Comparative upper-quarter posture analysis of female adolescent freestyle swimmers and non-swimmers

References

• Atalar, H., Yilmaz, C., Polat, O., Selek, H., Uras, I., & Yanik, B. (2009). Restricted scapular mobility during arm abduction: Implications for impingement syndrome. Acta Orthopaedic Belgica, 75(1), 19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brink, Y., Crous, L. C., Louw, Q. A., Grimmer-Somers, K., & Schreve, K. (2009). The association between postural alignment and psychosocial factors to upper quadrant pain in high school students: A prospective study. Journal of Manual Therapy, 14(6), 647–653. doi:10.1016/j.math.2009.02.005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chansirinukor, W., Wilson, D., Grimmer, K., & Dansie, B. (2001). Effects of backpacks on students: Measurement of cervical and shoulder posture. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 47(2), 110–116. doi:10.1016/S0004-9514(14)60302-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, A. K., McGrath, M. L., Harrington, S. E., Padua, D. A., Rucinski, T. J., & Prentice, W. E. (2013). Scapular bracing and alteration of posture and muscle activity in overhead athletes with poor posture. Journal of Athletic Training, 48(1), 12–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cools, A. M., Cambier, D., & Witvrouw, E. E. (2008). Screening the athlete’s shoulder for impingement symptoms: A clinical reasoning algorithm for early detection of shoulder pathology. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(1), 628–635. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.048074
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Wall, M., Van Riel, M. P. J. M., Aghina, J. C. F. M., Burdorf, F. A., & Snijders, C. J. (1996). Improving the sitting posture of CAD/CAM workers by increasing VDU monitor working height. Journal of Ergonomics, 1(35), 427–436. doi:10.1080/00140139208967823
   Google Scholar
• Fritz, C. O., Morris, P. E., & Richler, J. J. (2012). Effect size estimates: Current use, calculations, and interpretation. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 141(1), 2–18. doi:10.1037/a0024338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guth, E. H. (1995). A comparison of cervical rotation in age-matched adolescent competitive swimmers and healthy males. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 21(1), 21–27. doi:10.2519/jospt.1995.21.1.21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibberd, E. E., Laudner, K., Berkoff, D. J., Kucera, K. L., Yu, B., & Myers, J. B. (2016). Comparison of upper extremity physical characteristics between adolescent competitive swimmers and nonoverhead athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 51(1), 65–69. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-51.2.04
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibberd, E. E., Oyama, S., Spang, J. T., Prentice, W., & Myers, J. B. (2012). Effect of a 6-week strengthening program on shoulder and scapular-stabilizer strength and scapular kinematics in division I collegiate swimmers. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 21(3), 253–265. doi:10.1123/jsr.21.3.253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houglum, P. A. (2016). Therapeutic exercise for musculoskeletal injuries 4th edition. Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Hung, C. J., Hsieh, C. L., Yang, P. L., & Lin, J. J. (2010). Relationships between posterior shoulder muscle stiffness and rotation in patients with stiff shoulder. Journal of the UEMS European Board of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 42(3), 216–220. doi:10.2340/16501977-0504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluemper, M., Uhl, T. L., & Hazelrigg, H. (2006). Effect of stretching and strengthening shoulder muscles on forward shoulder posture in competitive swimmers. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 15(1), 58–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohl III, H. W., & Cook, H. D. (2013). Educating the student body: Taking physical activity and physical education to school. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kratěnová, J., ŽEjglicová, K., Malý, M., & Filipová, V. (2007). Prevalence and risk factors of poor posture in school children in the Czech republic. Journal of School Health, 77(3), 131–137. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2007.00182.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laudner, K. G., Wenig, M., Selkow, N. M., Williams, J., & Post, E. (2015). Forward shoulder posture in collegiate swimmers: A comparative analysis of muscle-energy techniques. Journal of Athletic Training, 50(11), 1133–1139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, J., Green, A., & Wright, C. (2005). Subacromial impingement syndrome: The role of posture and muscle imbalance. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 14(4), 385–392. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2004.08.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liaghat, B., Juul-Kristensen, B., Frydendal, T., Larsen, C. M., Søgaard, K., & Salo, A. I. T. (2018). Competitive swimmers with hypermobility have strength and fatigue deficits in shoulder medial rotation. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 39, 1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marfell-Jones, M., Olds, T., Stewart, A., & Carter, L. (2006). International standards for anthropometric assessment. Potchefstroom, South Africa: ISAK.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews, M. J., Green, D., Matthews, H., & Swanwick, E. (2017). The effect of swimming fatigue on shoulder strength, range of motion, joint control, and performance in swimmers. Physical Therapy in Sport, 23(1), 118–122. doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2016.08.011
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meeuwisse, W. H., Tyreman, H., Hagel, B., & Emery, C. (2007). A dynamic model of etiology in sport injury: The recursive nature of risk and causation. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 17(3), 215–219. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e3180592a48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michener, L. A., McClure, P. W., & Karduna, A. R. (2003). Anatomical and biomechanical mechanisms of subacromial impingement syndrome. Clinical Biomechanics, 18(5), 369–379. doi:10.1016/S0268-0033(03)00047-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oja, P., Titze, S., Kokko, S., Kujala, U. M., Heinonen, A., Kelly, P., … Foster, C. (2015). Health benefits of different sport disciplines for adults: Systematic review of observational and intervention studies with meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(7), 434–440. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page, P. (2011). Shoulder muscle imbalance and subacromial impingement syndrome in overhead athletes. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 6(1), 51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patton, G. C., & Viner, R. (2007). Pubertal transitions in health. The Lancet, 369(9567), 1130–1139. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60366-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prentice, W. E. (2017). Principles of athletic training: A guide to evidence-based clinical practice. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill Education.
   Google Scholar
• Ruivo, R. M., Pezarat-Correia, P., & Carita, A. I. (2014). Cervical and shoulder postural assessment of adolescents between 15 and 17 years old and association with upper quadrant pain. The Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 18(4), 364–371. doi:10.1590/bjpt-rbf.2014.0027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sport & Recreation South Africa. (2016). https://www.gov.za/about-sa/sport-recreation.
   Google Scholar
• Stirn, I., Jarm, T., Kapus, V., & Strojnik, V. (2011). Evaluation of muscle fatigue during 100-m front crawl. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(1), 101–113. doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1624-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straker, L. M., O’Sullivan, P. B., Smith, A. J., & Perry, M. C. (2009). Relationship between prolonged neck/shoulder pain and sitting spinal posture in male and female adolescents. Manual Therapy, 14(3), 321–329. doi:10.1016/j.math.2008.04.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swimming South Africa: Qualifying Standards. (2020). https://www.centralgautengaquatics.co.za/swimming/qualifying-standards/ (Accessed 2 March 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Szczygieł, E., Węglarz, K., Piotrowski, K., Mazur, T., Mętel, S., & Golec, J. (2015). Biomechanical influences on head posture and the respiratory movements of the chest. Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics, 17(2), 143–148. doi:10.5277/ABB-00118-2014-02
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thigpen, C. A., Padua, D. A., & Michener, L. A. (2010). Head and shoulder posture affect scapular mechanics and muscle activity in overhead tasks. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 20(4), 701–709. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Niekerk, S. M., Louw, Q., Vaughan, C., Grimmer-Somers, K., & Schreve, K. (2008). Photographic measurement of upper-body sitting posture of high school students: A reliability and validity study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 9(1), 113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Virag, B., Hibberd, E., Oyama, S., Padua, D., & Myers, J. B. (2014). Prevalence of freestyle biomechanical errors in elite competitive swimmers. Journal of Sports Health, 6(3), 218–224.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker, H., Gabbe, B., Wajswelner, H., Blanch, P., & Bennell, K. (2012). Shoulder pain in swimmers: A 12-month prospective cohort study of incidence and risk factors. Journal of Physical Therapy in Sport, 13(4), 243–249. doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2012.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanivenhaus, F., Fox, A. J., Chaudhury, S., & Rodeo, S. A. (2012). Epidemiology of injuries and prevention strategies in competitive swimmers. Sports Health, 4(3), 246–251.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wojtys, E. M., Ashton-Miller, J. A., Huston, L. J., & Moga, P. J. (2000). The association between athletic training time and the sagittal curvature of the immature spine. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 28(4), 490–498. doi:10.1177/03635465000280040801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaina, F., Donzelli, S., Lusini, M., Minnella, S., & Negrini, S. (2015). Swimming and spinal deformities: A cross-sectional study. The Journal of Pediatrics, 166(1), 163–167. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.09.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar