(2), 126–137. doi: 10.3109/17453677208991251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roper, J. L., Harding, E. M., Doerfler, D., Dexter, J. G., Kravitz, L., Dufek, J. S., & Mermier, C. M. (2016). The effects of gait retraining in runners with patellofemoral pain: A randomized trial. Clinical Biomechanics, 35(5), 14–22. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2016.03.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salem, G. J., & Powers, C. M. (2001). Patellofemoral joint kinetics during squatting in collegiate women athletes. Clinical Biomechanics, 16(5), 424–430. doi: 10.1016/S0268-0033(01)00017-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato, K., Fortenbaugh, D., Hydock, D. S., & Heise, G. D. (2013). Comparison of back squat kinematics between barefoot and shoe conditions. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 8(3), 571–578. doi: 10.1260/1747-9541.8.3.571
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spoor, C. W., & van Leeuwen, J. L. (1992). Knee muscle moment arms from MRI and from tendon travel. Journal of Biomechanics, 25(2), 201–206. doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(92)90276-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spoor, C. W., van Leeuwen, J. L., Meskers, C. G. M., Titulaer, A. F., & Huson, A. (1990). Estimation of instantaneous moment arms of lower-leg muscles. Journal of Biomechanics, 23(12), 1247–1259. doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(90)90382-D
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USA Powerlifting. USA Powerlifting: Lifter’s Handbook.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, D. A., Salem, G. J., Salinas, R., & Powers, C. M. (2002). Patellofemoral joint kinetics while squatting with and without an external load. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 32(4), 141–148. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2002.32.4.141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, S. R., Eng, C. M., Smallwood, L. H., & Lieber, R. L. (2009). Are current measurements of lower extremity muscle architecture accurate? Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 467(4), 1074–1082. doi: 10.1007/s11999-008-0594-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, S. R., Terk, M. R., & Powers, C. M. (2007). Patella Alta: Association with patellofemoral alignment and changes in contact area during weight-bearing. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 89A, 1749–1755. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.F.00508
   Google Scholar
• Willson, J. D., Ratcliff, O. M., Meardon, S. A., & Willy, R. W. (2015). Influence of step length and landing pattern on patellofemoral joint kinetics during running. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 25(6), 736–743. doi: 10.1111/sms.12383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willy, R. W., Halsey, L., Hayek, A., Johnson, H., & Willson, J. D. (2016). Patellofemoral joint and achilles tendon loads during overground and treadmill running. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 46(8), 664–672. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2016.6494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wretenberg, P., Feng, Y., Lindberg, F., & Arboreilus, W. (1993). Joint moments of force and quadriceps muscle activity during squatting exercise. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 3, 244–250. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1993.tb00389.x
   Google Scholar
• Zelle, J., Barink, M., De Waal Malefijt, M., & Verdonschot, N. (2009). Thigh-calf contact: Does it affect the loading of the knee in the high-flexion range? Journal of Biomechanics, 42(5), 587–593. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.12.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar