Asymmetries in cue competition in forward and backward blocking designs: Further evidence for causal model theory

References

• Beckers , T. , De Houwer , J. , Pineño , O. and Miller , R. R. 2005 . Outcome additivity and outcome maximality influence cue competition in human causal learning . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 31 : 238 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buehner , M. J. , Cheng , P. W. and Clifford , D. 2003 . From covariation to causation: A test of the assumption of causal power . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 29 : 1119 – 1140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman , G. B. and Robbins , S. J. 1990 . Cue interaction in human contingency judgment . Memory and Cognition , 18 : 537 – 545 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. D. , MacWhinney , B. , Flatt , M. and Provost , J. 1993 . Psyscope: An interactive graphic system for designing and controlling experiments in the psychology laboratory using Macintosh computers . Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers , 25 : 257 – 271 .
   Google Scholar
• Collins , D. J. and Shanks , D. R. 2002 . Momentary and integrative response strategies in causal judgment . Memory and Cognition , 30 : 1138 – 1147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Houwer , J. 2002 . Forward blocking depends on retrospective inferences about the presence of the blocked cue during the elemental phase . Memory and Cognition , 30 : 24 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis , M. J. 2004 . Primacy in causal strength judgments: The effect of initial evidence for generative versus inhibitory relationships , New Haven, CT : Yale University .
   Google Scholar
• Dennis , M. J. and Ahn , W.-K. 2001 . Primacy in causal strength judgments: The effect of initial evidence for generative versus inhibitory relationships . Memory & Cognition , 29 : 152 – 164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson , A. 2001 . Causal learning: An associative analysis . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 54B : 3 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holyoak , K. J. and Hummel , J. E. 2000 . “ The proper treatment of symbols in a connectionist architecture ” . In Cognitive dynamics: Conceptual change in humans and machines , Edited by: Dietrich , E. and Markman , A. 229 – 263 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Kamin , L. J. 1969 . “ Predictability, surprise, attention and conditioning ” . In Punishment and aversive behavior , Edited by: Campbell , B. A. and Church , R. M. New York : Appleton Century Crofts .
   Google Scholar
• Lovibond , P. F. , Been , S. L. , Mitchell , C. J. , Bouton , M. E. and Frohardt , R. 2003 . Forward and backward blocking of causal judgment is enhanced by additivity of effect magnitude . Memory and Cognition , 31 : 133 – 142 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , J. K. and Ahn , W.-K. 2006 . Order effects in contingency learning: The role of task complexity . Memory & Cognition , 34 : 568 – 576 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matute , H. , Arcediano , F. and Miller , R. R. 1996 . Test question modulates cue competition between causes and between effects . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 22 : 182 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pineño , O. and Miller , R. R. 2007 . Comparing associative, statistical, and inferential reasoning account of human contingency learning . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 60 : 310 – 329 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rescorla , R. A. and Wagner , A. R. 1972 . “ A theory of pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement ” . In Classical conditioning II: Current theory and research , Edited by: Black , A. H. and Prokasy , W. F. 64 – 99 . New York : Appleton-Century Crofts .
   Google Scholar
• Shanks , D. R. 1985 . Forward and backward blocking in human contingency judgement . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 37B : 1 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanks , D. R. 1991 . Categorization by a connectionist network . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 17 : 433 – 443 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanks , D. R. and Dickinson , A. 1987 . “ Associative accounts of causality judgment ” . In Psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory , Edited by: Bower , G. H. Vol. 21 , 229 – 261 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shanks , D. R. , Holyoak , K. J. and Medin , D. L. 1996 . The psychology of learning and motivation , Edited by: Shanks , D. R. , Holyoak , K. J. and Medin , D. L. Vol. 34 , San Diego, CA : Academic Press . Causal learning
   Google Scholar
• Shanks , D. R. and López , F. J. 1996 . Causal order does not affect cue selection in human associative learning . Memory & Cognition , 24 : 511 – 522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandorpe , S. , De Houwer , J. and Beckers , T. 2007 . Outcome maximality and additivity training also influence cue competition in causal learning when learning involves many cues and events . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 60 : 356 – 368 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Hamme , L. J. and Wasserman , E. A. 1994 . Cue competition in causality judgments: The role of nonpresentation of compound stimulus elements . Learning and Motivation , 25 : 127 – 151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldmann , M. R. 2000 . Competition among causes but not effects in predictive and diagnostic learning . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 26 : 53 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldmann , M. R. 2001 . Predictive versus diagnostic causal learning: Evidence from an overshadowing paradigm . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 8 : 600 – 608 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldmann , M. R. and Holyoak , K. J. 1992 . Predictive and diagnostic learning within causal models: Asymmetries in cue competition . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 121 : 222 – 236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldmann , M. R. and Holyoak , K. J. 1996 . Determining whether causal order affects cue selection in human contingency learning: Comments on Shanks and López . Memory & Cognition , 25 : 125 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldmann , M. R. , Holyoak , K. J. and Fratianne , A. 1995 . Causal models and the acquisition of category structure . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 124 : 181 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar