Diplopia in high myopia

References

• Emsley H. Visual Optics. 5th ed., Vol. 1, London: Hatton Press; 1952. p. 414–416.
   Google Scholar
• Von Helmholtz H. Helmholtz’s treatise on physiological optics. In: Southall JPC, editor. Trans from. Vol. 1. 3rd German ed. New York, NY: Dover; 1962. p. 188–192.
   Google Scholar
• Guyton DL. Diagnosis and treatment of monocular diplopia. Focal points 1984; clinical modules for ophthalmologists, module 2. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 1984. p. 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Stampfer KA, Tredici TJ. Monocular diplopia in flying personnel. Am J Ophthalmol. 1975;80:759–763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin ML. Perspectives in Refraction. Surv Ophthalmol. 1980;24:303–306.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamanka T. Uniocular diplopia in myopic eyes. In: Myopia updates: proceedings of the 6th International conference on myopia. Tokyo: Springer; 1998. p. 111.
   Google Scholar
• Nakamura K, Horio Y, Yamanaka T. A case of pulmonary tuberculosis associated with orbital myositis. Kekkaku. 2012;87(7):501–505.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubin ML. The woman who saw too much. Surv Ophthalmol. 1972;16:382–383.
   Google Scholar
• Fincham EF. Monocular diplopia. Br J Ophthalmol. 1963;47:705–712.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Landesman KP, Bornstein L. Monocular diplopia associated with retinal detachment surgery. J Am Optom. Assoc. 1985;56:926–992.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagy V, Módis L, Kertész K, et al. Anterior polar cataract as a cause of monocular diplopia. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2004;30:1596–1597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Records RE. Monocular diplopia. Surv Ophthalmol. 1980;24:303–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond S. Monocular diplopia: report of a case corrected by corneal contact lens. Am J Ophthalmol. 1963;55:371–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirst LW, Miller NR, Johnson RT. Monocular polyopia. Arch Neurol. 1983;40:756–757.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubin ML. The case of the dramatic impressions. Surv Ophthalmol. 1975;20:133–136.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bowman KJ, Smith G, Carney LG. Corneal topography and monocular diplopia following near work. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1978;55:818–823.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carney LG, Liubinas J, Bowman KJ. The role of corneal distortion in the occurrence of monocular diplopia. Acta Ophthalmol. 1981;59:271–274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford JG, Davis RM, Reed JW, et al. Bilateral monocular diplopia associated with lid position during near work. Cornea. 1997;16:525–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knoll HA. Bilateral monocular diplopia after near work. Am J Optom. 1975;52:139–140.
   Google Scholar
• Mandell RB. Bilateral monocular diplopia following near work. Am J Optom. 1966;43:500–504.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goss DA, Criswell MH. Bilateral monocular polyopia following television viewing. Clin Eye Vision Care. 1992;4:28–32.
   Google Scholar
• Hersh PS, Steinert RF, Brint SF. Photorefractive keratectomy versus laser in situ Keratomileusis: comparison of optical side effects. Summit PRK- LASIK Study Group. Ophthalmology. 2000;107:925–933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hersh PS, Shah SI, Durrie D. Monocular diplopia following excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy after radial keratotomy. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 1996;27:315–317.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mulhern MG, Foley NA, O’Keeffe M, et al. Topographical analysis of ablation centration after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis for high myopia. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1997;23:488–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takei K, Sano Y, Achiron LR, et al. Monocular diplopia related to asymmetric corneal topography after laser in situ keratomileusis. J Refract Surg. 2001;17:652–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyzinski P, O’ Dell L. Subjective and objective findings after radial keratotomy. Ophthalmology. 1989;96:1608–1611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amos JF. Diagnosis and management of monocular diplopia. J Am Optom Assoc. 1986;53:101–115.
   Google Scholar
• Milder MR, Rubin ML. The fine art of prescribing glasses. Gainesville, FL: Triad; 1978. p. 240.
   Google Scholar
• Bull GJ. The visual effects of refractive error. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1896;16:200–247.
   Google Scholar
• Coffeen P, Guyton DL. Monocular diplopia accompanying ordinary refractive errors. Am J Ophthalmol. 1988;105:451–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott AB. Diplopia in myopia. Surv Ophthalmol. 1974;19:166–168.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Apkarian P, Tijssen R, Spekreijse H, et al. Origin of notches in CSF: optical or neural? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1987;28:607–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhoeff FH. The cause of a special form of monocular diplopia. Arch Ophthalmol. 1900;29:565–572.
   Google Scholar
• Woods RL, Bradley A, Atchison DA. Monocular diplopia caused by ocular aberration and hyperopic defocus. Vision Res. 1996;36:3597–3606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remole A. Relation between border enhancement extent and retinal image blur. Vision Res. 1974;14:989–995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kommerell G. Monocular diplopia caused by pressure of the upper eyelid on the cornea: diagnosis based on the “Venetian blind phenomenon” in streak retinoscopy. Klin Monatsbl Augen Heilkd. 1993;203:384–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell C. Corneal aberrations, monocular diplopia and ghost images: analysis using corneal topographical data. Optom Vis Sci. 1998;75:197–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golnik KC, Eggenberger E. Symptomatic corneal topographic change induced by reading in downgaze. J Neuroophthalmol. 2001;21:199–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beuhren T, Collins MJ, Iskander DR, et al. The stability of corneal topography in the post blink interval. Cornea. 2001;20:826–833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beuhren T, Collins MJ, Carney L. Corneal aberrations and reading. Optom Vis Sci. 2003;80:159–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Leary DJ, Millodot M. Eyelid closure causes myopia in humans. Experentia. 1979;35:1487–1489.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wallman J, Golltieb MD, Rajaram V, et al. Local retinal regions control local eye growth and myopia. Science. 1987;237:73–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciuffreda KJ, Wallis DM. Myopes show increased susceptibility to nearwork aftereffects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998;39:1797–1803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beuhren T, Collins MJ, Carney L. Near work induced wavefront aberrations in myopia. Vision Research. 2005;45(10):1297–1312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabin J, Van Sluyters RC, Malach R. Emmetropization: a vision- dependent phenomenon. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1988;28:639–657.
   Google Scholar
• Collins MJ, Buehren T, Iskander DR. Retinal image quality, reading and myopia. Vision Res. 2006;46:196–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bender MD. Polyopia and monocular diplopia of cerebral origin. Neurol Psychiatry. 1945;54:323–338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoff H, Potzl O. Zue Diagnosticschen Bedeutung der Polyopie bei Tumoren des Occipitalhirens. Z Neurol Psychiat. 1935;152:433–450.
   Google Scholar
• Evans JN. Seeing double. Med Times Long Island Med J. 1933;61:183–185.
   Google Scholar
• Yokoyama T, Mabuchi H, Atoka S, et al. The mechanism of development in progressive esotropia with high myopia. In: de Faber JT, editor. Transactions of the 26th meeting. European Strabismological Association. Barcelona: Sweets and Zeitlinger; 2000. p. 218–221.
   Google Scholar
• Aoki Y, Nishida Y, Hayashi O, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging measurements of extraocular muscle path shift and posterior eyeball prolapse from the muscle cone in acquired esotropia with high myopia. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136:482–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh SY, Clark RA, Velez F, et al. Incomitant strabismus associated with instability of pulleys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43:2169–2177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutar T, Demer JL. “Heavy eye” syndrome in the absence of high myopia: connective tissue degeneration in elderly strabismic patients. JAAPOS. 2009;13:36–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohmoto H, Inoue K, Wakakura M. Divergence insufficiency associated with high myopia. Clin Ophthalmol. 2010;5:11–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sturm V, Menke MN, Chaloupka K, et al. Surgical treatment of myopic strabismus fixus: a graded approach. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008;246:1323–1329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi T, Iwashige H, Maruo T. Clinical features and surgery for acquired progressive esotropia associated with severe myopia. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1999;77:66–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaynak S, Durak I, Ozaksoy D, et al. Restrictive myopic myopathy: computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, echography, and histological findings. Br J Ophthalmol. 1994;78:414–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansour AM, Wang F. el Baba F, et al. Ocular Complication in Strabismus Fixus Convergens. Ophthalmologica. 1987;195:161–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krzizok TH, Kaufmann H, Traupe K. Elucidation of restrictive motility in high myopia by magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115:1019–1027.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hugonnier R, Magnard P. Oculomotor disequilibrium observed in cases of severe myopia. Ann Ocul. 1969;202:713–724.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duke Elder S, Wyber KC. Strabismus fixus. In: Duke-Elder S, editor. System of ophthalmology. Vol. 6. London: Henry Kimpton; 1973. p. 607–608.
   Google Scholar
• Aydin P, Kansu T, Sanac AS. High myopia causing bilateral abduction deficiency. J Clin Neuro-ophthalmol. 1992;12:163–165.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Demer JL, Von Noorden GK. High myopia as an unusual cause of restrictive motility disturbance. Surv Ophthalmol. 1989;33:281–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagolini B, Tamburelli C, Dickmann A, et al. Convergent strabismus fixus in high myopic patients. Doc Ophthalmol. 1990;74:309–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohta M, Iwashige H, Hawashi T, et al. Computed tomography findings in convergent strabismus fixus. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi Soc. 1995;99:980–985.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krzizok TH, Schroeder BU. Measurement of recti eye muscle paths by magnetic resonance imaging in highly myopic and normal subjects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999;40:2554–2560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi M, Yokoyama T, Shiraki K. Surgical procedure for correcting glove dislocation in highly myopic strabismus. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;149:341–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokoyama T, Ataka S, Tabuchi H, et al. Treatment of progressive esotropia caused by high myopia—a new surgical procedure based on its pathogenesis. In: de Faber J-Teditor. Transactions: 27th Meeting, European Strabismological Association, Florence, Italy, 2001. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger; 2002. p. 145.
   Google Scholar
• Miller JM, Robinson DA. Extraocular muscle sideslip and orbital geometry in monkeys. Vision Res. 1987;27:381–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demer JL, Miller JM, Poukens V, et al. Evidence for fibromuscular pulleys of the recti extraocular muscles. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995;36:1225–1236.
   Google Scholar
• Clark RA, Miller JM, Demer JL. Location and stability of rectus muscle pulleys. Muscle paths as a function of gaze. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997;38:227–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark RA. The role of extraocular muscle pulleys in incomitant non paralytic strabismus. Middle East Afr J Ophhalmol. 2015;22:279–285.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krzizok TH, Schroeder B. Quantification of recti eye muscle paths in high myopia. Strabismus. 2003;11:213–220.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong I, Leo SW, Khoo BK. Loop myopexy for treatment of myopic strabismus fixus. J AAPOS. 2005;9:589–591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtin BJ, editor. Ocular findings and complications. In: The myopias. Basic science and clinical management. Hagerstown, MD: Harper and Row; 1985. p. 296–297.
   Google Scholar
• Ruttum MS, Lyold MA, Lewandowski MF. Echography in the diagnosis of restrictive motility caused by severe myopia. (Letter)Am J Ophthalmol. 1990;109:350–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcox LM Jr, Greenfield PS, Stephens ES, et al. Myopia, acquired progressive esotropia: a possible association, the MAPE syndrome. In: Mein J, Moore S, editors. Orthoptic research and practice. London: Henry Kimpton; 1981. p. 112–117.
   Google Scholar
• Cordonnier M, Schakal A, Van Nechel C, et al. Severe myopia and severe ocular motility disturbance. Neuro Ophthalmology. 1992;12:97–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JL. Monocular diplopia. J Clin Neuro-ophthalmol. 1986;6:184–185.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chaudhuri Z, Demer JL. Sagging eye syndrome: connective tissue involution as a cause of horizontal and vertical strabismus in older patients. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131(5):619–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark RA, Demer JL. Effect of aging on human rectus extraocular muscle paths demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;134:1280–1284.
   Google Scholar
• Tan RJ, Demer JL. Heavy eye syndrome versus sagging eye syndrome. JAAPOS. 2015;19(6):500–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhuri Z, Demer JL. Medial rectus recession is as effective as lateral rectus resection in divergence paralysis esotropia. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130(10):1280–1284.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chaudhuri Z, Demer JL. Graded vertical rectus tenotomy for small angle cyclovertical strabismus in sagging eye syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016;100(5):648–651. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-306783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor R, Whale K, Raines M. The Heavy eye Phenomenon: orthoptic and ophthalmic characteristics. German J. Ophthalmol. 1995;4:252–255.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krzizok TH, Kaufmann H, Traupe H. New approach in strabismus surgery in high myopia. Br J Ophthalmol. 1997;81:625–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murthy R. Lateral fixation of sclera to the periosteum with medial rectus disinsertion for severe myopic strabismus fixus. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2008;56:419–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada M, Taniguchi S, Muroi T, et al. Rectus eye muscle paths after surgical correction of convergent strabismus fixus. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;134:630–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen PC, Gole GA. Partial Jensen’s procedure for the treatment of myopic strabismus fixus. J AAPOS. 2004;8:393–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leo SW, Del Monte MA. Surgical correction of myopic strabismus fixus by modified loop transposition with scleral myopexy. J AAPOS. 2007;11:95.
   Google Scholar
• Shenoy BH, Sachdeva V, Kekunnaya R. Silicone band loop myopexy in the treatment of myopic strabismus fixus: surgical outcome of a novel modification. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;99:36–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krzizok T, Kaufmann H, Traupe H. Nuclear magnetic resonance tomography diagnosis of eye motility disorder in high-grade myopia for planning an eye muscle operation. Ophthalmology. 1997 Dec;94(12):907–913.
   Google Scholar
• Ranka MP, Steele MA. Esotropia associated with myopia. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2015;26:362–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Repka MX, Downing E. Characteristics and surgical results in patients with age related divergence insufficiency esotropia. J AAPOS. 2014;18:370–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thacker NM, Velez FG, Bhola R, et al. Lateral rectus resection in divergence palsy: results of long term follow up. J AAPOS. 2005;9:7–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fresina M, Sapigni L, Benedetti C, et al. Equatorial loop myopexy in “Sagging Eye” syndrome: A case report. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2014;5:1000337.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Menendez Aand Casado A. A new world for pediatric ophthalmology. SM J Case Rep. 2015;1(3):1012.
   Google Scholar