Assessing the behavioural trajectories of terrorists: The role of psychological resilience

References

• Abiola, T., & Udofia, O. (2011). Psychometric assessment of the Wagnild and Young’s resilience scale in Kano, Nigeria. BMC Research Notes, 4(509), 1–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abolghasemi, A., & Taklavi Varaniyab, S. (2010). Resilience and perceived stress: Predictors of life satisfaction in the students of success and failure. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 748–752.
   Google Scholar
• Altier, M. B., Horgan, J., & Thoroughgood, C. (2012). In their own words? Methodological considerations in the analysis of terrorist autobiographies. Journal of Strategic Security, 5(4), 85–98.
   Google Scholar
• Altier, M. B., Leonard Boyle, E., & Horgan, J. (2020). Terrorist transformations: The link between terrorist roles and terrorist disengagement. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 1–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2019.1700038
   Google Scholar
• Altier, M. B., Leonard Boyle, E., & Horgan, J. (2021). Returning to the fight: An empirical analysis of terrorist reengagement and recidivism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 33(4), 836–860.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altier, M. B., Leonard Boyle, E., Shortland, N., & Horgan, J. (2017). Why they leave: An analysis of terrorist disengagement events from eighty-seven autobiographical accounts. Security Studies, 26(2), 305–332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amaya-Jackson, L., & March, J. S. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder. In J. March (Ed.), Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents (1st ed., pp. 276–300). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Antony Viera, A., & Garrett, J. (2005). Understanding interobserver agreement: The Kappa statistic. Family Medicine, 37(5), 360–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axelsson, L., Andersson, I., Edén, L., & Ejlertsson, G. (2007). Inequalities of quality of life in unemployed young adults: A population-based questionnaire study. International Journal for Equity in Health, 6(1), 1–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1997). Self‐efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A., & Cervone, D. (1983). Self-evaluative and self-efficacy mechanisms governing the motivational effects of goal systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(5), 1017–1028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrelle, K., & Harris-Hogan, S. (2013). Framework of factors of radicalisation and extremism (FIRE). Victoria, Australia: Global Terrorism Research Centre, Monash University.
   Google Scholar
• Berney, L., & Blane, D. (1997). Collecting retrospective data: Accuracy of recall after 50 years judged against historical records. Social Science and Medicine, 45(10), 519–1525.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno, G. (2005). Resilience in the face of potential trauma. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(3), 135–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno, G., Moskowitz, J., Papa, A., & Folkman, S. (2005). Resilience to loss in bereaved spouses, bereaved parents, and bereaved gay men. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(5), 827–843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Born, M., Chevalier, V., & Humblet, I. (1997). Resilience, desistance and delinquent career of adolescent offenders. Journal of Adolescence, 20(6), 679–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borum, R. (2010). Understanding terrorist psychology. In A. Silke (Ed.), The psychology of counter-terrorism (pp. 19–33). Oxon, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Boscarino, J., Adams, R., & Galea, S. (2006). Alcohol use in New York after the terrorist attacks: A study of the effects of psychological trauma on drinking behavior. Addictive Behaviors, 31(4), 606–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewin, C., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 748–766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bril-Barniv, S., Moran, G., Naaman, A., Roe, D., & Kanieli-Miller, O. (2017). A qualitative study examining experiences and dilemmas in concealment and disclosure of people living with serious mental illness. Qualitative Health Research, 27(4), 573–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadhead, W. E., Kaplan, B., James, S., Wagner, E., Schoenbach, V., Grimson, R., … Gehlbach, S. (1983). The epidemiologic evidence for a relationship between social support and health. American Journal of Epidemiology, 117(5), 521–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouillette-Alarie, S., & Proulx, J. (2014). An exploratory analysis of the offending process of extrafamilial sexual aggressors against adolescents. In J. Proulx, E. Beauregard, P. Lussier, & B. Leclerc (Eds.), Pathways to Sexual Aggression (pp. 179–199). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, B., & Lohr, M. J. (1987). Peer-group affiliation and adolescent self-esteem: An integration of ego-identity and symbolic-interaction theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(1), 47–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns, R., & Anstey, K. (2010). The Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): Testing the invariance of a uni-dimensional resilience measure that is independent of positive and negative affect. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(5), 527–531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton, D., Foy, D., Bwanausi, C., Johnson, J., & Moore, L. (1994). The relationship between traumatic exposure, family dysfunction, and post-traumatic stress symptoms in male juvenile offenders. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7(1), 83–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callaghan, B., & Tottenham, N. (2016). The stress acceleration hypothesis: Effects of early-life adversity on emotion circuits and behavior. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 7, 76–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.) CambridgeDictionary.org dictionary. Retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org
   Google Scholar
• Cauffman, E., Feldman, S., Waterman, J., & Steiner, H. (1998). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among female juvenile offenders. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(11), 1209–1217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cichetti, D., & Rogosch, F. (1996). Equfinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 8(4), 597–600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemmow, C., Bouhana, N., & Gill, P. (2019). Analyzing person‐exposure patterns in lone‐actor terrorism: Implications for threat assessment and intelligence gathering. Criminology & Public Policy, 19(2), 1–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway, M., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. (2000). The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological Review, 107(2), 261–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative Sociology, 13(1), 3–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordes, B. (1987). When terrorists do the talking: Reflections on terrorist literature. Journal of Strategic Studies, 10(4), 150–171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corner, E., Bouhana, N., & Gill, P. (2019). The multifinality of vulnerability indicators in lone-actor terrorism. Psychology, Crime & Law, 25(2), 111–132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corner, E., & Gill, P. (2015). A false dichotomy? Mental illness and lone-actor terrorism. Law and Human Behavior, 39(1), 23–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corner, E., & Gill, P. (2020). Psychological distress, terrorist involvement and disengagement from terrorism: A sequence analysis approach. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 36(3), 499–526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corner, E., & Gill, P. (2021). Psychological distress and terrorist engagement: Measuring, correlating and sequencing its onset with negative life events, social factors and protective factors. Transcultural Psychiatry, 0(00), 1–15
   Google Scholar
• Corner, E., Gill, P., & Mason, O. (2016). Mental health disorders and the terrorist: A research note probing selection effects and disorder prevalence. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 39(6), 560–568.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, M., & LaFree, G. (2017). Countering terrorism. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Efta-Breitbach, J., & Freeman, K. (2004). Recidivism and resilience in juvenile sexual offenders: An analysis of the literature. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 13(3–4), 257–279.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elliot, M., & Doane, M. (2015). Stigma management of mental illness: Effects of concealment, discrimination, and identification on well-being. Self and Identity, 14(6), 654–674.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, N. (2015). Researching proscribed armed groups: Interviewing Loyalist and Republican paramilitaries in Northern Ireland. In A. Williams, K. N. Jenkings, M. Rech, & R. Woodward (Eds.), The Ashgate research companion to military research methods (pp. 153–166). Abington, Oxon: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Ferracuti, F. (1982). A sociopsychiatric interpretation of terrorism. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 463(1), 129–140.
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher, D., & Sakar, M. (2013). Psychological resilience: A review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. European Psychologist, 18(1), 12–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fougere, A., & Daffern, M. (2011). Resilience in young offenders. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 10(3), 244–253.
   Google Scholar
• Franke, G., Jaeger, S., Glaesmer, H., Barkmann, C., Petrowski, K., & Braehler, E. (2017). Psychometric analysis of the brief symptom inventory 18 (BSI-18) in a representative German sample. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 17(14), 1–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fredman, L., Buhrmester, M., Gomez, A., Fraser, W., Talaifar, S., Brannon, S., & Swann, W. (2015). Identity fusion, extreme pro‐group behavior, and the path to defusion. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 9(9), 468–480.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garmezy, N. (1993). Children in poverty: Resilience despite risk. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 56(1), 127–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill, P. (2015). Lone-actor terrorists: A behavioural analysis. Oxon, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gill, P., Farnham, F., & Clemmow, C. (2021). The equifinality and multifinality of violent radicalization and mental health. In K. Bhui & D. Bhugra (Eds.), Terrorism, violent radicalisation and mental health (pp. 125–136). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gill, P., & Corner, E. (2017). There and back again: The study of mental disorder and terrorist involvement. American Psychologist, 72(3), 231–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill, P., Horgan, J., & Deckert, P. (2014). Bombing alone: Tracing the motivations and antecedent behaviors of lone-actor terrorists. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 59(2), 425–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillespie, B., Chaboyer, W., Wallis, M., & Grimbeek, P. (2007). Resilience in the operating room: Developing and testing of a resilience model. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 59(4), 417–438.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, J., McLaughlin, K., Berglund, P., Gruber, M., Sampson, N., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication I: Associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(2), 113–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grotevant, H., & Cooper, C. (1985). Patterns of Interaction in family relationships and the development of identity exploration in adolescence. Child Development, 56(2), 415–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruenewald, J., Chermak, S., & Freilich, J. (2013). Distinguishing “loner” attacks from other domestic extremist violence: A comparison of far‐right homicide incident and offender characteristics. Criminology & Public Policy, 12(1), 65–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunaratna, R. (2009). The battlefield of the mind: Rehabilitating Muslim terrorists. UNISCI Discussion Papers, 21, 148–163.
   Google Scholar
• Hamill, S. (2003). Resilience and self-efficacy: The importance of efficacy beliefs and coping mechanisms in resilient adolescents. Colgate University Journal of the Sciences, 35(1), 115–146.
   Google Scholar
• Hammen, C., Henry, R., & Daley, S. (2000). Depression and sensitization to stressors among young women as a function of childhood adversity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 782–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecker, T., Hermenau, K., Maedl, A., Hinkel, H., Schauer, M., & Elbert, T. (2013). Does perpetrating violence damage mental health? Differences between forcibly recruited and voluntary combatants in DR Congo. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(1), 142–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidi Ellis, B. H., Abdi, S. M., Lazarevic, V., White, M. T., Lincoln, A. K., Stern, J. E., & Horgan, J. G. (2016). Relation of Psychosocial Factors in Diverse Behaviours and Attitudes Among Somali Refugees. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 86(4), 393–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt, C. (2003). Understanding terrorism in America: From the Klan to al Qaeda. Hove: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Horan, L., & Beauregard, E. (2017). Pathways in the offending process of sex offenders who target marginalised victims. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 14(3), 213–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horgan, J. (2003). The search for the terrorist personality. In A. Silke (Ed.), Terrorists, victims and society: Psychological perspectives on terrorism and its consequences (pp. 3–27). Chichester, England: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Horgan, J. (2008). From profiles to pathways and roots to routes: Perspectives from psychology on radicalization into terrorism. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political & Social Science, 618(1), 80–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horgan, J. (2009). Walking away from terrorism: Accounts of disengagement from radical and extremist movements. UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Horgan, J. (2009a). Individual disengagement. In T. Bjorgo (Ed.), Leaving terrorism behind: Disengagement from political violence (pp. 17–29). New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Horgan, J. (2009b). Walking away from terrorism: Accounts of disengagement from radical and extremist movements. Oxon, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Horgan, J., & Braddock, K. (2010). Rehabilitating the terrorists? Challenges in assessing the effectiveness of de-radicalization programs. Terrorism and Political Violence, 22(2), 267–291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House, J., Landis, K., & Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 241(4865), 540–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, T., Zhang, D., & Wang, J. (2015). A meta-analysis of the trait resilience and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 18–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugenberg, K., & Bodenhausen, G. (2004). Category membership moderates the inhibition of social identities. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(2), 233–238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IBM Corp. (2017). IBM SPSS Statistic for Macintosh, Version 25.0. Armonk: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Ingo Hasselbach, I., & Reiss, T. (1996). Führer-Ex: Memoirs of a former Neo-Nazi. New York, NY: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Jamieson, R., Shirlow, P., & Grounds, A. (2010). Ageing and social exclusion among former politically motivated prisoners in Northern Ireland and the border region of Ireland. Belfast, UK: Changing Age Partnership.
   Google Scholar
• Kawachi, I., & Berkman, L. (2000). Social cohesion, social capital, and health. In L. Berkman & I. Kawachi (Eds.), Social epidemiology (pp. 174–190). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kelley, T., Pransky, J., & Sedgeman, J. (2014). Realizing resilience in trauma exposed juvenile offenders: A promising new intervention for juvenile justice and prevention professionals. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 7(3), 143–151.
   Google Scholar
• Kessler, R., Price, R., & Wortman, C. (1985). Social factors in psychopathology: Stress, social support, and coping processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 36(1), 531–572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R., & Üstün, B. (2008). The WHO world mental health surveys: Global perspectives on the epidemiology of mental disorders. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Keyes, K., Hatzenbuehler, M., & Hasin, D. (2011). Stressful life experiences, alcohol consumption, and alcohol use disorders: The epidemiologic evidence for four main types of stressors. Psychopharmacology, 218(1), 1–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krippendorff, K. (2004). Reliability in content analysis: Some common misconceptions and recommendations. Human Communication Research, 30(3), 411–433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langer, T. (1963). Stress and strain. In T. Langer & S. Michael (Eds.), Thomas A. C. Rennie series in social psychiatry Volume II: The midtown Manhattan study: Life stress and mental health (pp. 1–30). London, England: The Free Press of Glencoe.
   Google Scholar
• Leclerc, B., Beauregard, E., Forouzan, E., & Proulx, J. (2014). Offending pathways of intrafamilial child sexual offenders. In J. Proulx, E. Beauregard, P. Lussier, & B. Leclerc (Eds.), Pathways to Sexual Aggression (pp. 156–178). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Leonard Derogatis, L., & Fitzpatrick, M. (2004). The SCL-90-R, the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), and the BSI-18. In M. Maruish (Ed.), The Use of Psychological Testing for Treatment Planning and Outcomes Assessment: Instruments for Adults (pp. 1–41). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Masten, A., Best, K., & Garmezy, N. (1990). Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2(4), 425–444.
   Google Scholar
• Masten, A., & Coatsworth, J. D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: Lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist, 53(2), 205–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masten, A., & Obradović, J. (2006). Competence and resilience in development. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1094(1), 13–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCauley, C., & Moskalenko, S. (2008). Mechanisms of political radicalization: Pathways toward terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 20(3), 415–433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEvoy, K., Shirlow, P., & McElrath, K. (2004). Resistance, Transition and Exclusion: Politically motivated ex-prisoners and conflict transformation in Northern Ireland. Terrorism and Political Violence, 16(3), 646–670.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin, K., Conron, K., Koenen, K., & Gilman, S. (2010). Childhood adversity, adult stressful life events, and risk of past-year psychiatric disorder: A test of the stress sensitization hypothesis in a population-based sample of adults. Psychological Medicine, 40(10), 1646–1658.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeus, W., Oosterwegel, A., & Vollebergh, W. (2002). Parental and peer attachment and identity development in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 25(1), 93–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muldoon, O., & Downes, C. (2007). Social identification and post-traumatic stress symptoms in post-conflict Northern Ireland. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191(2), 146–149.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muldoon, O., Schmid, K., & Downes, C. (2009). Political violence and psychological well-being: The role of social identity. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 58(1), 129–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muldoon, O., & Wilson, K. (2001). Ideological commitment, experiences of conflict and adjustment in Northern Irish adolescents. Medicine, Conflict and Survival, 17(2), 112–124.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neo, L. S., Dillon, L., & Khader, M. (2017). Identifying individuals at risk of being radicalised via the internet. Security Journal, 30(4), 1112–1133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newby-Clark, I., McGregor, I., & Zanna, M. (2002). Thinking and caring about cognitive inconsistency: When and for whom does attitudinal ambivalence feel uncomfortable? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(2), 157–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oexle, N., Ajdacic-Gross, V., Killian, R., Müller, M., Rodgers, S., Xi, Z., … Rüsch, N. (2017). Mental illness stigma, secrecy and suicidal ideation. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 26(1), 53–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozer, E. M., & Bandura, A. (1990). Mechanisms governing empowerment effects: A self-efficacy analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(3), 472–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papanastassiou, M., Waldron, G., Boyle, J., & Chesterman, L. (2004). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in mentally ill perpetrators of homicide. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 15(1), 66–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, B., & Azad, I. (1999). Posttraumatic stress disorders in children and adolescents. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 11(4), 310–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillemer, D., Goldsmith, L., Panter, A., & White, S. (1988). Very long-term memories of the first year in college. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14(4), 709–715.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pressman, E., Duits, N., Rinne, T., & Flockton, J. (2018). VERA – 2R Violent extremism risk assessment – Version 2 revised: A structured professional judgement approach. Utrecht, Netherlands: Netherlands Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology.
   Google Scholar
• Pressman, E., & Flockton, J. (2012). Calibrating risk for violent political extremists and terrorists: The VERA 2 structured assessment. The British Journal of Forensic Practice, 14(4), 237–251.
   Google Scholar
• Proulx, J., & Beauregard, E. (2014). Pathways in the offending process of marital rapists. In J. Proulx, E. Beauregard, P. Lussier, & B. Leclerc (Eds.), Pathways to Sexual Aggression (pp. 100–136). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Proulx, J., Beauregard, E., Lussier, P., & Leclerc, B. (2014). Pathways to Sexual Aggression. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Reinares, F. (2011). Exit from terrorism: A qualitative empirical study on disengagement and deradicalization among members of ETA. Terrorism and Political Violence, 23(5), 780–803.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, J. I. (2004). Taking stock of research methods and analysis on oppositional political terrorism. The American Sociologist, 35(2), 26–37.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, D., Wetzler, S., & Nebes, R. (1986). Autobiographical memory across the lifespan. In D. Rubin (Ed.), Autobiographical memory (pp. 202–224). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, D., Rahhal, T., & Poon, L. (1998). Things learned in early adulthood are remembered best. Memory and Cognition, 26(1), 3–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity: Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 147(6), 598–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter, M. (2007). Resilience, competence, and coping. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(3), 205–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safer-Lichtenstein, A., LaFree, G., & Loughran, T. (2017). Studying terrorism empirically: What we know about what we don’t know. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 33(3), 273–291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid, A. (2013). Radicalisation, de-radicalisation, counter-radicalisation: A conceptual discussion and literature review. ICCT Research Paper, 97(1), 1–97.
   Google Scholar
• Schmid, K., & Muldoon, O. (2013). Perceived threat, social identification, and psychological well-being: The effects of political conflict exposure. Political Psychology, 20(20), 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Schuurman, B. (2020). Research on terrorism, 2007–2016: A review of data, methods, and authorship. Terrorism and Political Violence, 32(5), 1011–1026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, J. (2013). The terrorist’s dilemma: Managing violent covert organisations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Silke, A. (2003). Becoming a terrorist. In A. Silke (Ed.), Terrorists, victims and society: Psychological perspectives on terrorism and its consequences (pp. 29–53). Chichester, England: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Solomon, Z., Berger, R., & Ginzburg, K. (2007). Resilience of Israeli body handlers: Implications of repressive coping style. Traumatology, 13(4), 64–74.
   Google Scholar
• Stefanska, E., Carter, A., Higgs, T., Bishopp, D., & Beech, A. (2015). Offense pathways of non-serial sexual killers. Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(2), 99–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, S. (1975). With the Weathermen: The personal journey of a revolutionary woman. Garden City, NJ: Doubleday & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Swann, W., Jetten, J., Gomez, A., Whitehouse, H., & Bastian, B. (2012). When group membership gets personal: A theory of identity fusion. Psychological Review, 119(3), 441–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, M., & Horgan, J. (2006). A conceptual framework for addressing psychological process in the development of the terrorist. Terrorism and Political Violence, 18(4), 585–601.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoits, P. (2010). Stress and health: Major findings and policy implications. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51(S), S41–S53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todis, B., Bullis, M., Waintrup, M., Schultz, R., & D’Ambrosio, R. (2001). Overcoming the odds: Qualitative examination of resilience among formerly incarcerated adolescents. Exceptional Children, 68(1), 119–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, R. J., Wheaton, B., & Lloyd, D. (1995). The epidemiology of social stress. American Sociological Review, 60(1), 104–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ucros, C. (1989). Mood state-dependent memory: A meta-analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 3(2), 139–167.
   Google Scholar
• Ullman, S., Relyea, M., Peter-Hagene, L., & Vasquez, A. (2013). Trauma histories, substance use coping, PTSD, and problem substance use among sexual assault victims. Addictive Behaviors, 38(6), 2219–2223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ungar, M. (2011). Community resilience for youth and families: Facilitative physical and social capital in contexts of adversity. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(9), 1742–1748.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagnild, G., & Young, H. (1990). Resilience among older women. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 22(4), 252–255.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, W. R., Vogl, R., & Thompson, C. (1997). Autobiographical memory: Unpleasantness fades faster than pleasantness over time. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 11(5), 399–413.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weatherston, D., & Moran, J. (2003). Terrorism and mental illness: Is there a relationship? International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 47(6), 698–713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheaton, B., & Montazer, S. (2010). Stressors, Stress, and Distress. In T. Scheid & T. Brown (Eds.), A handbook for the study of mental health: Social contexts, theories, and systems (2nd ed., pp. 171–199). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, A., & Ross, M. (2001). From chump to champ: People’s appraisals of their earlier and present selves. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(4), 572–584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, A., & Ross, M. (2003). The identity function of autobiographical memory: Time is on our side. Memory, 11(2), 137–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar