Vicious gift? Types of external support and child recruitment by rebel groups

References

• Achvarina, V. (2010), “Child Soldiers in Intrastate Conflicts: An Empirical Analysis,” Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh. (Unpublished)
   Google Scholar
• Achvarina, V., & Reich, S. F. (2006). No place to hide: Refugees, Displaced persons, and the recruitment of child soldiers. International Security, 31(1), 127–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akcinaroglu, S., & Radziszewski, E. (2005). Expectations, rivalries, and civil war duration. International Interactions, 31(4), 349–374.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, T., Atingo, J., Atim, D., Ocitti, J., Brown, C., Torre, C., Fergus, C. A, and Parker, M. (2020). What happened to children who returned from the lord’s resistance army in Uganda? Journal of Refugee Studies, 33(4), 663–683.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andvig, J. C. (2010). Corruption and Conflict: Contrasting logics of collective action. Comparative Social Research, 27, 77–102.
   Google Scholar
• Bakaki, Z., & Hinkkainen, K. (2016). Do child soldiers influence UN peacekeeping? International Peacekeeping, 23(3), 540–567.
   Google Scholar
• Barnitz, L. A. (1997). Child Soldiers: Youth Who Participate in Armed Conflict (Series on international youth issues). Washington, D.C: Youth Program International.
   Google Scholar
• Beber, B., & Blattman, C. (2013). The logic of child soldiering and coercion. International Organization, 67(1), 65–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellemare M. F., Masaki T. and Pepinsky T. B. (2017). Lagged Explanatory Variables and the Estimation of Causal Effect. The Journal of Politics, 79(3), 949–963.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosch, S., & Easthrope, J. (2012). Africa’s toy soldiers, non-state armed groups, and ‘voluntary’ recruitment. Anything but child’s play. African Security Review, 21(2), 4–19.
   Google Scholar
• Brett, R., & MacCallin, M. (1996). Children: The invisible soldiers. Rädda Barnen: Stockholm.
   Google Scholar
• Byman, D. (2005). Deadly connections: States that sponsor terrorism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Byman, D., Chalk, P., Hoffman, B., Rosenau, W., & Brannan, D. (2001). Trends in Outside Support for Insurgent Movements. Santa Monica, Calif: RAND Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, K. (2014). Comparative Study of Child Soldiering on Myanmar – China Border Evolutions, Challenges and Countermeasures. Singapore: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Child Soldiers International (2004), Child Soldiers Global Report 2004-Lebanon, 2004, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/4988064ac.html, Accessed: December 21, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham, D., Gleditsch, K. S., & Salehyan, I. (2009). It takes Two: A dyadic analysis of civil war duration and outcome. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 53(4), 570–597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham, D., Gleditsch, K. S., & Salehyan, I. (2013). Non-state actors in civil wars: A new dataset. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 30(5), 516–531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dallaire, R. (2011). They Fight Like Soldiers, They Die Like Children: The Global Quest to Eradicate the Use of Child Soldiers. New York, NY: Walker and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrenreich, R. (1998). The stories we must tell: Ugandan children and the atrocities of the Lord’s Resistance Army. Africa Today, 45(1), 79–102.
   Google Scholar
• Faulkner, C. M. (2016). Money and control: Rebel groups and the forcible recruitment of child soldiers. African Security, 9(3), 211–236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulkner, C. M., Powell, J., & Lasely, T. (2019). Funding, capabilities and the use of child soldiers. Third Quarterly, 40(6), 1017–1039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis, D. J. (2007). ’Paper Protection’ mechanisms: Child soldiers and the international protection of children in Africa’s conflict zones. Journal of Modern African Studies, 45(2), 207–231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleditsch, K. S. (2002). Expanded trade and GDP data. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 46(5), 712–724.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleditsch, K. S., & Beardsley, K. (2004). Nosy Neighbors: Third-party actors in central American conflicts. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48(3), 379–402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleditsch, N. P., Wallensteen, P., Eriksson, M., Sollenberg, M., & Strand, H. (2002). Armed Conflict 1946-2001: A New Dataset. Journal of Peace Research, 39(5), 615–637.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin-Gill, G. S., & Cohn, I. (1994). Child Soldiers: The Role of Children in Armed Conflict. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Haer, R., & Böhmelt, T. (2016a). The impact of child soldiers on rebel groups’ fighting capacities. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 33(2), 153–173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haer, R., & Böhmelt, T. (2016b). Child soldiers as time bombs? Adolescents’ participation in rebel groups and the recurrence of armed conflict. European Journal of International Relations, 22(2), 408–436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haer, R., & Böhmelt, T. (2017). Could rebel child soldiers prolong civil wars? Cooperation and Conflict, 52(3), 332–359.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haer, R. (2019). Children and armed conflict: Looking at the future and learning from the past. Third World Quarterly, 40(1), 74–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haer, R, Faulkner, C. M., & Whitaker, B. E. (2020). Rebel Funding and Child Soldiers: Exploring the relationship between natural resources and forcible recruitment. European Journal of International Relations, 26(1), 1–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halton, P. (2011). Child soldier reintegration in Sudan: A practitioner’s field experience. In Ö. Zerdem Alpaslan & P. Sukanya (Eds.), Child Soldiers: From Recruitment to Reintegration (pp. 269–283). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Högbladh, S., Pettersson, T., & Themnér, L. (2011). “External Support in Armed Conflict 1975-2009.” Paper presented at the 52nd Annual International Studies Association Convention, Montreal, Canada, 16-19 March 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Høiskar, A. H. (2001). Underage and under fire: An enquiry into the use of Child Soldiers 1994-8. Childhood, 8(3), 340–360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honwana, A. (2006). Child Soldiers in Africa. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Howe, H. M. (2001). Ambiguous Order: Military Forces in African States. London: Lynne Rienner.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, R., & Sullivan, P. L. (2021). Arms for education? External support and rebel social services. Journal of Peace Research, 58(4), 794–808.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jo, Hyeran, & Thomson, C. P. (2013). Legitimacy and Compliance with International Law: Access to Detainees in Civil Conflicts, 1991-2006. British Journal of Political Science, 44(2), 323–355.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson, K., & Sarwari, M. (2019). Sexual violence and biased military interventions in civil conflict. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 36(5), 469–493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlén, N. (2017). The legacy of foreign patrons: External state support and conflict recurrence. Journal of Peace Research, 54(4), 499–512.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kieh, G. K., Jr. (2016). Civilians and Civil Wars in Africa: The Cases of Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Côte D’Ivoire. Peace Research, 48(1/2), 203–228.
   Google Scholar
• Krain, M. (2005). International intervention and the severity of genocides and politicides. International Studies Quarterly, 49(3), 363–387.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubota, Y. (2013). Armed groups in Cambodian Civil War. In Territorial Control, Rivalry, and Recruitment. New York, NY: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Lasely, T., & Thyne, C. (2015). Secession, legitimacy and the use of child soldiers. Conflict Management and Peace Science”, 32(3), 289–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lischer, S. K. (2010). WAR, DISPLACEMENT, AND THE RECRUITMENT OF CHILD SOLDIERS IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO. In S. Gates & R. Simon (Eds.), Child Soldiers in the Age of Fractured States (pp. 143–159). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lujala, P. (2010). The spoils of nature: Armed civil conflict and rebel access to natural resources. Journal of Peace Research, 47(1), 15–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machel, G. (1996). Impact of Armed Conflict on Children. New York: UNICEF.