Effects of 24-week prebiotic intervention on self-reported upper respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, and markers of immunity in elite rugby union players

References

• Cox, A. J., Pyne, D. B., Saunders, P. U., & Fricker, P. A. (2010). Oral administration of the probiotic lactobacillus fermentum VRI-003 and mucosal immunity in endurance athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(4), 222–226. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2007.044628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunniffe, B., Griffiths, H., Proctor, W., Jones, K. P., Baker, J. S., & Davies, B. (2009). Illness monitoring in team sports using a Web-based training diary. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 19(6), 476–481. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181c125d3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Depeint, F., Tzortzis, G., Vulevic, J., I'anson, K., & Gibson, G. R. (2008). Prebiotic evaluation of a novel galactooligosaccharide mixture produced by the enzymatic activity of Bifidobacterium bifidum NCIMB 41171, in healthy humans: A randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled intervention study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 87(3), 785–791. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.3.785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drakoularakou, A., Tzortzis, G., Rastall, R. A., & Gibson, G. R. (2010). A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized human study assessing the capacity of a novel galacto-oligosaccharide mixture in reducing travellers’ diarrhoea. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 64(2), 146–152. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2009.120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drew, M. K., Vlahovich, N., Hughes, D., Appaneal, R., Peterson, K., Burke, L., Lundy, B., Toomey, M., Watts, D., Lovell, G., Praet, S., Halson, S., Colbey, C., Manzanero, S., Welvaert, M., West, N., Pyne, D. B., Waddington, G., (2017). A multifactorial evaluation of illness risk factors in athletes preparing for the summer Olympic games. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20(8), 745–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.02.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaskell, S. K., Snipe, R. M., & Costa, R. J. (2019). Test–retest reliability of a modified visual analog scale assessment tool for determining incidence and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in response to exercise stress. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 29(4), 411–419. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, G. R., Hutkins, R., Sanders, M. E., Prescott, S. L., Reimer, R. A., Salminen, S. J., Stanton, C., Swanson, K. S., Cani, P. D., Verbeke, K., Reid, G. (2017). Expert consensus document: The international scientific association for probiotics and prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 14(8), 491–502. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2017.75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleeson, M., Bishop, N., Oliveira, M., McCauley, T., Tauler, P., & Muhamad, A. S. (2012). Respiratory infection risk in athletes: Association with antigen-stimulated IL-10 production and salivary IgA secretion. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 22(3), 410–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01272.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleeson, M., Bishop, N. C., Oliveira, M., McCauley, T., Tauler, P., & Lawrence, C. (2012). Effects of a lactobacillus salivarius probiotic intervention on infection, cold symptom duration and severity, and mucosal immunity in endurance athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 22(4), 235–242. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.22.4.235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleeson, M., Bishop, N. C., Oliveira, M., & Tauler, P. (2011). Daily probiotic’s (lactobacillus casei shirota) reduction of infection incidence in athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 21(1), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.21.1.55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasle, G., Raastad, R., Bjune, G., Jenum, P. A., & Heier, L. (2017). Can a galacto-oligosaccharide reduce the risk of traveller’s diarrhoea? A placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study. Journal of Travel Medicine, 24(5). https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/tax057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haywood, B. A., Black, K. E., Baker, D., McGarvey, J., Healey, P., & Brown, R. C. (2014). Probiotic supplementation reduces the duration and incidence of infections but not severity in elite rugby union players. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 17(4), 356–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellard, P., Avalos, M., Guimaraes, F., Toussaint, J., & Pyne, D. B. (2015). Training-related risk of common illnesses in elite swimmers over a 4-yr period. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 47(4), 698–707. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernot, D. C., Boileau, T. W., Bauer, L. L., Middelbos, I. S., Murphy, M. R., Swanson, K. S., Fahey, G. C. (2009). In vitro fermentation profiles, gas production rates, and microbiota modulation as affected by certain fructans, galactooligosaccharides, and polydextrose. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57(4), 1354–1361. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf802484j
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, C., Davoodi-Semiromi, Y., Colee, J. C., Culpepper, T., Dahl, W. J., Mai, V., Christman, M. C., & Langkamp-Henken, B. (2011). Galactooligosaccharide supplementation reduces stress-induced gastrointestinal dysfunction and days of cold or flu: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in healthy university students. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 93(6), 1305–1311. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.014126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, G. G., Dowling, H. F., Spiesman, I. G., & Boand, A. V. (1958). Transmission of the common cold to volunteers under controlled conditions: I. The Common Cold as a Clinical Entity. AMA Archives of Internal Medicine, 101(2), 267–278. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1958.00260140099015
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keaney, L. C., Kilding, A. E., Merien, F., Shaw, D. M., Borotkanics, R. J., & Cupples, B. (2021). Predictors of upper respiratory tract symptom risk: Differences between elite rugby union and league players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1888430
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariadason, J. M., Barkla, D. H., & Gibson, P. R. (1997). Effect of short-chain fatty acids on paracellular permeability in caco-2 intestinal epithelium model. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 272(4), G705–G712. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1997.272.4.G705
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martineau, A. R., Hanifa, Y., Witt, K. D., Barnes, N. C., Hooper, R. L., Patel, M., Stevens, N., Enayat, Z., Balayah, Z., Syed, A., Knight, A., Jolliffe, D. A., Greiller, C. L., McLaughlin, D., Venton, T. R., Rowe, M., Timms, P. M., Clark, D., Sadique, Z., … Griffiths, C. J. (2015). Double-blind randomised controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation for the prevention of acute respiratory infection in older adults and their carers (ViDiFlu). Thorax, 70(10), 953–960. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-206996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, E. M., & Bateman, E. D. (1983). Ultramarathon running and upper respiratory tract infections-an epidemiological survey. South African Medical Journal, 64(16), 582–584. PMID: 6623247.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roberfroid, M., Gibson, G. R., Hoyles, L., McCartney, A. L., Rastall, R., Rowland, I., Wolvers, D., Watzl, B., Szajewska, H., Stahl, B., Guarner, F., Respondek, F., Whelan, K., Coxam, V., Davicco, M.-J., Léotoing, L., Wittrant, Y., Delzenne, N. M., Cani, P. D., … Meheust, A. (2010). Prebiotic effects: Metabolic and health benefits. British Journal of Nutrition, 104(S2), S1–S63. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510003363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strasser, B., Geiger, D., Schauer, M., Gostner, J. M., Gatterer, H., Burtscher, M., … Fuchs, D. (2016). Probiotic supplements beneficially affect tryptophan–kynurenine metabolism and reduce the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections in trained athletes: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients, 8(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8110752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svendsen, I. S., Taylor, I. M., Tønnessen, E., Bahr, R., & Gleeson, M. (2016). Training-related and competition-related risk factors for respiratory tract and gastrointestinal infections in elite cross-country skiers. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(13), 809–815. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiernan, C., Lyons, M., Comyns, T., Nevill, A. M., & Warrington, G. (2020). Salivary IgA as a predictor of upper respiratory tract infections and relationship to training load in elite rugby union players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 34(3), 782–790. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vulevic, J., Drakoularakou, A., Yaqoob, P., Tzortzis, G., & Gibson, G. R. (2008). Modulation of the fecal microflora profile and immune function by a novel trans-galactooligosaccharide mixture (B-GOS) in healthy elderly volunteers. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 88(5), 1438–1446. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vulevic, J., Juric, A., Tzortzis, G., & Gibson, G. R. (2013). A mixture of trans-galactooligosaccharides reduces markers of metabolic syndrome and modulates the fecal microbiota and immune function of overweight adults. The Journal of Nutrition, 143(3), 324–331. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.112.166132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vulevic, J., Juric, A., Walton, G. E., Claus, S. P., Tzortzis, G., Toward, R. E., & Gibson, G. R. (2015). Influence of galacto-oligosaccharide mixture (B-GOS) on gut microbiota, immune parameters and metabonomics in elderly persons. British Journal of Nutrition, 114(4), 586–595. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114515001889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wentz, L. M., Ward, M. D., Potter, C., Oliver, S. J., Jackson, S., Izard, R. M., Greeves, J. P., & Walsh, N. P. (2018). Increased risk of upper respiratory infection in military recruits who report sleeping less than 6 h per night. Military Medicine, 183(11-12), e699–e704. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usy090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, N. P., Pyne, D. B., Cripps, A. W., Hopkins, W. G., Eskesen, D. C., & Jairath, A. (2011). Lactobacillus fermentum (PCC®) supplementation and gastrointestinal and respiratory-tract illness symptoms: A randomised control trial in athletes. Nutrition Journal, 10(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-10-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams, N. C., Johnson, M. A., Shaw, D. E., Spendlove, I., Vulevic, J., Sharpe, G. R., & Hunter, K. A. (2016). A prebiotic galactooligosaccharide mixture reduces severity of hyperpnoea-induced bronchoconstriction and markers of airway inflammation. British Journal of Nutrition, 116(5), 798–804. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114516002762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, Q., Dong, B. R., & Hao, Q. (2022). Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006895.pub4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar