Commercially available carbohydrate drink with menthol fails to improve thermal perception or cycling exercise capacity in males

References

• Ansley, L., Marvin, G., Sharma, A., Kendall, M. J., Jones, D. A., & Bridge, M. W. (2008). The effects of head cooling on endurance and neuroendocrine responses to exercise in warm conditions. Physiological Research, 57(6), 863–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barwood, M. J., Gibson, O. R., Gillis, D. J., Jeffries, O., Morris, N. B., Pearce, J., … Best, R. (2020). Menthol as an ergogenic aid for the Tokyo 2021 Olympic Games: An expert-led consensus statement using the modified delphi method. Sports Medicine, 50(10), 1709–1727. doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01313-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borg, G. A. (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 14(5), 377–381. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7154893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, L. M. (2017). Practical issues in evidence-based use of performance supplements: Supplement interactions, repeated Use and individual responses. Sports Medicine, 47(s1), 79–100. doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0687-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carter, J. M., Jeukendrup, A. E., & Jones, D. A. (2004). The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on 1-h cycle time trial performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(12), 2107–2111. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000147585.65709.6F
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers, E. S., Bridge, M. W., & Jones, D. A. (2009). Carbohydrate sensing in the human mouth: Effects on exercise performance and brain activity. Journal of Physiology, 587(8), 1779–1794. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2008.164285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, S. S. (2021). E-racing and e-science. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 16(6), 751–751. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2021-0129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciuha, U., Grönkvist, M., Mekjavic, I. B., & Eiken, O. (2016). Strategies for increasing evaporative cooling during simulated desert patrol mission. Ergonomics, 59(2), 298–309. doi:10.1080/00140139.2015.1061142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer, M. N., & Jay, O. (2016). Biophysical aspects of human thermoregulation during heat stress. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical, 196, 3–13. doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2016.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currell, K., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2008). Validity, reliability and sensitivity of measures of sporting performance. Sports Medicine, 38(4), 297–316. doi:10.2165/00007256-200838040-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eccles, R. (1994). Menthol and related cooling compounds. The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 46(8), 618–630. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1994.tb03871.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein, Y., & Moran, D. S. (2006). Thermal comfort and the heat stress indices. Industrial Health, 44(3), 388–398. doi:10.2486/indhealth.44.388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flood, T. R., Waldron, M., & Jeffries, O. (2017). Oral l-menthol reduces thermal sensation, increases work-rate and extends time to exhaustion, in the heat at a fixed rating of perceived exertion. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 117(7), 1501–1512. doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3645-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, O. R., James, C. A., Mee, J. A., Willmott, A. G. B., Turner, G, Hayes, M., Maxwell, N. S., & Maxwell, N. S. (2020). Heat alleviation strategies for athletic performance: A review and practitioner guidelines. Temperature, 7(1), 3–36. doi:10.1080/23328940.2019.1666624
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gonzàlez-Alonso, J., Teller, C., Andersen, S. L., Jensen, F. B., Hyldig, T., & Nielsen, B. (1999). Influence of body temperature on the development of fatigue during prolonged exercise in the heat. Journal of Applied Physiology, 86(3), 1032–1039. doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.86.3.1032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iannetta, D., Inglis, E. C., Pogliaghi, S., Murias, J. M., & Keir, D. A. (2020). A “step-ramp-step” protocol to identify the maximal metabolic steady state. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 52(9), 2011–2019. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000002343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffries, O., & Waldron, M. (2019). The effects of menthol on exercise performance and thermal sensation: A meta-analysis. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 22(6), 707–715. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2018.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeukendrup, A. E., Wagenmakers, A. J., Stegen, J. H., Gijsen, A. P., Brouns, F., & Saris, W. H. (1999). Carbohydrate ingestion can completely suppress endogenous glucose production during exercise. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 276(4), E672–E683.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane, S. C., Bird, S. R., Burke, L. M., & Hawley, J. A. (2013). Effect of a carbohydrate mouth rinse on simulated cycling time-trial performance commenced in a fed or fasted state. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 38(2), 134–139. doi:10.1139/apnm-2012-0300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKemy, D. D., Neuhausser, W. M., & Julius, D. (2002). Identification of a cold receptor reveals a general role for TRP channels in thermosensation. Nature, 416(6876), 52–58. doi:10.1038/nature719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mündel, T., & Jones, D. A. (2010). The effects of swilling an l(-)-menthol solution during exercise in the heat. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 109(1), 59–65. doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1180-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parton, A. J., Waldron, M., Clifford, T., & Jeffries, O. (2021). Thermo-behavioural responses to orally applied l-menthol exhibit sex-specific differences during exercise in a hot environment. Physiology & Behavior, 229, 113250. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, T., Ishiuji, Y., & Yosipovitch, G. (2007). Menthol: A refreshing look at this ancient compound. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 57(5), 873–878. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2007.04.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peier, A. M., Moqrich, A., Hergarden, A. C., Reeve, A. J., Anderson, D. A., Story, G. M., … Patapoutian, A. (2002). A TRP channel that senses cold stimuli and menthol. Cell, 108(5), 705–715. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00652-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Periard, J. D., Eijsvogels, T. M. H., & Daanen, H. A. M. (2021). Exercise under heat stress: Thermoregulation, hydration, performance implications and mitigation strategies. Physiological Reviews, 101(4), 1873–1979. doi:10.1152/physrev.00038.2020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramanathan, N. L. (1964). A new weighting system for mean surface temperature of the human body. Journal of Applied Physiology, 19(3), 531–533. doi:10.1152/jappl.1964.19.3.531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riera, F., Trong, T. T., Sinnapah, S., & Hue, O. (2014). Physical and perceptual cooling with beverages to increase cycle performance in a tropical climate. PLoS ONE, 9(8), e103718. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlader, Z. J., Simmons, S. E., Stannard, S. R., & Mündel, T. (2011). The independent roles of temperature and thermal perception in the control of human thermoregulatory behavior. Physiology and Behavior, 103(2), 217–224. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze, E., Daanen, H. A. M., Levels, K., Casadio, J. R., Plews, D. J., Kilding, A. E., … Laursen, P. B. (2015). Effect of thermal state and thermal comfort on cycling performance in the heat. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 10(5), 655–663. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2014-0281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stellingwerff, T., & Cox, G. R. (2014). Systematic review: Carbohydrate supplementation on exercise performance or capacity of varying durations. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism = Physiologie Appliquee, Nutrition et Metabolisme, 39(9), 998–1011. doi:10.1139/apnm-2014-0027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, C. J., Bennett, K. J., Sculley, D. V., Callister, R., Taylor, L., & Dascombe, B. J. (2017). A comparison of mixed-method cooling interventions on preloaded running performance in the heat. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(3), 620–629. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000001532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, C. J., & Best, R. (2016). Menthol: A fresh ergogenic aid for athletic performance. Sports Medicine, 1–8. doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0652-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, C. J., Mauger, A. R., Hassmen, P., & Taylor, L. (2018). Endurance performance is influenced by perceptions of pain and temperature: Theory, applications and safety considerations. Sports Medicine, 48(3), 525–537. doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0852-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, C. J., Ross, M. L. R., & Vogel, R. M. (2021). Development of a “cooling” menthol energy gel for endurance athletes: Effect of menthol concentration on acceptability and preferences. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 31(1), 40–45. doi:10.1123/IJSNEM.2020-0190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, D. T., Erdman, K. A., & Burke, L. M. (2016). Nutrition and Athletic performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(3), 543–568. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UCI. (2020). Stars plug in from all around the globe for the first Zwift UCI Cycling Esports World Championships. Retrieved from https://www.uci.org/news/2020/stars-plug-in-from-all-around-the-globe-for-the-first-zwift-uci-cycling-esports-world-championships
   Google Scholar
• Wright Beatty, H. E., Hardcastle, S. G., Boulay, P., Flouris, A. D., & Kenny, G. P. (2015). Increased air velocity reduces thermal and cardiovascular strain in young and older males during humid exertional heat stress. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 12(9), 625–634. doi:10.1080/15459624.2015.1029613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanovich, R., Ketko, I., & Charkoudian, N. (2020). Sex differences in human thermoregulation: Relevance for 2020 and beyond. Physiology, 35(3), 177–184. doi:10.1152/physiol.00035.2019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar