References
- Ben-Eli H, Erdinest N, Solomon A. Pathogenesis and complications of chronic eye rubbing in ocular allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immun. 2019;19(5):526–534.
- Hawkes E, Nanavaty MA. Eye rubbing and keratoconus: a literature survey. Int J Keratoconus Ectatic Corneal Dis. 2014;3:118–121.
- Najmi H, Mobarki Y, Mania K, et al. The correlation between keratoconus and eye rubbing: a review. Int J Ophthalmol. 2019;12(11):1775–1781.
- Moran S, Gomez L, Zuber K, et al. A case-control study of keratoconus risk factors. Cornea. 2020;39(6):697–701.
- Crawford AZ, Zhang J, Gokul A, et al. The enigma of environmental factors in Keratoconus. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol. 2020;9(6):549–556.
- Sahebjada S, Al-Mahrouqi H, Moshegov S, et al. Eye rubbing in the aetiology of keratoconus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2021;259(8):2057–2067.
- Bykhovskaya Y, Rabinowitz YS. Update on the genetics of keratoconus. Exp Eye Res. 2021;202:1–11.
- Edwards M, McGhee CNJ, Dean S. The genetics of keratoconus. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2001;29(6):345–351.
- Liu Z, Chong EWT. ‘Aye, there’s the rub’-ocular allergy and keratoconus. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2022;50(3):267–269.
- Jackson CA, Henderson M, Frank JW, et al. An overview of prevention of multiple risk behaviour in adolescence and young adulthood. J Publ Health. 2012;34(suppl 1):i31–40.
- McMonnies CW, Boneham GC. Keratoconus, allergy, itch, eye-rubbing and hand dominance. Clin Exper Optom. 2003;86(6):376–384.
- McMonnies CW. Mechanisms of rubbing-related corneal trauma in keratoconus. Cornea. 2009;28(6):607–615.
- Zadnik K, Barr JT, Edrington TB, et al. Baseline findings in the collaborative longitudinal evaluation of keratoconus (CLEK) study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998;39(13):2537–2546.
- Weed KH, MacEwen CJ, Giles T, et al. The Dundee University Scottish Keratoconus study: demographics, corneal signs, associated diseases, and eye rubbing. Eye. 2008;22(4):534–541.
- Ared A, Stapleton F. Analysis of eye rubbing behaviours in a clinical sample of normal and keratoconic subjects. Poster presented at the American Academy of Optometry Annual Meeting in San Diego, San Diego, USA, October 26-29; 2022.
- Moses RA. The Goldmann applanation tonometer. Am J Ophthalmol. 1958;46(6):865–869.
- Acott TS, Kelley MJ, Kellar KE, et al. Intraocular pressure homeostasis: maintaining balance in a high-pressure environment. J Ocul Pharm Ther. 2014;30(2–3):94–101.
- Klabunde RE. Cardiovascular physiology concepts. 3rd Edit. 2021 March 27;Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
- Hatami-Marbini H, Etubi E. An experimental and theoretical analysis of unconfined compression of corneal stroma. J Biomech. 2013;46(10):1752–1758.
- McMonnies CW. The possible significance of the baropathic nature of keratectasia. Clin Exp Optom. 2013;96(2):197–200.
- Downs JC, Roberts MD, Burgoyne CF. The mechanical environment of the optic nerve head in glaucoma. Optom Vis Sci. 2008;85(6):425–435.
- McMonnies CW, Boneham GC. Experimentally-increased intraocular pressure, using digital forces. Eye Cont Lens. 2007;33(3):124–129.
- Ernest JT, Goldstick TK, Stein MA, et al. Ocular massage before cataract surgery. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1985;83:205–217.
- Coleman DJ, Trokel S. Direct-recorded IOP variations in a human subject. Arch Ophthalmol. 1969;82(5):637–640.
- Korb DK, Greiner JV, Leahy CD, et al. Forceful eye rubbing as a causative factor in keratoconus. Ophthalmol. 1996;100(Suppl):169.
- Korb DR, Leahy CD, Greiner JV. Prevalence and characteristics of eye rubbing for keratoconic and non-keratoconic subjects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991;32(Suppl):884.
- Hafezi F, Hafezi NL, Pajic B, et al. Assessment of the rubbing forces applied during eye rubbing. BMC Ophthalmol. 2020;20(301):1–5.
- Miller D. Pressure of the lid on the eye. Arch Ophthalmol. 1967;78(3):328–330.
- Yamabayashi S, Aguilar RN, Hosoda M, et al. Postural change of intraocular and blood pressures in ocular hypertension and low tension glaucoma. Br J Opthalmol. 1991;75(11):652–655.
- Lee JY, Yoo C, Jung JH, et al. The effect of lateral decubitus position on intraocular pressure in healthy young subjects. Acta Ophthalmol. 2012;90(1):e68–72.
- Friberg TR, Sanborn G, Weinreb RN. Intraocular and episcleral venous pressure increase during inverted posture. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987;103(4):523–526.
- Kang MH, Morgan WH, Balaratnasingam C, et al. Case of normal tension glaucoma induced or exacerbated by wearing swimming goggles. Clin & Exp Ophthalmol. 2010;38(4):428–429.
- O’Connor PS, Poirier RH. Ocular effects of gravity inversion. JAMA. 1985(254):756.
- Schuman JS, Massicotte EC, Connolly S, et al. Increased intraocular pressure and visual field defects in high resistance wind instrument players. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(1):127–133.
- Gordon-Shaag A, Millodot M, Snear E, et al. The genetic and environmental factors for keratoconus. Biomed Res Internat. 2015;795738:1–19.
- Raizman MB, Rothman JS, Maroun F, et al. Effect of eye rubbing on signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis in cat-sensitive individuals. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(12):2158–2161.
- Cheng MA, Todorov A, Tempelhoff R, et al. The effect of prone positioning on intraocular pressure in anesthetized patients. Anesthesiology. 2001;95(6):1351–1355.
- Korenfeld MS, Dueker DK, Korenfeld MS. Occult intraocular pressure elevations and optic cup asymmetry: sleep posture may be a risk factor. abstract 1433. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993;34(Suppl:994):2538–2543.
- McMonnies CW. An examination of the hypothesis that intraocular pressure elevation episodes can have prognostic significance in glaucoma suspects. J Optom. 2015;8(4):223–231.
- Battaglioli JL, Kamm RD. Measurements of the compressive properties of scleral tissue. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1984;25(1):59–65.
- Pierscionek BK, Asejczyk-Widlicka M, Schachar RA. The effect of changing intraocular pressure on the corneal and scleral curvatures in the fresh porcine eye. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91(6):801–803.
- Eliasy A, Abass A, Lopes BT, et al. Characterization of cone size and centre in keratoconic corneas. J R S Interface. 2020;17:1–8.
- de Sanctis U, Loiacono C, Richiardi L, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of posterior corneal elevation measured by Pentacam in discriminating keratoconus/subclinical keratoconus. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(9):1534–1539.
- Henriquez MA, Cerrate M, Hadid MG, et al. Comparison of eye-rubbing effect in keratoconic eyes and healthy eyes using Scheimflug analysis and a dynamic bidirectional applanation device. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2019;45(8):1156–1162.
- Rabinowitz YS, Galvis V, Tello A, et al. Genetics v chronic corneal mechanical trauma in the etiology of keratoconus. Exp Eye Res. 2021;202(108328):1–8.
- Suki B, Parameswaran H, Imsirovic J, et al. Regulatory roles of fluctuation-driven mechanotransduction in cell function. Physiology (Bethesda). 2016;31(5):346–358.
- Roberts JZ, Crawford N, Longley DB. The role of ubiquitination in apoptosis and necroptosis. Cell Death Differ. 2022;29(2):272–284.
- Cockram PE, Kist M, Prakash S, et al. Ubiquitination in the regulation of inflammatory cell death and cancer. Cell Death Differ. 2021;28(2):591–605.
- Dibas A, Yorio T. Abnormalities in ubiquitin proteasomal system: role in optic nerve damage in glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:4176.
- Liu H, Wang W, Li X, et al. High hydrostatic pressure induces apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells via regulation of the NGF signalling pathway. Molec Med Rep. 2019;19:5321–5334.
- Hashemi H, Heirani M, Ambrosio R Jr, et al. The link between keratoconus and posterior segment parameters: an updated, comprehensive review. Ocul Surf. 2022;23:116–122.
- McMonnies CW. Morphological retinal changes in keratoconus. Ocul Surf. 2022;25:75.
- Melamed S, Ben-Sira I, Ben-Shaul Y. Corneal endothelial changes under induced intraocular pressure elevation: a scanning and transmission electron microscopic study in rabbits. Brit J Ophthalmol. 1980;64(3):164–169.
- Charlin R, Polack FM. The effect of elevated intraocular pressure on the endothelium of corneal grafts. Cornea. 1982;1(3):241–250.
- Song P, Wang S, Zhang P, et al. The superficial stromal scar formation mechanism in keratoconus: a study using laser scanning in vitro confocal microscopy. Biomed Res Internat. 2016;2016(7092938):1–10.
- West-Mays JA, Dwivedi DJ. The keratocyte: corneal stromal cell with variable repair phenotypes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2006;38(10):1625–1631.
- Hollingsworth JG, Efron N, Tullo AB. In vivo corneal confocal microscopy in keratoconus. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2005;25(3):254–260.
- Kallinikos P, Efron N. On the etiology of keratocyte loss during contact lens wear. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sc. 2004;45(9):3011–3020.
- Kim W-J, Rabinowitz YS, Meisler DM, et al. Keratocyte apoptosis associated with keratoconus. Exp Eye Res. 1999;69(5):475–481.
- Kaldawy RM, Wagner J, Ching S, et al. Evidence of apoptotic cell death in keratoconus. Cornea. 2002;21(2):206–209.
- Erie JC, Patel SV, McLaren JW, et al. Keratocyte density in keratoconus. A confocal microscopy study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;134(5):689–695.
- McMonnies CW. Eye rubbing type and prevalence including contact lens ‘removal-relief’ rubbing. Clin Exp Optom. 2016;99(4):366–372.
- Meek KM, Knupp C. Corneal structure and transparency. Prog Ret Eye Res. 2015;49:1–16.
- Polack FM. Contributions of electron microscopy to the study of corneal pathology. Surv Ophthalmol. 1976;20(6):375–414.
- Liu W-C, Lee S-M, Graham A, et al. Effects of eye-rubbing and breath holding-holding on corneal biomechanical properties and intraocular pressure. Cornea. 2011;30(8):855–860.
- Norouzpour A, Mehdizadeh A. A novel insight into keratoconus: mechanical fatigue of the cornea. Med Hypoth Discov Innov Ophthalmol J. 2012;1:1–17.
- McMonnies CW. Management of chronic habits of abnormal rubbing. Cont Lens Ant Eye. 2008;31(2):95–102.
- McMonnies CW, Boneham GC. Corneal responses to intraocular pressure elevations in keratoconus. Cornea. 2010;29(7):764–770.
- Bykhovskaya Y, Margines B, Rabinowitz YS. Genetics in keratoconus: where are we? Eye Vis. 2016;3(16):1–10.
- McMonnies CW. Abnormal rubbing and keratectasia. Eye Cont Lens. 2007;33(6):265–271.
- Liu Z, Huang AJ, Pflugfelder SC. Evaluation of corneal thickness and topography in normal eyes using the Orbsacn corneal topography system. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999;83(7):774–778.
- Romero-Jimenez M, Santodomingo-Rubido J, Wolffsohn JS. Keratococonus: a review. Cont Lens Ant Eye. 2010;33(4):157–166.
- Rafati S, Hashemi H, Navobati P, et al. Demographic profile, clinical, and topographical characteristics of keratoconus patients attending a tertiary eye centre. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2019;31(3):268–274.
- Gao X, Gauderman WJ, Liu Y, et al. A genome-wide association study of central corneal thickness in latinos. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(4):2435–2443.
- Ambrosio R Jr, Alonso RS, Luz A, et al. Corneal thickness spatial profile and corneal-volume distribution: tomographic indices to detect keratoconus. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2006;32(11):1851–1859.
- Lucas SEM, Burdon KP. Genetic and environmental risk factors for keratoconus. Annu Rev Vis Sci. 2020;6(1):25–46.
- Feizi S, Jafarinasab MR, Karimian F, et al. Central and peripheral corneal thickness measurements in normal and keratoconic eyes using three corneal pachometers. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2014;9(3):296–304.
- Swierkowski J, Gajecka M. Genetic factors influencing the reduction of central corneal thickness in disorders affecting the eye. Ophthalmic Genet. 2017;38(6):501–510.
- Gokul A, Vellara HR, Patel DV. Advanced anterior segment imaging in keratoconus: a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2018;46(2):122–132.
- Choi SW, Mak TSH, O’Reilly F. A guide to performing polygenic risk score analyses. Nat Protoc. 2020;15(9):2759–2772.
- McMonnies CW. Epigenetic mechanisms might help explain environmental contributions to the pathogenesis of keratoconus. Eye Cont Lens. 2014;40(6):371–375.
- Cavalli G, Heard E. Advances in epigenetics link genetics to the environment and disease. Nature. 2019;571:489–499.
- Zhou D, Abass A, Lopes B, et al. Fibril density reduction in keratoconic corneas. J R Soc Interface. 2021;18(20200900):1–8.
- Fontes BM, Ambrosio R Jr, Velarde GC, et al. Corneal biomechanical evaluation in healthy thin corneas compared with matched keratoconus cases. Arq Bras. 2011;74:13–16.
- Jammal AA, Medeiros FA. Corneal hysteresis: ready for prime time? Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2022;33(3):243–249.
- Wojeik KA, Kaminska A, Blasiak J, et al. Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of keratoconus and Fuch’s endothelial corneal dystrophy. Int J Molec Sci. 2013;14(9):19294–19308.
- Navel V, Malecaze J, Pereira B, et al. Oxidative and antioxidative stress markers in keratoconus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Ophthalmol. 2020;99(6):e777–94.
- Claessens JLJ, Godefrooij DA, Vink G, et al. Nationwide epidemiological approach to identify associations between keratoconus and immune-mediated diseases. Br J Ophthalmol. 2021;318804. DOI:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-318804:1-5.
- Ferrari G, Rama P. The keratoconus enigma: a review with emphasis on pathogenesis. Ocul Surf. 2020;18(3):363–373.
- Jurkiewicz T, Marty A-S. Correlation between keratoconus and pollution. Ophthalmic Epidem. 2021;28(6):495–501.
- Greiner JV, Peace DG, Baird RS, et al. Effects of eye rubbing on the conjunctiva as a model of ocular inflammation. Am J Ophthalmol. 1985;100(1):45–50.
- Pitenis AA, Uruena JM, Hart SM, et al. Friction-induced inflammation. Tribology Lett. 2018;66(3):81.
- Balasubramanian SA, Mohan S, Pye DC, et al. Proteases, proteolysis and inflammatory molecules in the tears of people with keratoconus. Acta Ophthalmol. 2012;90(4):e303–e309.
- Ionescu C, Corbu CG, Tasase C, et al. Inflammatory biomarkers profile as microenvironmental expression in keratoconus. Dis Markers. 2016;2016:1–8.
- Loh I-P, Sherwin T. Is keratoconus an inflammatory disease? The implication of inflammatory pathways. Ocul Immun Inflamm. 2022;30(1):246–255.
- Ionescu IC, Corbu CG, Tanase C, et al. Over expression of tear inflammatory cytokines as additional finding in keratoconus patients and their first degree family members. Mediators Inflamm. 2018;4285268:1–9.
- Sridharan R, Swarbrick H. Corneal response to short-term orthokeratology lens wear. Optom Vis sci. 2003;80(3):200–206.
- Perez JG, Meijome JMG, Jalbert I, et al. Corneal epithelial thinning profile induced by long-term wear of hydrogel lenses. Cornea. 2003;22(4):304–307.
- Greiner JV, Leahy CD, Welter DA, et al. Histopathology of the ocular surface after eye rubbing. Cornea. 1997;16(3):327–332.
- McMonnies CW, Alharbi A, Boneham GC. Epithelial responses to rubbing-related mechanical forces. Cornea. 2010;29(11):1223–1231.
- Shitole S, Jakkal T, Khaire B. Inverse Bell’s phenomenon: rare ophthalmic finding following ptosis surgery. J Clin Diag Res. 2015;9:1–2.
- Taylor J. A useful eye sign in the apparently unconscious patient. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1984;66(1):75.
- Takagi M, Abe H, Hasegawa S, et al. Reconsideration of Bell’s phenomenon using a magnetic search coil method. Docum Ophthalmol. 1992;80(4):343–352.
- Cogan DG. Neurological significance of lateral conjugate deviation of the eyes on forced closure of the lids. Arch Ophthalmol. 1948;39(1):37–42.
- Francis IC, Loughhead JA. Bell’s phenomenon: a study of 508 patients. Austral J Ophthalmol. 1984;12(1):15–21.
- Kalogeropoulos G, Chang S, Bolton T, et al. The effects of short-term lens wear and eye rubbing on the corneal epithelium. Eye Cont Lens. 2009;35(5):255–259.
- Prakasam RK, Schwiede M, Hutz WW, et al. Corneal responses to eye rubbing with spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Curr Eye Res. 2012;37(1):25–32.
- Osuagwu UL, Alanazi SA. Eye rubbing-induced changes in intraocular pressure and corneal thickness measured at five locations. In subjects with ocular allergy. Int J Ophthalmol. 2015;8(1):81–88.
- McMonnies CW. The evidentiary significance of case reports: eye rubbing and keratoconus. Optom Vis Sc. 2008;85(4):262–269.
- Ambrosio R Jr. Violet june: the global kearoconus awareness campaign. Ophthalmol Ther. 2020;9(3):685–688.
- McMonnies CW. Intraocular pressure spikes in keratectasia, axial myopia and glaucoma. Optom Vis Sci. 2008;85(10):1018–1026.
- McMonnies CW. An examination of the baropathic nature of axial myopia. Clin Exp Optom. 2014;97(2):116–124.
- McMonnies CW. An examination of the relation between intraocular pressure, fundus stretching and myopic pathology. Clin Exp Optom. 2016;99(2):113–119.
- Liebovici V, Magora F, Cohen S, et al. Effect of virtual reality immersion and audiovisual distraction techniques for patients with pruritus. Pain Res Manage. 2009;14(4):283–286.
- Mancini AL, Monfardini C, Paqua S. Is a good example the best sermon? Children imitation of parental reading. Rev Econ House. 2015;15(3):965–993.