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall, M. G., & Jaggers, K. (2002), Polity Ⅳ dataset. Available at:http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm, Accessed: November 20, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Papa, M. J., & Mapendere, J. (2017). Waging peace through symphonic discourse in the Sudan-Uganda Conflicts. Journal of Creative Communications, 13(1), 54–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, S. H., Muyinda, H., Sewankambo, N. K., Oyat, G., Atim, S., & Spittal, P. M. (2012). In the face of war: Examining sexual vulnerabilities of Acholi adolescent girls living in displacement camps in conflict affected Northern Uganda. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 12(38), 1–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pham, P., Vinck, P., & Stover, E. (2008). Abducted: The Lord’s Resistance Army and Forced Conscription in Northern Uganda. Human Rights Quarterly, 30(2), 404–411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podder, S. (2011). Child soldier recruitment in the Liberian Civil Wars: Individuals motivations and rebel group tactics. In A. Ö. zerdem & S. Podder (Eds.), Child Soldiers: From Recruitment to Reintegration (pp. 50–75). Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Richards, J. (2014). Forced, coerced and voluntary recruitment into rebel groups the democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Modern African Studies, 52(2), 301–326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, J. (2019). Targeting and resistance: Reassessing the effect of external support on the duration and outcome of armed conflict. Civil Wars, 21(3), 362–384.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salehyan, I. (2007). Transnational rebels neighbouring states as sanctuary for rebel groups. World Politics, 59(2), 217–242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salehyan, I., Gleditsch, K. S., & Cunningham, D. E. (2011). Explaining External Support for Insurgent Groups. International Organization, 65(4), 709–744.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salehyan, I., Siroky, D., & Wood, R. M. (2014). External rebel sponsorship and civilian abuse: a principle -agent analysis of wartime atrocities. International Organization, 68(3), 633–661.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salehyan, I. (2008). No Shelter Here: Rebel sanctuaries and international conflict. The Journal of Politics, 70(1), 54–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyer, K., Cunningham, K. G., & Reed, W. (2017). The role of external support in civil war termination. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(6), 1174–1202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, P. (2006). Children at War. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, M. A., & Liou, Y.-M. (2016). Do good borders make good rebels? Territorial Control and Civilian Causalities. The Journal of Politics, 79(1), 284–301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamm, H. (2016). Rebel leaders, internal rivals, and external resources: How state sponsors affect insurgent cohesion. International Studies Quarterly, 60(4), 599–610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamm, H. (2019). In the balance: External troop support and rebel fragmentation in the Second Congo War. Journal of Strategic Studies 45(4), 1–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Testerman, M. (2015). Removing the Crutch: External Support and the Dynamics of Armed Conflict. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38(7), 529–542.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titeca, K., & Vlassenroot, K. (2012). Rebels without borders in the Rwenzori borderland? A biography of the allied democratic forces. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 6(1), 154–176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tynes, R., & Early, B. R. (2015). Governments, Rebels, and the Use of Child Soldiers in Internal Armed Conflicts: A Global Analysis, 1987-2007. Peace Economics Peace Science and Public Policy, 21(1), 79–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unicef. (2022). Child Displacement. Available at: https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-migration-anddisplacement/displacement/, Accessed February 20, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2001), Refugee Children in Africa Trends and Patterns in the Refugee Population in Africa below the Age of 18 years, 2000, Available at:https://www.unhcr.org/statistics/unhcrstats/3b9378e42d/%E2%80%9D//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-R6MF%E2%80%9D, Accessed: 21 December 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Utas, M. (2011). Victimcy as social navigation: From the toolbox of Liberian child soldiers. In Ö. Alpaslan & P. Sukanya (Eds.), Child Soldiers: From Recruitment to Reintegration (pp. 213–228). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Vautravers, A. J. (2009). Why child soldiers are such a complex issue. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 27(4), 96–107.
   Google Scholar
• Weinstein, J. M. (2007). Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wessells, M. (2005). Child Soldiers, Peace Education, and Postconflict Reconstruction for Peace. Theory Into Practice, 44(4), 363–369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhukov, Y. M. (2017). External resources and indiscriminate violence evidence from German- Occupied Belarus. World Politics, 69(1), 54–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar