274
Views
18
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Second-order conditioning in human predictive judgements when there is little time to think

&
Pages 448-460 | Published online: 16 Feb 2011

References

  • Aitken , M. R. , Larkin , M. J. and Dickinson , A. 2000 . Super-learning of causal judgements . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 53B : 59 – 81 .
  • Chapman , G. B. 1991 . Trial order affects cue interaction in contingency judgment . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 17 : 837 – 854 .
  • Cheng , P. W. 1997 . From covariation to causation: A causal power theory . Psychological Review , 104 : 367 – 405 .
  • Cheng , P. W. and Novick , L. R. 1992 . Covariation in natural causal induction . Psychological Review , 99 : 365 – 382 .
  • Cheng , P. W. , Park , P. , Yarlas , A. S. and Holyoak , K. J. 1996 . “ A causal power theory of focal sets ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation: Vol. 34. Causal learning , Edited by: Shanks , D. R. , Holyoak , K. J. and Medin , D. R. 315 – 355 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
  • De Houwer , J. and Beckers , T. 2003 . Secondary task difficulty modulates forward blocking in human contingency learning . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 56B : 345 – 357 .
  • Dickinson , A. and Burke , J. 1996 . Within-compound associations mediate the retrospective revaluation of causality judgements . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 49B : 60 – 80 .
  • Dickinson , A. , Shanks , D. and Evenden , J. 1984 . Judgement of act–outcome contingency: The role of selective attribution . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 36A : 29 – 50 .
  • Holland , P. C. and Rescorla , R. A. 1975 . The effects of two ways of de-valuing the unconditioned stimulus after first- and second-order appetitive conditioning . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , 1 : 355 – 363 .
  • Karazinov , D. M. 2005 . Inhibitory learning in human predictive learning , New South Wales, , Australia : University of Sydney . Unpublished PhD thesis
  • Karazinov , D. M. and Boakes , R. A. 2004a . Learning about cues that prevent an outcome: Conditioned inhibition and differential inhibition in human predictive learning . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 57B : 153 – 178 .
  • Karazinov , D. M. and Boakes , R. A. 2004b . The effectiveness of inhibitors depends on the strength of the positive predictor . Learning and Behavior , 32 : 348 – 359 .
  • Leyland , C. M. and Mackintosh , N. J. 1978 . Blocking of first- and second-order autoshaping in pigeons . Animal Learning & Behavior , 6 : 391 – 394 .
  • Lovibond , P. F. 2003 . Causal beliefs and conditioned responses: Retrospective revaluation induced by experience and by instruction . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 29 : 97 – 106 .
  • Lovibond , P. F. , Been , S. , Mitchell , C. J. , Bouton , M. E. and Frohardt , R. 2003 . Forward and backward blocking of causal judgment is enhanced by additivity of effect magnitude . Memory & Cognition , 31 : 133 – 142 .
  • McLaren , I. P. L. and Mackintosh , N. J. 2002 . Associative learning and elemental representation: II. Generalization and discrimination . Animal Learning & Behavior , 30 : 177 – 200 .
  • Mitchell , C. J. , Killedar , A. and Lovibond , P. F. 2005 . Inference-based retrospective revaluation in human causal judgments requires knowledge of within-compound relationships . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , 31 : 418 – 424 .
  • Mitchell , C. J. , Livesey , E. and Lovibond , P. F. 2007 . A dissociation between causal judgement and the ease with which a cause is categorized with its effect . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 60 : 400 – 417 .
  • Mitchell , C. J. and Lovibond , P. F. 2002 . Backward and forward blocking in human electrodermal conditioning: Blocking requires an assumption of outcome additivity . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 55B : 311 – 329 .
  • Nairne , J. S. and Rescorla , R. A. 1981 . Second-order conditioning with diffuse auditory reinforcers in the pigeon . Learning & Motivation , 12 : 65 – 91 .
  • Pavlov , I. P. 1927 . Conditioned reflexes , London : Oxford University Press .
  • Pearce , J. M. 1987 . A model for stimulus generalisation in Pavlovian conditioning . Psychological Review , 94 : 61 – 73 .
  • Pearce , J. M. 1994 . Similarity and discrimination: A selective review and a connectionist model . Psychological Review , 101 : 587 – 607 .
  • Pearce , J. M. 2002 . Evaluation and development of a connectionist theory of configural learning . Animal Learning and Behavior , 30 : 73 – 95 .
  • Rescorla , R. A. 1969 . Pavlovian conditioned inhibition . Psychological Bulletin , 72 : 77 – 94 .
  • Rescorla , R. A. 1973 . “ Second order conditioning: Implications for theories of learning ” . In Contemporary approaches to learning and conditioning , Edited by: McGuigan , F. J. and Lumsden , D. 127 – 150 . New York : Winston .
  • Rescorla , R. A. 1981 . “ Simultaneous associations ” . In Advances in analysis of behavior: Vol. 2. Predictability, correlation and contiguity , Edited by: Harzem , P. and Zeiler , M. 47 – 79 . Chichester, UK : Wiley .
  • Rescorla , R. A. and Durlach , P. J. 1981 . “ Within-event learning in Pavlovian conditioning ” . In Information processing in animals: Memory mechanisms , Edited by: Spear , N. E. and Miller , R. R. 81 – 111 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
  • Rescorla , R. A. and Freberg , L. 1978 . The extinction of within-flavor associations . Learning & Motivation , 4 : 411 – 427 .
  • Rescorla , R. A. and Wagner , A. R. 1972 . “ A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and non-reinforcement ” . In Classical conditioning II. Current research and theory , Edited by: Black , A. H. and Prokasy , W. F. 64 – 99 . New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts .
  • Rizely , R. C. and Rescorla , R. A. 1972 . Associations in second-order conditioning and sensory preconditioning . Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology , 81 : 1 – 11 .
  • Shanks , D. R. 1995 . Associative learning theory , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Shanks , D. R. 2007 . Associationism and cognition: Human contingency learning at 25 . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 60 : 291 – 309 .
  • Van Hamme , L. J. and Wasserman , E. A. 1994 . Cue competition in causality judgments: The role of nonpresentation of compound stimulus elements . Learning & Motivation , 25 : 127 – 151 .
  • Wagner , A. R. 1981 . “ SOP: A model of automatic memory processing in animal behavior ” . In Information processing in animals: Memory mechanisms , Edited by: Spear , N. E. and Miller , R. R. 5 – 47 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
  • Ward , W. C. and Jenkins , H. M. 1965 . The display of information and the judgment of contingency . Canadian Journal of Psychology , 19 : 231 – 241 .
  • Williams , D. A. 1996 . “ A comparative analysis of negative contingency learning in humans and nonhumans ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation: Vol. 34. Causal learning , Edited by: Shanks , D. R. , Holyoak , K. J. and Medin , D. R. 89 – 131 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
  • Williams , D. A. and Docking , G. L. 1995 . Associative and normative accounts of negative transfer . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 48A : 976 – 988 .
  • Yin , H. , Barnet , R. C. and Miller , R. R. 1994 . Second-order conditioning and Pavlovian conditioned inhibition: Operational similarities and differences . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , 20 : 419 – 428 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.