Orbital exenteration: indications, techniques and complications

References

• Goldberg RA, Kim JW, Shorr N. Orbital exenteration: results of an individualized approach. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;19:229–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben Simon GJ, Schwartz RM, Douglas R, et al. Orbital exenteration: one size does not fit all. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;139:11–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyers AG. Orbital exenteration for invasive skin tumors. Eye. 2006;20:1165–1170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard GR, Nerad JA, Carter KD, et al. Clinical characteristics associated with orbital invasion of cutaneous basal cell and squamous cell tumors of the eyelid. Am J Ophthalmol. 1992;113:123–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madge SN, Khine AA, Thaller VT, et al. Globe-sparing surgery for medial canthal Basal cell carcinoma with anterior orbital invasion. Ophthalmology. 2010;117:2222–2228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson MJ, Sullivan TJ, Whitehead KJ, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelids. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002;86:1161–1165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartley GB, Garrity JA, Waller RR, et al. Orbital exenteration at the Mayo Clinic 1967–1986. Ophthalmology. 1989;96:468–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook BE Jr, Bartley GB. Treatment options and future prospects for the management of eyelid malignancies: an evidence-based update. Ophthalmology. 2001;108:2088–2098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao AN, Shields CL, Krema H, et al. Outcome of patients with periocular sebaceous gland carcinoma with and without conjunctival intraepithelial invasion. Ophthalmology. 2001;108:1877–1883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKelvie PA, Daniell M, McNab A, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva: a series of 26 cases. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002;86:168–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shields JA, Shields CL, Demirci H, et al. Experience with eyelid-sparing orbital exenteration: the 2000 Tullos O. Coston lecture. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;17:355–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shields JA, Shields CL. Massive orbital extension of posterior uveal melanomas. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1991;7:238–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damato B, Coupland SE. An audit of conjunctival melanoma treatment in liverpool. Eye (Lond). 2009;23:801–809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kersten RC, Tse DT, Anderson RL, et al. The role of orbital exenteration in choroidal melanoma with extrascleral extension. Ophthalmology. 1985;92:436–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman I, Maino A, Cook AE, et al. Mortality following exenteration for malignant tumors of the orbit. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89:1445–1448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin KL, Tena LB, Finger PT. Orbital brachytherapy for extrascleral extension of choroidal melanoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90:1438–1439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meel R, Radhakrishnan V, Bakhshi S. Current therapy and recent advances in the management of retinoblastoma. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol. 2012;33:80–88.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raney B, Huh W, Hawkins D, for the Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee of the Children’s Oncology Group, Arcadia, CA, et al. Outcome of patients with localized orbital sarcoma who relapsed following treatment on Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group (IRSG) protocols-III and -IV, 1984–1997: A report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012 Sep 7. doi:10.1002/pbc.24289. [Epub ahead of print]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad SM, Esmaeli B, Williams M, et al. American Joint Committee on cancer classification predicts outcome of patients with lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma. Ophthalmology. 2009;116:1210–1215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams MD, Al-Zubidi N, Debnam JM, et al. Bone invasion by adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland: preoperative imaging assessment and surgical considerations. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;26:403–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suárez C, Ferlito A, Lund VJ, et al. Management of the orbit in malignant sinonasal tumors. Head Neck. 2008;30:242–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhiwakar M, Thakar A, Bahadur S. Invasive sino-orbital aspergillosis: surgical decisions and dilemmas. J Laryngol Otol. 2003;117:280–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pushker N, Meel R, Kashyap S, et al. Invasive aspergillosis of orbit in immunocompetent patients: treatment and outcome. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:1886–1891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose GE, Wright JE. Exenteration for benign orbital disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 1994;78:14–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez LF, Bilyk JR. Intracranial arterial avulsion during orbital exenteration. Orbit. 2012;31:190–193.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Looi A, Kazim M, Cortes M, et al. Orbital reconstruction after eyelid- and conjunctiva-sparing orbital exenteration. OPRS. 2006;22:1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Levin PS, Ellis DS, Stewart WB, et al. Orbital exenteration. The reconstructive ladder. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1991;7:84–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper J. Wound management following orbital exenteration surgery. Br J Nurs. 2009;18(6):S4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stanley D, Emerson DJ, Daley JC. Whitehead’s varnish and Jelonet–a better dressing for skin graft donor sites than Jelonet alone. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1988;70:369–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim M, Lew-Gor S, Sandhu G, et al. Whitehead’s varnish nasal pack. J Laryngol Otol. 2007;121:592–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper J, Waterman H. The MOEWAT as a proposed method of evaluating orbital exenteration wounds. J Wound Care. 2011;20(478):480–483.
   Google Scholar
• Cameron M, Gilbert PM, Mulhern MG, et al. Synchronous reconstruction of the exenterated orbit with a pericranial flap, skin graft and osseointegrated implants. Orbit. 2005;24:153–158.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shore JW, Burks R, Leone CR Jr, et al. Dermis-fat graft for orbital reconstruction after subtotal exenteration. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986;102:228–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirth-Welle RB, Chaloupka K. Early surgical rehabilitation due to modified exenteration technique. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 2013 Apr;230(4):380–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sira M, Malhotra R. Reconstruction of orbital exenteration defects by primary closure using cheek advancement. Br J Ophthalmol. 2013;97:201–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beare R. Flap repair following exenteration of the orbit. Proc R Soc Med. 1969;62:1087–1090.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mercer DM. The cervicofacial flap. Br J Plast Surg. 1988;41:470–474.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moretti E, Ortiz S, Gómez García F, et al. Complete mobilization of the cheek zone for orbit exenteration. J Craniofac Surg. 2005;16:823–828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwahlen RA, Gra¨tz KW, Obwegeser JA. The galea fascia flap in orbital reconstruction: innovative harvest technique. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2006;32:804–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reese AB, Jones IS. Exenteration of the orbit and repair by transplantation of the temporalis muscle. Am J Ophthalmol. 1961;51:217–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pryor SG, Moore EJ, Kasperbauer JL. Orbital exenteration reconstruction with rectus abdominis microvascular free flap. Laryngoscope. 2005;115:1912–1916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degoute C-S. Controlled hypotension: a guide to drug choice. Drugs. 2007;67(7):1053–1076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair S, Collins M, Hung P, et al. The effect of beta-blocker premedication on the surgical field during endoscopic sinus surgery. Laryngoscope. 2004 Jun;114(6):1042–1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrozza PH. Induced hypotension. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 1990;28:223–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen TB. Hot water irrigation to obtain haemostasis [Danish]. Bull Midwifes (Copenh). 1890;38:10.
   Google Scholar
• Novoa E, Schlegel-Wagner C. Hot water irrigation as treatment for intractable posterior epistaxis in an out-patient setting. J Laryngol Otol. 2012;126:58–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stangerup S, Dommerby H, Siim C, et al. New modification of hot-water irrigation in the treatment of posterior epistaxis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999;125:686–690.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stangerup SE, Thomsen HK. Histological changes in the nasal mucosa after “hot-water-irrigation”: an animal experimental study. Rhinology. 1996;34:14–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Limawararut V, Valenzuela AA, Sullivan TJ, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid leaks in orbital and lacrimal surgery. Surv Ophthalmol. 2008;53:274–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Conciliis C, Bonavolonta G. Incidence and treatment of dural exposure and CSF leak during orbital exenteration. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1987;3:61–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ebersold MJ. Five things oculoplastic surgeons should know about neurosurgery. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;16:247–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg RA, Weinberg DA, Shorr N, et al. Maximal, threewall, orbital decompression through a coronal approach. Ophthal. Surg Lasers. 1997;28:832–843.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graham SM, Brown CL, Carter KD, et al. Medial and lateral orbital wall surgery for balanced decompression in thyroid eye disease. Laryngoscope. 2003;113:1206–1209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolger WE, Tadros M, Ellenbogen RG, et al. Endoscopic management of cerebrospinal leak associated with the use of bone wax in skull-base surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surgy. 2005;132:418—20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer SD, Soliemanzadeh P, Della Rocca DA, et al. Endoscopic and transconjunctival orbital decompression for thyroid-related orbital apex compression. Laryngoscope. 2003;113:508–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman I, Cook AE, Leatherbarrow B. Orbital exenteration: a 13 year Manchester experience. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89:1335–1340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta V, Alon EE, Buchbinder D, et al. Novel use of unilateral galeopericranial flaps for closure of sino-orbital cutaneous fistulas. Laryngoscope. 2011;121:777–781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limawararut V, Leibovitch I, Davis G, et al. Sino-orbital fistula: a complication of exenteration. Ophthalmology. 2007;114:355–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yassur I, Hirschbein MJ, Karesh JW. Clinicopathologic reports, case reports, and small case series: 0.01% becaplermin gel for the treatment of a chronic orbital ulcer after exenteration. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119:1858–1859.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nerad J, Carter KD, LaVelle WE, et al. The osseointegration technique for the rehabilitation of the exenterated orbit. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109:1032–1038.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greig AV, Jones S, Haylock C, et al. Reconstruction of the exenterated orbit with osseointegrated implants. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2010;63:1656–1665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams LS, Mancuso AA, Mendenhall WM. Perineural spread of cutaneous squamous and basal cell carcinoma: CT and MR detection and its impact on patient management and prognosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;49:1061–1069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahana A, Worden FP, Elner VM. Vismodegib as eye-sparing adjuvant treatment for orbital basal cell carcinoma. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131(10):1364–1366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar