422
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Anxiety and the interpretation of ambiguous facial expressions: The influence of contextual cues

, &
Pages 1101-1115 | Received 19 Jul 2005, Accepted 19 Jun 2006, Published online: 16 Jul 2007

REFERENCES

  • Ashcraft , M. H. and Kirk , E. P. 2001 . The relationships among working memory, math anxiety and performance . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 2 : 224 – 237 .
  • Blanchette , I. and Richards , A. 2003 . Anxiety and the interpretation of ambiguous information: Beyond the emotion-congruent effect . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 132 : 294 – 309 .
  • Byrne , A. and Eysenck , M. W. 1993 . Individual-differences in positive and negative interpretive biases . Personality and Individual Differences , 14 : 849 – 851 .
  • Calvo , M. G. and Castillo , M. D. 1997 . Mood-congruent bias in interpretation of ambiguity: Strategic processes and temporary activation . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 50A : 163 – 182 .
  • Calvo , M. G. , Eysenck , M. W. and Castillo , M. D. 1997 . Interpretation bias in test anxiety: The time course of predictive inferences . Cognition and Emotion , 11 : 43 – 63 .
  • Calvo , M. G. , Eysenck , M. W. and Estevez , A. 1994 . Ego-threat interpretive bias in test anxiety: On-line inferences . Cognition and Emotion , 8 : 127 – 146 .
  • Christianson , S. A. 1992 . Handbook of emotion and memory , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. .
  • Constans , J. I. , Penn , D. L. , Ihen , G. H. and Hope , D. A. 1999 . Interpretive biases for ambiguous stimuli in social anxiety . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 37 : 643 – 651 .
  • Easterbrook , J. A. 1959 . The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior . Psychological Review , 66 : 183 – 201 .
  • Egloff , B. and Hock , M. 2001 . Interactive effects of state anxiety and trait anxiety on emotional Stroop interference . Personality and Individual Differences , 31 : 875 – 882 .
  • Elliman , N. A. , Green , M. W. , Rogers , P. J. and Finch , G. M. 1997 . Processing efficiency theory and the working memory system: Impairments associated with subclinical anxiety . Personality and Individual Differences , 23 : 31 – 35 .
  • Everhart , D. E. and Harrison , D. W. 2000 . Facial affect perception in anxious and non-anxious men without depression . Psychobiology , 28 : 90 – 98 .
  • Eysenck , M. W. and Calvo , M. G. 1992 . Anxiety and performance: The processing efficiency theory . Cognition and Emotion , 6 : 409 – 434 .
  • Eysenck , M. W. , Macleod , C. and Matthews , A. 1987 . Cognitive functioning and anxiety . Psychological Research , 49 : 189 – 195 .
  • Eysenck , M. W. , Mogg , K. , May , J. , Richards , A. and Mathews , A. 1991 . Bias in interpretation of ambiguous sentences related to threat in anxiety . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 100 : 144 – 150 .
  • Fox , E. , Russo , R. and Dutton , K. 2002 . Attentional bias for threat: Evidence for delayed disengagement from emotional faces . Cognition and Emotion , 16 : 355 – 379 .
  • Hadwin , J. A. , Brogan , J. and Stevensen , J. 2005 . State Anxiety and Working Memory in Children: A test of processing efficiency theory . Educational Psychology , 25 : 379 – 393 .
  • Hadwin , J. A. , Donnelly , N. , French , C. C. , Richards , A. , Watts , A. and Daley , D. 2003 . The influence of children's self-report trait anxiety and depression on visual search for emotional faces . Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines , 44 : 432 – 444 .
  • Hadwin , J. , Frost , S. , French , C. C. and Richards , A. 1997 . Cognitive processing and trait anxiety in typically developing children: Evidence for an interpretation bias . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 106 : 486 – 490 .
  • Hirsch , C. and Mathews , A. 1997 . Interpretive inferences when reading about emotional events . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 35 : 1123 – 1132 .
  • John , C. 1988 . Emotionality ratings and free-association norms of 240 emotional and non-emotional words . Cognition and Emotion , 2 : 49 – 70 .
  • Keogh , E. and French , C. C. 1999 . The effect of trait anxiety and mood manipulation on the breadth of attention . European Journal of Personality , 13 : 209 – 223 .
  • Lang , P. J. , Bradley , M. M. and Cuthbert , B. N. 2005 . International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual , Gainesville, , FL, USA : Universtiy of Florida . Technical Report A-6
  • Lavie , N. 2005 . Distracted and confused? Selective attention under load . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 9 : 75 – 82 .
  • Lavie , N. , Hirst , A. , de Fockert , J. W. and Viding , E. 2004 . Load theory of selective attention and cognitive control . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 133 : 339 – 354 .
  • Liebman , S. E. and Allen , G. J. 1995 . Anxiety sensitivity, state anxiety and perceptions of facial emotions . Journal of Anxiety Disorders , 9 : 257 – 267 .
  • MacLeod , C. and Cohen , I. L. 1993 . Anxiety and the interpretation of ambiguity: A text comprehension study . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 102 : 238 – 247 .
  • MacKuen , M. , Marcus , G. E. , Neuman , W. R. , Keele , L. and Wolak , J. Paper presented at the 97th Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association . San Francisco, CA, USA. Emotions, information, and political cooperation ,
  • Marcus , G. E. , Sullivan , J. L. , Theiss-Morse , E. and Wood , S. L. 1995 . With malice toward some: How people make civil liberties judgments , New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • Mathews , A. , Richards , A. and Eysenck , M. W. 1989 . Interpretation of homophones related to threat in anxiety states . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 98 : 31 – 34 .
  • Mogg , K. and Bradley , B. P. 2002 . Selective orienting of attention to masked threat faces in social anxiety . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 40 : 1403 – 1414 .
  • Reidy , J. and Richards , A. 2004 . Emotionality and emotional valence ratings for a set of 747 positive, negative, and neutral words , Unpublished manuscript, Birkbeck College, University of London
  • Reidy , J. and Richards , A. 2006 . Anxiety and explicit memory for emotionally toned words , Manuscript submitted for publication
  • Richards , A. , Blanchette , I. and Munjiza , J. in press . Contextual influences in the resolution of ambiguity in anxiety . Cognition and Emotion ,
  • Richards , A. and French , C. C. 1992 . An anxiety-related bias in semantic activation when processing threat/neutral homographs . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 45A : 503 – 525 .
  • Richards , A. , French , C. C. , Young , A. W. , Calder , A. J. , Webb , B. and Fox , R. 2002 . Anxiety-related biases in the classification of emotionally ambiguous facial expression . Emotion , 2 : 273 – 287 .
  • Richards , A. , Reynolds , A. and French , C. C. 1993 . Anxiety and the spelling and use in sentences of threat/neutral homophones . Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social , 12 : 18 – 25 .
  • Schneider , W. , Eschman , A. and Zuccolotto , A. 2002 . E-Prime user's guide , Pittsburgh, PA : Psychology Software Tools Inc. .
  • Sereno , S. C. 1995 . Resolution of lexical ambiguity: Evidence from an eye movement priming paradigm . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 21 : 582 – 595 .
  • Snyder , M. 1974 . Self-monitoring of expressive behaviour . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 30 : 526 – 537 .
  • Spielberger , C. D. , Gorsuch , R. L. , Lushene , R. , Vagg , P. R. and Jacobs , G. A. 1983 . Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y) , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
  • Spivey-Knowlton , M. J. , Trueswell , J. C. and Tanenhaus , M. K. 1995 . “ Context effects in syntactic ambiguity resolution: Discourse and semantic influences in parsing reduced relative clauses ” . In Reading and language processing , Edited by: Henderson , J. M. and Singer , M. 148 – 181 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. .
  • Vu , H. , Kellas , G. , Metcalf , K. and Herman , R. 2000 . The influence of global discourse on lexical ambiguity resolution . Memory and Cognition , 28 : 236 – 252 .
  • Vu , H. , Kellas , G. and Paul , S. T. 1998 . Sources of sentence constraint on lexical ambiguity resolution . Memory and Cognition , 26 : 979 – 1001 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.